2. Overview
Harrod Domar Model – Salient features
Harrod Domar Model – Mathematical Formulation
Germany, Phase 1 : 1971-1982
Germany, Phase 2 : 1982-1995
Germany, Phase 3 : 1996-2014
Criticism of the model
2
3. Harrod-Domar Model – Salient Features
A growth model not a growth strategy
Explains how growth has occurred in the past vs growth expected in
future
Rate of economic growth – Savings ratio/Capital-Output ratio
Economic growth of a country depends upon –
Level of national saving
Productivity of capital investment (Capital-Output ratio)
If the K/O ratio is low, lot of output from little capital
If the K/O ratio is high, lot of capital needed for production
Examples –
Savings rate = 10%, Capital Output ratio = 5, Growth = 2%
Savings rate = 24%, Capital Output ratio = 4, Growth = 6%
Thus growth can be increased in one of the two ways –
Increased level of savings
Reduce the capital-output ratio
4. Harrod-Domar Model – Mathematical Formulation
Mathematical formulation
Y : Output = Income
K = Capital stock
S = Total Saving
s = Savings rate
I = Investment
Delta = Rate of depreciation of capital stock
Assumptions -
4
5. Phase 1 : 1971-1982
GDP Growth :
1973 – Inflation @ 8% – Oil Crisis
Impact on unemployment – dramatic increase (0.3 million in 1973 to 1.1
million in 1975)
2nd Oil Crisis : 1979 | Price per barrel from $50 in 1974 to $107.25 in
1979
Savings Rate:
Steady savings from 1971 to 1979, particularly due to rising oil prices and
inflation
Little effect of lower interest rate for short-term economic boost
Economic recession in late 1970s, stagflation leading to lowering savings
rate, with decrease in GDP
Capital Output Ratio:
Inadequate saving and increased cost of using capital main parameters for
rising Capital Output ratio
Unemployment rise(about 7.5%) leading to increase in capital-output ratio
Parameters : Decrease in GDP, low investment and savings rate 5
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
-
200000.0
400000.0
600000.0
800000.0
1000000.0
1200000.0
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
Savings
Savings Rate
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
-
500000.0
1000000.0
1500000.0
2000000.0
2500000.0
3000000.0
3500000.0
4000000.0
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
GDP
GDP Growth
Harrod Domar Growth
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
Capital Output
Country data taken from World Bank website
6. Phase 2 : 1982-1995
GDP Growth:
Supply Side Growth generation : Economic recovery after
recession (1981-82)
German reunification of 1990 – The process was swift, assisted in
economic growth
East Germans from Hungary and different parts of Europe entered
West Berlin and provided cheap labour, leading to productivity
enhancement
Savings Rate:
Anti-inflation monetary policy emphasizing the value of the
Deutsche Marc and restraining money supply growth, which led to
much lower interest rates once inflation was tamed
Capital Output Ratio:
Substantial subsidies for business investment in plant and
equipment. The subsidies came in the form of accelerated
depreciation and investment tax credits
Decrease in unemployment from 0.8 mn to 0.5 mn 6
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
-
200000.0
400000.0
600000.0
800000.0
1000000.0
1200000.0
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
Savings
Savings Rate
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
-
500000.0
1000000.0
1500000.0
2000000.0
2500000.0
3000000.0
3500000.0
4000000.0
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
GDP
GDP Growth
Harrod Domar Growth
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
Capital Output
Country data taken from World Bank website
7. Phase 3 : 1996-2014
GDP Growth:
Euro – Germany formally adopted the Euro in 1999 after fixing the
Deutsche Marc rate at 1998 level
The Dotcom Crisis(2000) : Originated in the US, high degree of
integration in global markets, leads to economic stagnation in Eurozone,
subsequently in Germany. The benefit of adopting euro goes away,
though there is subsequent spike in Growth from 2001-2008
The Subprime Crisis(2008) : The immediate cause or trigger of the
crisis was the bursting of the United States housing bubble which peaked
in approximately 2005–2006. The effect spills over to Europe leading to a
decline in the rate of economic growth
Eurozone debt crisis (2012-14) – The latest reason for “fluctuating”
economic performance
Savings Rate:
Due to the debt crisis of 2012 the savings of the people saw a dip,
Germans financed majority of PIIGS debt along with IMF
Technology/Capital Output Ratio:
The recessions of 2000, 2008 and 2012 saw a sharp fall in gross fixed
capital formation. This is because if output falls, firms expect to make
lower profits, therefore they start to think of cutting back output rather
than increase it
There is increasing emphasis in Europe to resort to protectionism and
decouple the economies from shocks in the world
7
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
-
200000.0
400000.0
600000.0
800000.0
1000000.0
1200000.0
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
Savings
Savings Rate
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
-
500000.0
1000000.0
1500000.0
2000000.0
2500000.0
3000000.0
3500000.0
4000000.0
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
GDP
GDP Growth
Harrod Domar Growth
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
Capital Output
Country data taken from World Bank website
8. Criticism of the model
Level of assumption
No reason for growth to be sufficient to maintain full employment
Relative price of labour and capital is fixed and they are used in equal proportions
Economic boom and burst explained only from output perspective
Sees economic growth and development to be same
According to the model, Poor countries should borrow from abroad to to finance investment,
but it leads to repayment problems later on
There is no investment function (On what factors does investment depend?)
Full employment is assumed, not discussed
Doesn’t discuss inflationary situation, only recession and production is discussed
Doesn’t show how to make G = s x σ if the system is not in steady growth
8