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METHODOLOGY I
Approaches & Methods in ELT
By: José Miguel Obando

Dice l'insegnante
How to teach foreign languages…?
 Changes in language teaching methods throughout history have reflected recognition of
changes in the kind of proficiency learners need.
 They have also reflected changes in theories of the nature of language and of language
learning.
 Today's controversies reflect contemporary responses to questions that have been asked
often throughout the history of language teaching.
 It has been estimated that some 60 percent of today's world population is multilingual.
 From both a contemporary and a historical perspective, bilingualism or multilingualism is
the norm rather than the exception.
 It is fair, then, to say that throughout history foreign language learning has always been
an important practical concern.
 English is the world's most widely studied foreign language, 500 years ago it was Latin.
 However, French, Italian, and English gained in importance as a result of political
changes in Europe, and Latin gradually became displaced as a language of spoken and
written communication.

Why do we need to know the history of language teaching?
Key to the
understanding
of the way
things are and
why they are
that way.
1
2
In your groups, at least
include three more reasons
3 5
4 6
teachers
may better
comprehen
d the
forces that
influence
their
profession

1850’s
Classical
method came
to be known as
Grammar
Translation
Method
FOREİGN
LANGUAGE
LEARNİNG
ASSOCIATE
D WITH THE
LEARNİNG
OF GREEK
AND LATİN
EDUCATION
AS AN ARM OF
THEOCRACY
Purpose of
education to
teach religious
orthodoxy and
good moral
character
Classical period
purpose of
learning a
foreign
language to
promote
speakers’
intellectuality

GRAMMAR
TRANSLATION
1850’s
• Emphasis on learning how to read and
write.
• Emphasis on structures, rote memorization
of voc. and translation of literary texts Voc.
is taught in the form of lists of isolated
words.
• Focus on grammatical rules, syntactic and
Long elaborate explanations of grammar
are given
• Medium of instruction was the mother
tongue.
• No provision for the oral use of language
Speaking and listening were mediated via
“conversation classes”, add-ons to the main
course

Early Mid 20th
Century
The Reform Movement
Demand for ability to speak a foreign language
Reformers reconsidering the nature of language
and learning
Three Reformers (the way children learned
languages was relevant to how adults learned
languages)
C. Marcel
F. Gouin
T. Pendergast
(1920s)

Flat timeline infographics
Jupiter is a gas
giant and the
biggest planet in
the Solar System
Jupiter
Earth is the third
planet from the Sun
and the only one
that harbors life
Earth
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
cold place full of
iron oxide dust
Mars
Mercury is the
closest planet to
the Sun and the
smallest one
Mercury
Venus has a
beautiful name and
is the second
planet from the Sun
Venus

1995
Saturn
It’s a gas giant and
has several rings
2000
Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
2005
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet
2010
Mars
Mars is actually a
cold place
2015
Earth
Earth is where we
all live on
2020
Venus
Venus is hotter
than Mercury

Saturn
Saturn has
several rings
1
Venus
Venus is hotter
than Mercury
3
Mars
Mars is actually
a cold place
5
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet
7
Neptune
Neptune is far
away from us
6
Earth
Earth is where
we all live
4
Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
2

Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet in
the Solar System
1
Earth
Earth is the
beautiful planet
where we all live
2
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
cold place
3
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet in
the Solar System
4
Venus
Venus is terribly
hot, even hotter
than Mercury
5

Mars
Despite being
red, it’s actually
a cold place
04
Earth is the
planet where we
all live
Earth
02
Mercury
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
03
Jupiter is the
biggest planet in
the Solar System
Jupiter
01

Saturn
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings
Mercury
It’s the smallest planet
in the Solar System
Venus
It’s terribly hot, even
hotter than Mercury
Earth
Earth is the planet
where we all live
Jupiter
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System
Mars
Despite being red, it’s
actually a cold place

Earth
It’s the third planet
from the Sun and
the only one that
harbors life
2
2010
Mercury
Mercury is the
closest planet to
the Sun and the
smallest one
3
2015
Jupiter
Jupiter is a gas
giant and the
biggest planet in
the Solar System
4
2020
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
cold place full of
iron oxide dust
1
2005

1
Mars
Despite being
a cold place
2
Venus
Venus is terribly
hot, even hotter
than Mercury
3
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
Mercury
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
4

1
Venus
It has a beautiful
name and is the
second planet
from the Sun
2
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
cold place full of
iron oxide dust
3
Jupiter
Jupiter is a gas
giant and the
biggest planet in
the Solar System
4
Mercury
Mercury is the
closest planet to
the Sun and the
smallest one

Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet in
the Solar System
1
Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
2
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet in
the Solar System
3
Earth
Earth is the third
planet and is where
we all live
4

Jupiter
Jupiter is a
big planet
04
Earth
Earth is where
we all live
01
Mercury
Mercury is
very small
03
Venus
Venus has a
nice name
05
Pluto
Pluto is a
dwarf planet
07
Mars
It’s actually a
cold place
08
Saturn
Saturn has
several rings
06
Neptune
It’s far away
from Earth
02

Earth
Earth is the third
planet and is
where we all live
01
Venus
Venus is terribly
hot, even hotter
than Mercury
02
Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
03
Mars
Despite being
a cold place
04
Mercury
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
05
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
06

1
Mars
Mars is actually
a cold place
2
Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant with rings
3
Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
4
Earth
It’s the planet
where we all live
5
Venus
Venus is hotter
than Mercury
6
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet

Venus
Venus is terribly
hot, even hotter
than Mercury
02
Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
04
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
03
Mercury
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
06
01
Mars
Despite being
a cold place
Earth
Earth is the only
planet that
harbors life
05

It has a beautiful
name and is the
second planet
from the Sun
Venus
Jupiter is a gas
giant and the
biggest planet in
the Solar System
Jupiter
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
cold place full of
iron oxide dust
Mars
It’s the third planet
from the Sun and
the only one that
harbors life
Earth
Mercury is the
closest planet to
the Sun and the
smallest one
Mercury

Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
2019
01
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
2020
02
Mercury
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
2021
03
Neptune
Neptune is the
farthest planet
from the Sun
2022
04
Earth
Earth is the
planet where we
all live
2023
05
Venus
Venus is terribly
hot, even hotter
than Mercury
2024
06

2017
Earth
Earth is the
planet where
we live
2018
Venus
It’s terribly hot,
even hotter
than Mercury
2019
Jupiter
It’s the
biggest planet
in the Solar
System
2021
Saturn
It’s a gas giant
and has
several rings
2020
Mercury
Mercury is the
closest planet
to the Sun

Neptune
Neptune is far
away from Earth
1
Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
2
Mars
Mars is actually a
cold place
5
Venus
Venus is hotter
than Mercury
6
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet
7
Earth
Earth is the planet
where we live
4
Ceres
Ceres is located in
an asteroid belt
3

Month 3
Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
Month 5
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
cold place
Month 2
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet in
the Solar System
Month 4
Earth
Earth is the third
planet and is
where we live
Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet in
the Solar System
Month 1

Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
2018
2019
Mercury
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
2020
Mars
Despite being
a cold place
2021
Venus
even hotter
than Mercury
2022
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
2023
Earth
Earth is the
planet where
we all live

Earth
Earth is the
planet where
we all live
Venus
even hotter
than Mercury
Mercury
It’s the
smallest planet
in the Solar
System
Neptune
Neptune is the
farthest planet
from the Sun
Uranus
Uranus is the
seventh planet
from the Sun
Despite being
a cold place
Mars
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
Saturn
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
Jupiter
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

2
Venus
even hotter
than Mercury
4
Mars
Despite being
a cold place
1
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
3
Mercury
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
5
Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings

Mars
Despite being
a cold place
1
Mercury
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
2
Venus
even hotter
than Mercury
3
Earth
Earth is the
planet where
we all live
4
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
5
Saturn
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
6

It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System
2018
Mercury
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
2019
Saturn
Venus
Venus is terribly
hot, even hotter
than Mercury
2020
Mars
Despite being
a cold place
2021
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System
2022

Saturn
Year 1
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
Venus
Venus is terribly
hot, even hotter
than Mercury
Year 2
Mars
Year 3
Despite being
a cold place
Earth
Year 4
Earth is the
planet where we
all live
Mercury
Year 5
It’s the smallest
planet in the
Solar System

1
Venus
Venus is terribly hot, even
hotter than Mercury
2
Mars
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place
3
Earth
Earth is the third planet
and is where we all live
4
Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest
planet in the Solar System
5
Saturn
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
6
Mercury
Mercury is the smallest
planet in the Solar System

Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
Earth
Earth is where
we all live
Mars
Mars is actually
a cold place
Neptune
It’s far away
from Earth
Ceres
It’s located in the
asteroid belt
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet
Venus
Venus is hotter
than Mercury

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