This presentation summarizes key aspects of the corrections system including criminal justice processes, jails and prisons, probation and parole, juvenile corrections, and community-based corrections. It outlines the booking, assessment, and release processes for jails and prisons. It also discusses trends toward alternative and community-based corrections. Finally, it reviews functions like security, education and treatment programs, and concludes that understanding both criminal justice and non-criminal justice personnel is important for policy implementation.
Strengths and Challenges in the Implementation of Women’s Justice and Empower...MEASURE Evaluation
Led by Shelah Bloom, Suzanne Maman, Elly Arnoff, and Lauren Hill.
The webinar addressed MEASURE Evaluation's evaluation of the implementation of the Women’s Justice and Empowerment Initiative (WJEI) by conducting intensive field studies in Benin and Kenya and document review with telephone interviews in South Africa and Zambia.
Prisoner re-entry programs: Age variation in attitudes and experiences among ...thepeoplesreportproject
A secondary data analysis was conducted on the Wilmington Street PAR project, a larger street ethnographic study organized examine physical violence in Wilmington, DE. This analysis specifically explored attitudes and experiences with prison reentry among male participants who were street identified and/or formerly of the criminal justice system across age.
Persons with a history of incarceration are less likely to re-offend when they are supported by family and the members of their community.
This presentation was given by Minister Dr. Glenda Clare at a church in Durham, North Carolina. The purpose of the presentation was to prepare Durham county residents to welcome formerly incarcerated persons back into the community.
Strengths and Challenges in the Implementation of Women’s Justice and Empower...MEASURE Evaluation
Led by Shelah Bloom, Suzanne Maman, Elly Arnoff, and Lauren Hill.
The webinar addressed MEASURE Evaluation's evaluation of the implementation of the Women’s Justice and Empowerment Initiative (WJEI) by conducting intensive field studies in Benin and Kenya and document review with telephone interviews in South Africa and Zambia.
Prisoner re-entry programs: Age variation in attitudes and experiences among ...thepeoplesreportproject
A secondary data analysis was conducted on the Wilmington Street PAR project, a larger street ethnographic study organized examine physical violence in Wilmington, DE. This analysis specifically explored attitudes and experiences with prison reentry among male participants who were street identified and/or formerly of the criminal justice system across age.
Persons with a history of incarceration are less likely to re-offend when they are supported by family and the members of their community.
This presentation was given by Minister Dr. Glenda Clare at a church in Durham, North Carolina. The purpose of the presentation was to prepare Durham county residents to welcome formerly incarcerated persons back into the community.
Chapter 13 Whose responsibility are professional ethics.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 13: Whose responsibility are professional ethics?
Must a SW make an ethical decision all alone?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeUjAwFI9P0
No! These decisions are just too big to make completely alone!
“Morality is first and foremost a social institution, performing a social role, and only secondarily, if at all, a field for individual self-expression”
W. D. Walsh, philosopher (1969)
Support is always available
Social workers are always responsible for their own ethical decisions
But, she is a participant in a number of networks and social systems that support – or should support – her ethical decision-making
The agency employing her
The service delivery team, unit, or office
The professional association
Resources that support ethical decision-making
Client’s Bill of Rights
Agency Risk Audits
Peer Review and Committees on the Ethics of Social Work Practice
Accountability Systems
Training and Consultation
Agency Appeals Procedures and Ombudsmen
Professional Associations
NASW Professional Complaint Procedures
Client’s Bill of Rights
Brief statements informing people of the type of information they are entitled to know about their situation
Transmitting this information verbally is not enough; this is not considered a Bill of Rights
Bills of Rights must be in writing; it can only be issued by the agency, no the individual SW (unless in private practice)
Often include:
A person should expect to be treated with dignity and respect
He or she will be included in any decision-making practices related to his/her situation
He or she will be informed about available options
He or she has the right to speak to an ombudsman or other person if he or she is dissatisfied with his or her treatment
Agency Risk Audits
Many types of audits are conducted in human service agencies: financial, safety, quality control, utilization review, etc.
An Agency Risk Audit is related to the ethical dimensions of the work being done
Social workers’ knowledge of identified ethics-related risks (complaints or law suits filed against the worker, court cases and updates that are relevant to practice, etc.)
Current agency procedures for handling ethical issues, dilemmas, and decisions
Agency Risk Audits allow an agency to strengthen their own ethical performance while also allowing supervisors and workers to work together to share the burden of ethical decision-making
Strategies to prevent risk or ways to be proactive in ethical decision-making:
Assume a proactive stance by considering the preventive aspects of risk management
Minimize risk through familiarity with policies and procedures so as to minimize risks that occur because of lack of knowledge
Take a comprehensive look at the context and eliminate or reduce risk wherever possible
Stress education in the area of ethics, good practices, transference, and counter-transference
Supervision and consultation should be available
Share the burden of risk by being aware of agency policies and procedures, a ...
Hosted by Mentoring Partnership of Minnesota on October 30, 2012.
The Mentoring Best Practices Research Project, funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), is being conducted in collaboration with Global Youth Justice and the National Partnership for Juvenile Services.
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The Negative Consequences of Discipline
One of the fundamental responsibilities of schools is to keep its students and teachers safe from harm and violence. Over the years, this has meant applying zero tolerance policies, which have encouraged and led to overcriminalization and the over intervention of the juvenile justice system. This correlation between zero tolerance measures and the justice system has been termed school to prison pipeline . Zero tolerance has, for the most part, worked; but do we like how it has worked? Although this policy has some benefits, its biggest flaw is that it is disproportionately applied to minorities, a trend that is largely reflected and reinforced in policies. From a legal perspective, many questions are raised as to the constitutionality of applying punitive disciplinary measures to students, seeing that expulsions and suspensions prohibit and limit student access to education. Consequently, micro level disciplinary alternatives have been developed, which aim to rehabilitate offenders rather than punish them. These alternatives offer a balance between discipline and the risk of overcriminalization, and include counseling, anger management sessions, victim offender mediation, and peer judiciaries. One central question that is raised throughout this discussion is the objective of the discipline; whether disciplinary measures should be used to punish or embarrass students, or whether it needs to reinforce and teach them why their behavior is wrong. This then relates to the
Get more content on HelpWriting.net
Presentation at "Building on firm foundations: Making effective liaison and diversion services a reality" conference by Lorraine Khan and Dave Spurgeon, Research and Development Manager, Nacro and Offender Health Collaborative
The goal of Integrating HIV Innovative Practices (IHIP) is to enable health care providers to implement proven innovations within their own practices and clinics. This Webinar is the first in a three part series featuring grantees of the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) Enhancing Linkages to HIV Care & Services in Jail Settings Initiative (Jail Linkages Initiative), as they share lessons learned and advice for others hoping to create or expand similar programs.
Explore how to secure buy-in and foster partnerships within correctional settings, as well as how to navigate the “culture of corrections.” Hannah Zellman of Philadelphia FIGHT, a SPNS Jail Linkages grantee, will present alongside Dr. Linda Rose Frank and Debra D’Alessandro of the PA/MidAtlantic AIDS Education and Training Center about the work their organizations have done individually and collaboratively in the corrections setting.
Discuss whether or not you feel these programs are effective in prev.pdffashioncollection2
Discuss whether or not you feel these programs are effective in preventing recidivism. Do you
think inmates should be eligible for Pell Grants? Why, or why not?
Solution
Recidivism is the act of relapsing into a problem or criminal behavior during or after receiving
sanctions, or while undergoing an intervention due to a previous behavior or crime. In criminal
justice settings, recidivism is often measured by criminal acts that result in rearrest, reconviction,
or return to prison. Yes, these programs are effective in preventing recidivism. Recidivism data
have been reported in terms of a variety of measures, including re-arrest, re-adjudication, and re-
incarceration. As a result, policy makers are often unable to make sense of seemingly disparate
findings or draw meaningful conclusions about program or system performance. Common
definitions and indicators are necessary to clearly communicate the meaning of outcome study
results, to unambiguously describe the methods used to obtain research findings, to enable
replication of research designs, to make possible comparisons across studies and regions, and to
facilitate our understanding of program or system effectiveness.
By definition, recidivism comprises two elements: 1) the commission of an offense, 2) by an
individual already known to have committed at least one other offense (Blumstein & Larson,
1971). To have a truly operable definition, one must clarify and qualify both parts.
Regarding the first half of the definition, one must ask: What constitutes “commission of an
offense?” Does the definition include status offenses? Would parole violations fall under the
definition? One might assume that the phrase “commission of an offense” refers to a criminal act
and thus excludes status offenses and parole violations. Consistency requires that the phrase
“commission of an offense” be defined explicitly.
For the second half of the definition, one must ask: Who is considered to be “an individual
already known to have committed at least one other offense?” In the case of a juvenile, must the
juvenile have been found guilty of an offense? If the juvenile had been arrested but diverted prior
to adjudication, is she included in this definition? A policy maker might argue that diversion
does not imply innocence; in fact, it implies or requires admission of guilt. Thus, if a youth who
was previously diverted comes before the court on a subsequent offense, is that not recidivism?
Evaluators must agree on uniform answers to these questions or their findings will be difficult to
interpret or compare.
Measuring Recidivism
The terms “define” and “measure” are often confused by non-researchers. Whereas “define”
refers to the meaning of a word—in this case, recidivism—“measure” refers to a method of
systematically determining its extent or degree within a given sample. In program evaluations,
the measures are the types of data used to determine recidivism levels. These data types include,
among others, self-.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Chapter 13 Whose responsibility are professional ethics.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 13: Whose responsibility are professional ethics?
Must a SW make an ethical decision all alone?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeUjAwFI9P0
No! These decisions are just too big to make completely alone!
“Morality is first and foremost a social institution, performing a social role, and only secondarily, if at all, a field for individual self-expression”
W. D. Walsh, philosopher (1969)
Support is always available
Social workers are always responsible for their own ethical decisions
But, she is a participant in a number of networks and social systems that support – or should support – her ethical decision-making
The agency employing her
The service delivery team, unit, or office
The professional association
Resources that support ethical decision-making
Client’s Bill of Rights
Agency Risk Audits
Peer Review and Committees on the Ethics of Social Work Practice
Accountability Systems
Training and Consultation
Agency Appeals Procedures and Ombudsmen
Professional Associations
NASW Professional Complaint Procedures
Client’s Bill of Rights
Brief statements informing people of the type of information they are entitled to know about their situation
Transmitting this information verbally is not enough; this is not considered a Bill of Rights
Bills of Rights must be in writing; it can only be issued by the agency, no the individual SW (unless in private practice)
Often include:
A person should expect to be treated with dignity and respect
He or she will be included in any decision-making practices related to his/her situation
He or she will be informed about available options
He or she has the right to speak to an ombudsman or other person if he or she is dissatisfied with his or her treatment
Agency Risk Audits
Many types of audits are conducted in human service agencies: financial, safety, quality control, utilization review, etc.
An Agency Risk Audit is related to the ethical dimensions of the work being done
Social workers’ knowledge of identified ethics-related risks (complaints or law suits filed against the worker, court cases and updates that are relevant to practice, etc.)
Current agency procedures for handling ethical issues, dilemmas, and decisions
Agency Risk Audits allow an agency to strengthen their own ethical performance while also allowing supervisors and workers to work together to share the burden of ethical decision-making
Strategies to prevent risk or ways to be proactive in ethical decision-making:
Assume a proactive stance by considering the preventive aspects of risk management
Minimize risk through familiarity with policies and procedures so as to minimize risks that occur because of lack of knowledge
Take a comprehensive look at the context and eliminate or reduce risk wherever possible
Stress education in the area of ethics, good practices, transference, and counter-transference
Supervision and consultation should be available
Share the burden of risk by being aware of agency policies and procedures, a ...
Hosted by Mentoring Partnership of Minnesota on October 30, 2012.
The Mentoring Best Practices Research Project, funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), is being conducted in collaboration with Global Youth Justice and the National Partnership for Juvenile Services.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
✅ Quality
You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
The Negative Consequences of Discipline
One of the fundamental responsibilities of schools is to keep its students and teachers safe from harm and violence. Over the years, this has meant applying zero tolerance policies, which have encouraged and led to overcriminalization and the over intervention of the juvenile justice system. This correlation between zero tolerance measures and the justice system has been termed school to prison pipeline . Zero tolerance has, for the most part, worked; but do we like how it has worked? Although this policy has some benefits, its biggest flaw is that it is disproportionately applied to minorities, a trend that is largely reflected and reinforced in policies. From a legal perspective, many questions are raised as to the constitutionality of applying punitive disciplinary measures to students, seeing that expulsions and suspensions prohibit and limit student access to education. Consequently, micro level disciplinary alternatives have been developed, which aim to rehabilitate offenders rather than punish them. These alternatives offer a balance between discipline and the risk of overcriminalization, and include counseling, anger management sessions, victim offender mediation, and peer judiciaries. One central question that is raised throughout this discussion is the objective of the discipline; whether disciplinary measures should be used to punish or embarrass students, or whether it needs to reinforce and teach them why their behavior is wrong. This then relates to the
Get more content on HelpWriting.net
Presentation at "Building on firm foundations: Making effective liaison and diversion services a reality" conference by Lorraine Khan and Dave Spurgeon, Research and Development Manager, Nacro and Offender Health Collaborative
The goal of Integrating HIV Innovative Practices (IHIP) is to enable health care providers to implement proven innovations within their own practices and clinics. This Webinar is the first in a three part series featuring grantees of the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) Enhancing Linkages to HIV Care & Services in Jail Settings Initiative (Jail Linkages Initiative), as they share lessons learned and advice for others hoping to create or expand similar programs.
Explore how to secure buy-in and foster partnerships within correctional settings, as well as how to navigate the “culture of corrections.” Hannah Zellman of Philadelphia FIGHT, a SPNS Jail Linkages grantee, will present alongside Dr. Linda Rose Frank and Debra D’Alessandro of the PA/MidAtlantic AIDS Education and Training Center about the work their organizations have done individually and collaboratively in the corrections setting.
Discuss whether or not you feel these programs are effective in prev.pdffashioncollection2
Discuss whether or not you feel these programs are effective in preventing recidivism. Do you
think inmates should be eligible for Pell Grants? Why, or why not?
Solution
Recidivism is the act of relapsing into a problem or criminal behavior during or after receiving
sanctions, or while undergoing an intervention due to a previous behavior or crime. In criminal
justice settings, recidivism is often measured by criminal acts that result in rearrest, reconviction,
or return to prison. Yes, these programs are effective in preventing recidivism. Recidivism data
have been reported in terms of a variety of measures, including re-arrest, re-adjudication, and re-
incarceration. As a result, policy makers are often unable to make sense of seemingly disparate
findings or draw meaningful conclusions about program or system performance. Common
definitions and indicators are necessary to clearly communicate the meaning of outcome study
results, to unambiguously describe the methods used to obtain research findings, to enable
replication of research designs, to make possible comparisons across studies and regions, and to
facilitate our understanding of program or system effectiveness.
By definition, recidivism comprises two elements: 1) the commission of an offense, 2) by an
individual already known to have committed at least one other offense (Blumstein & Larson,
1971). To have a truly operable definition, one must clarify and qualify both parts.
Regarding the first half of the definition, one must ask: What constitutes “commission of an
offense?” Does the definition include status offenses? Would parole violations fall under the
definition? One might assume that the phrase “commission of an offense” refers to a criminal act
and thus excludes status offenses and parole violations. Consistency requires that the phrase
“commission of an offense” be defined explicitly.
For the second half of the definition, one must ask: Who is considered to be “an individual
already known to have committed at least one other offense?” In the case of a juvenile, must the
juvenile have been found guilty of an offense? If the juvenile had been arrested but diverted prior
to adjudication, is she included in this definition? A policy maker might argue that diversion
does not imply innocence; in fact, it implies or requires admission of guilt. Thus, if a youth who
was previously diverted comes before the court on a subsequent offense, is that not recidivism?
Evaluators must agree on uniform answers to these questions or their findings will be difficult to
interpret or compare.
Measuring Recidivism
The terms “define” and “measure” are often confused by non-researchers. Whereas “define”
refers to the meaning of a word—in this case, recidivism—“measure” refers to a method of
systematically determining its extent or degree within a given sample. In program evaluations,
the measures are the types of data used to determine recidivism levels. These data types include,
among others, self-.
Similar to Final+draft+corrections+research+presentation (20)
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Introduction
Criminal justice processes
Jails and prison
Probation and parole
Juvenile corrections
Community-based corrections
Trends
Operation and fiscal functions
Security, technology, management, and control
functions
Educational and treatment programs
3. Processes: Jail and Prison
Booking & assessment process
Information
Personal belong taken
Bail or no bail
Court hearing
Sentenced
County jail or Prison
Transportation
Release
6. Processes: Community Corrections
Alternative Forms of Punishment and Rehabilitation
Certain Restrictions and Guidelines Placed on Offenders in
Community Correction Programs
Obligations and Specific Roles of Offender During Community
Corrections
May Assist in the Reduction of Prison Overcrowding
7. Trends in Institutional and Community-
Based Corrections
Past
Incarceration as sole method of punishment
Contemporary
Shift to alternative and community-based corrections
Prospective
Continued use of community-based corrections
Select use of incarceration as method of punishment
10. Educational and Treatment Programs
Educational and employment assistance
Substance Abuse Programs
Anger Management and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Individual and Group Counseling
11. Conclusion
Impact of functions, operations,
and processes on the
corrections system
Overview
Processes
Trends
Functions
Educational and treatment
programs
Knowledge and understanding of
both criminal justice and non-
criminal justice personnel for
implementation of policy.
12. References
All references listed
Images courtesy of Google Images, Bing Image Search, and
Microsoft Office Clip Art.
Editor's Notes
Corrections Research Presentation
Ismael Alvarado, Larry Shaw, Myriam Mounchandini, Robert Bankston, Sarah Kohut
CJA/484
November 10, 2013
Keith Carr
University of Phoenix
The criminal justice system entails many pertinent processes and functions. Presented herein are the various processes of the system: jails and prison, probation and parole, juvenile corrections, and community-based corrections. Past, current, and future trends in the development and operation of institutional and community-based corrections is evaluated. In the corrections environment, the following are discussed: operations and fiscal functions; security, technology, management, and control functions; and educational and treatment programs.
If a person is taken to jail, he or she usually proceeds through the booking process and is placed in a holding cell. Because of the negative stigmatism of jails on the young mind, juveniles are typically not placed in a holding cell. Depending on the accused crime(s), the suspect is moved to another room and asked questions regarding the case. If the Miranda Warning has not been given by the officers upon arrest, the interrogating officer will likely present the Warning to the accused offender at this time.
The inmate is given a booking number which is presented on his or her case file. Fingerprints and photographs are taken and any pertinent information is obtained about him or her such as a previous criminal history or medical conditions that the officers must be aware of personal property is documented and accounted for according to departmental procedure rules. Generally, the inmate will be allowed to contact family, friends or a bondsman/woman to arrange bail (some inmates are not granted the opportunity for bail depending on the charges and risk level). If the inmate is not granted the opportunity for bail, or if he or she cannot or chooses to not post bail, a uniform is issued to the suspect for jail use. However, if bail arrangements are made, a more extensive paperwork process begins. At the time of the release, the accused will have documents stating the date, time, and location of his or her pending court date.
If the inmate is convicted of the accused crime, he or she will return to court for a sentencing hearing. At this time, a judge demonstrates a punishment or sentence plan; if the offender is sentenced to imprisonment, they are prepared for transport to a state correctional facility. Once at the correctional facility, they will be categorized according to risk and other characteristics and then placed in a designated area.
Offenders who are on probation receive a suspended prison sentence with some specific conditions. In most cases first time offenders usually receive a probation sentence contingent upon the severity of the crime. Although the public and some political officials regard probation as soft approach to dealing with crime, it is evident that not every offender deserves a prison sentence or can be sent to prison. Probation is yet a regularly used sanction in the United States. According to Seiter (2011), "Since 1975 the number of offenders under community supervision has risen from less than 1 million to nearly 5.1 million by 2007." When an offender is granted probation, immediately the responsibility of the probation officer is to supervise the offender and ensure that he or she complies with the conditions of their probation by the judge.
Offenders that receive a parole release have satisfactorily served a sufficient amount of his or her prison sentence and now the parole board issues the offender on a conditional release from prison. Currently an offender may receive one of three methods of parole that exist. The first is "discretionary parole" which is mainly an offenders release into community supervision. Second, is supervised mandatory release, also referred to as "mandatory release" with the parolee remaining under supervision until the remainder of the sentence is complete. Third, is "unconditional mandatory release" which is the inmate serving the full term of his or her sentence. The former offender has no supervision or any requirements to report of any parole agent.
The juvenile corrections process follows some stages such as arrest, intake, the detention hearing, the adjudication hearing, and juvenile placement. At the beginning of the process, the juvenile is arrested and questioned at the police station and is booked if probable is present for the offense committed. During intake, the juvenile can be released to his or her parents with a summons to return to court for an initial hearing or can be detained for a judicial hearing. At the adjudication hearing, the juvenile is allowed by constitutional law to be represented by a lawyer, to call witnesses, to cross examine the prosecution’s witnesses and to introduce relevant evidences that may establish innocence. If the youth is found guilty after the adjudication hearing, the court sets a date for a dispositional hearing, and the probation staff develop a pre-dispositional report that provides background information on the juvenile and makes recommendations to the court (Thompson & McGrath, 2012). At the placement stage of the process, the juvenile can be placed on probation in a nonresidential or community-based residential program. Other options are to pay restitution to the victim or undergo treatment if a substance abuse or mental health issues is prevalent. Juveniles can also be placed in a residential facility or secure facility; planning and managing their reentry into the community is critical.
Community corrections is an alternative to imprisonment. Community corrections can be handed down by a judge to an offender as a sanction, which that sanction is meant to serve as a form of punishment or rehabilitation. Some examples of community corrections are community service, house arrest, electronic monitoring, day reporting centers, etc. (Center of Community Corrections, 2009). In-lieu of being sentenced to jail or prison, an offender may be sentenced to a form of community corrections. With community corrections there may be certain terms or conditions that an offender may have to adhere to. These conditions may include constant or random drug testing, frequent reporting and follow-ups, community labor, restitution, etc. There are also community correction programs offered to offenders who have been recently paroled from prison. These programs may assist offenders with the re-entry process back into society in an effort to prevent and reduce recidivism. Community correction programs have also assisted with the reduction in state prisons, as for providing resources to offenders to prevent recidivism.
Community corrections also serves as an additional form of incarceration than imprisonment itself. California is one of the states that has utilized these programs to reduce its prison population. For example, Los Angeles County has about 50,000 offenders under supervised probation by the probation department. Over the last two years the California prison system realignment program relinquished authority of about 20,000 state offenders to Los Angeles County Probation and Sheriff’s Departments for supervision. This has significantly helped reduced some of the overcrowding in the California prison system (County of Los Angeles Probation Department, 2013).
In the past, the correctional institution served as the primary punishment method for offenders. Although fines were commonly issues in conjunction with imprisonment, other methods of punishment were not integrated in the criminal justice system. As the criminal justice system expanded and became more complex, more laws came into existence, criminalizing an increasing number of actions and conduct. The United States implemented the War on Drugs Initiative which increased the number of inmates housed in prison facilities exponentially. A temporary solution to this prison operation crisis was to develop drug courts; the first Drug Court was created in Florida in 1989 as a result (Carey, Pukstas, Waller, et al. 2008, p.2).
However, drug courts alleviated only a small part of the prison overcrowding issue. Because of this, the trend of using community-based corrections instead of incarceration became popular and is the most favorable type of sentencing option today. This trend is can be foreseen to continue in the future; first-time offenders and nonviolent offenders will bypass the imprisonment atmosphere entirely while inmates will likely serve lighter sentences with good behavior and be released back into society under the guidance and supervision of a parole officer.
The annual fiscal budget demands for administration functions and operations range in the billions of dollars. According to Seiter (2011), "In fiscal year 1991, state and federal adult correctional agency budgets totaled about $40.6 billion. By fiscal year 2006, these budgets more than doubled to $105 billion" (p. 13). Administration functions and operations, such as facility maintenance, repair projects, salary increase, inflation, probation, and parole programs, health services, power plants, segregation buildings, treatment center buildings, facility ran infirmaries, safety, and environmental protection reflect the fiscal demands that corrections encounter on an annual basis.
Correctional facilities handle dangerous offenders so control of prisoners and safety and security of both officers and staff are deemed as priority functions. Assessing the security, technology, management and control functions within the correctional environments may lead to an efficient operation. Today, the use of technological innovations allow staff to keep correctional environments safe and secure. Administrators in today’s correctional facilities face new and old challenges that increasingly make it more difficult to keep peace inside prison walls. Inmates who passed through the correction system before have more knowledgeable of institutional operations, meanwhile; managers need to be many steps ahead for an effective control (Thomas, 1998). The use of security technology in the prison system is essential to maintaining order, staying ahead of the prisoner learning curve and enhancing the management effectiveness when eyes, ears and bodies are simply insufficient.
There are several programs and resources made available to offenders which can assist in staying “crime free.” One issue with many offenders is recidivism. This occurs quite often when many offenders do not have the proper resources or treatment efforts made available to them. Some of the resources that can assist offenders are educational programs and employment assistance. Many offenders commit crimes as a means to obtain money to purchase what he or she needs. Providing an offender with educational assistance may assist that individual in obtaining employment in-lieu of living a criminal-like lifestyle. Also, there a strong need to make employment resources available to offenders, which may also assist in obtaining employment.
Many offenders suffer from substance abuse, which alone can aid to a life of crime. There are many offenders behind bars for substance abuse related charges. Providing offenders with resources and substance abuse treatments can aid those individuals with his or her recovery as well as staying drug-free. There are also programs that offer offenders assistance with anger management and behavioral therapy. According to Center of Community Corrections (2009), “Anger management and cognitive behavioral therapy are forms of treatment that focuses on helping the offender learn and use new thinking skills to modify negative behaviors. The program also teaches new coping mechanisms to offenders convicted of crimes of violence, such as assault and abuse, to better manage their behaviors when angry.” Another treatment option made available to offenders are individual and group therapy. These efforts can provide one-on-one counseling or group counseling in an effort to help an offender cope with issues/problems that may contribute to crime of destructive lifestyle.
It can be concluded that the corrections arena is impacted by a plethora of differing functions, operations, and processes within and outside the criminal justice system. An overview of the jail and prison, probation and parole, juvenile corrections, and community-based corrections processes were demonstrated. Trends in institutional and community-based corrections were touched-upon. Pertinent areas of the corrections system were evaluated, including the operations and fiscal functions, technology, management, and control functions, and the use of educational and treatment programs. While it is crucial for the criminal justice professional to be familiar with these processes, a general knowledge and understanding of their functions and importance on part of the average voter is necessary to introduce, pass, and implement policy for the field.
California Courts Judicial Branch of California (2011), “Parole Re-entry,” Retrieved on November 06, 2013 from http://www.courts.ca.gov/5271.htm
Carey, Shannon M, Ph.D,; Pukstas, Kimberly Ph.D.; Waller, Mark S.; Mackin, Richard J.; Finigan, Michael W. Ph.D. “Drug Courts and State Mandated Drug Treatment Programs: Outcomes, Costs and Consequences,” NPC Research (Portland, OR, March 2008), p. 2. Retrieved November 9, 2013 from http://www.ncjrs.gov/vdffiles1/nij/grants/223975.pdf
Center of Community Corrections (2009), “Community Corrections Programs,” Retrieved on November 06, 2013 from http://centerforcommunitycorrections.org/?page_id=44
Los Angeles County Probation Department (2013), “Probation Services,” Retrieved on November 06, 2013 from http://probation.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/probation
Seiter, R. P. (2011). Corrections: An Introduction, Third Edition. Retrieved from
CJA/234— Introduction to Corrections course website, University of Phoenix.
Thomas G, (1998). The Challenges of Strategy in Corrections. Corrections Quarterly, 2(4), 37. http://search.proquest.com/docview/214566531?accountid=35812
Thompson L & McGrath A, (2012). Implications for Contemporary Risk-need Assessment with Juvenile Offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 36(4), 345-355
Utah Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://corrections.utah.gov/
Utah County Sheriff. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.utahcountyonline.org/Dept/Sheriff/Corrections/inmates/index.asp