Focus group discussions (FGDs) are a qualitative data collection method involving 6-12 individuals led by a moderator to explore a specific topic. Advantages include gathering rich data and the ability to observe group dynamics, while disadvantages encompass potential biases, conflicts, and limited generalizability. Careful participant selection, ethical standards adherence, and a skilled moderator are crucial for successful FGDs.

1. Focus Group Discussions
Research, Evaluation & project development
methodology
Dan Adipo

2. What is an FGD
• A qualitative data collection method involving a carefully
selected, homogenous group of 6-12 individuals who
engage in an in-depth discussion on a specific topic or
issue, facilitated by a skilled moderator.

3. Characteristics of FGDs
• Qualitative & participatory data collection method
• Guided discussion (1-2 hrs) by a moderator who encourages
participation
• Note takers & observers
• 6-12 people sharing similar characteristics (homogeneous
yet diverse & relevant) for rich group interaction &
dynamics
• Exploratory approach soliciting experiences, thoughts,
knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, & practices
• Contextual insights & themes identification

4. Considerations for FGDs
• Define purpose & questions
• Select participants carefully for homogeneity
• Ensure a skilled, flexible, & neutral moderator
• A guide with open questions and probes
• Choose a location that encourages discussion and consider
proper timing (1-2 hrs)
• Adhere to ethical standards: informed consent, anonymity, &
voluntary participation
• Consider triangulation with other methods
• Interpret findings within the context

5. Advantages
• Rich, in-depth data
• Group interaction & dynamics enriching data
• Flexibility to tailor questions
• Diverse thoughts checked within the group
• Non-verbal Cues, real time feedback & chance to follow up
• Cost-effective & efficient collecting large amount of within a
short time
• Social context

6. Disadvantages
• Potential groupthink
• Dominating participants or voices may skew findings
• Moderator Bias
• Possibility of group conflicts
• Small sample size limiting generalizability
• Complexity of data analysis which can be time-consuming
• Possible logistical challenges