The document summarizes how Lake Turkana in Kenya is important for the local communities and ecosystem but is threatened by a new dam project in Ethiopia. It discusses how Lake Turkana supports over 300,000 indigenous people through water, food and resources, but the dam will decrease its water levels by 16-40 feet. This will end natural flood cycles and likely cause conflicts as resources become more scarce. It will also drastically impact the lake's ecosystem and biodiversity. The region has a rich history of paleontological and archaeological discoveries, but political instability and violence may soon interrupt further research at Lake Turkana.
The Turkana area of Kenya, one of the poorest in Africa, is undergoing major changes, primarily linked to the discovery of oil in the region. These maps start to uncover some of the potential impacts of these changes on people and the environment.
The document summarizes key facts about the River Nile, including that it is approximately 6,650 km long and located across multiple African countries. It flows north through Egypt and is the longest river in the world. The two major tributaries, the Blue Nile and White Nile, merge in Sudan to form the Nile. The Blue Nile originates in Ethiopia's Lake Tana and flows west, while the White Nile starts in Burundi and Rwanda and flows north through lakes and borders before entering Lake Victoria. The Nile has historically supported agriculture and civilization in Egypt.
#SciChallenge2017 Biotope
This presentation describes how life is under water and describes all the things that you can find in the ocean, like fish, coral reefs and many habitats that fish live in.
The document provides various facts about oceans and Antarctica:
- Sharks account for fewer than 10 human deaths annually while over 100 million sharks are killed each year for their fins. Polar bears have black skin and white fur that reflects visible light.
- Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii is taller than Mount Everest if measured from its base on the ocean floor. The oceans cover most of the Earth's surface and contain nearly all its water.
- Each winter, Antarctica gains up to 20 million square km of sea ice, the largest seasonal phenomenon on Earth, which reflects heat and insulates the ocean. Various forms of sea ice develop as temperatures drop.
The 2008 Lake Kamestastin expedition in Labrador had the goals of observing the caribou migration, establishing relationships with the Tshikapisk Foundation, and exploring the area. The expedition successfully met the caribou and gained valuable experience at the lake. Future plans include further scientific study and connecting Innu youth to their cultural heritage through canoe expeditions.
Oxfam is supporting a project in Bolivia to revive an ancestral farming technique called camellones that was used by early cultures to farm sustainably in the flood-prone Beni region. Camellones are elevated ridges surrounded by canals that allow crops to be grown even during floods. Oxfam helped a community build experimental camellones and plant crops. Initial results are promising, with the harvests expected to be shared communally. If successful, camellones could help local farmers better cope with regular floods and droughts while protecting the environment.
The Great Lakes region contains over 20% of the world's surface freshwater. The five Great Lakes - Huron, Ontario, Superior, Michigan, and Erie - provide fresh drinking water to millions in the US and Canada. However, pollution, invasive species, and global warming threaten this important freshwater system. Protecting the Great Lakes is vital to preserving a key freshwater resource for North America.
This book showcases prize-winning photographs from a photography competition focused on South Africa's coasts and oceans. It includes over 300 photos along with essays from scientists, conservationists, and others discussing the importance of protecting marine life and coastal areas. The book serves as a call to create protected "Hope Spots" along the South African coastline to help conserve natural resources and involve local communities.
The Turkana area of Kenya, one of the poorest in Africa, is undergoing major changes, primarily linked to the discovery of oil in the region. These maps start to uncover some of the potential impacts of these changes on people and the environment.
The document summarizes key facts about the River Nile, including that it is approximately 6,650 km long and located across multiple African countries. It flows north through Egypt and is the longest river in the world. The two major tributaries, the Blue Nile and White Nile, merge in Sudan to form the Nile. The Blue Nile originates in Ethiopia's Lake Tana and flows west, while the White Nile starts in Burundi and Rwanda and flows north through lakes and borders before entering Lake Victoria. The Nile has historically supported agriculture and civilization in Egypt.
#SciChallenge2017 Biotope
This presentation describes how life is under water and describes all the things that you can find in the ocean, like fish, coral reefs and many habitats that fish live in.
The document provides various facts about oceans and Antarctica:
- Sharks account for fewer than 10 human deaths annually while over 100 million sharks are killed each year for their fins. Polar bears have black skin and white fur that reflects visible light.
- Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii is taller than Mount Everest if measured from its base on the ocean floor. The oceans cover most of the Earth's surface and contain nearly all its water.
- Each winter, Antarctica gains up to 20 million square km of sea ice, the largest seasonal phenomenon on Earth, which reflects heat and insulates the ocean. Various forms of sea ice develop as temperatures drop.
The 2008 Lake Kamestastin expedition in Labrador had the goals of observing the caribou migration, establishing relationships with the Tshikapisk Foundation, and exploring the area. The expedition successfully met the caribou and gained valuable experience at the lake. Future plans include further scientific study and connecting Innu youth to their cultural heritage through canoe expeditions.
Oxfam is supporting a project in Bolivia to revive an ancestral farming technique called camellones that was used by early cultures to farm sustainably in the flood-prone Beni region. Camellones are elevated ridges surrounded by canals that allow crops to be grown even during floods. Oxfam helped a community build experimental camellones and plant crops. Initial results are promising, with the harvests expected to be shared communally. If successful, camellones could help local farmers better cope with regular floods and droughts while protecting the environment.
The Great Lakes region contains over 20% of the world's surface freshwater. The five Great Lakes - Huron, Ontario, Superior, Michigan, and Erie - provide fresh drinking water to millions in the US and Canada. However, pollution, invasive species, and global warming threaten this important freshwater system. Protecting the Great Lakes is vital to preserving a key freshwater resource for North America.
This book showcases prize-winning photographs from a photography competition focused on South Africa's coasts and oceans. It includes over 300 photos along with essays from scientists, conservationists, and others discussing the importance of protecting marine life and coastal areas. The book serves as a call to create protected "Hope Spots" along the South African coastline to help conserve natural resources and involve local communities.
The Danube Delta is one of the last natural paradises in Europe, located where the Danube River flows into the Black Sea. It is home to a diverse array of cultures and peoples and a huge variety of bird species, most notably pelicans. The delta occupies 5,800 square kilometers and was formed over 12,000 years ago. It is a biosphere reserve that provides refuge for both wildlife and people seeking natural beauty and solitude.
This document discusses the flora and fauna of Cyprus. It notes that Cyprus has over 1950 species of flora, of which 153 are endemic. The fauna includes 32 mammal species, 126 reptile and amphibian species, 364 bird species, and thousands of insect species. Cyprus' geographic position at the intersection of three continents and long isolation have led to great biodiversity and many endemic species. Notable endemic fauna mentioned include dwarf elephants and hippos that once inhabited the island.
- Kenya is located in Africa. The western region has fertile soil from volcanic activity and abundant rainfall, and is home to Lake Victoria, the second largest lake in the world.
- Tourism is a major industry for Kenya's economy, highlighted by wildlife and beaches. Careful planning has maximized its potential and Kenya leads its neighbors in tourism.
- The largest tribal groups are the Bantu, who are farmers settled in central and coastal areas, and make up a significant portion of Kenya's population. Other important tribes include the Maasai, Samburu, and Turkana.
The Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction around 375 million years ago saw the loss of many marine species. New dating of volcanic rocks in Siberia called the Viluy traps suggests they were emplaced in multiple phases, with an early phase potentially contributing to the extinction event. Changes in Earth's systems during the Late Devonian support the role of volcanism in disrupting marine habitats through elevated atmospheric gases and ocean anoxia. An initial pulse of volcanism from the Viluy Traps may have caused marine anoxia and ultimately led to extinction of species.
The Nile River is the longest river in the world, flowing through 11 countries in Africa. It originates from Lake Victoria and Lake Tana and is formed from the White Nile and Blue Nile rivers. The Nile has historically been important for Egyptian civilization, providing fertile land and resources. It continues to be a key source of livelihood for many along its banks through fishing, transportation, farming, and other activities.
A Century of Kenyan Herpetology by Stephen SpawlsBio-Ken
This document summarizes the history of herpetology and reptile conservation in Kenya over the past 100 years. It describes how Arthur Loveridge established the first museum in Nairobi in 1914 and helped start formal herpetological study. It outlines major milestones like the creation of national parks beginning in 1946 and establishment of the snake park at the National Museum in 1959. While progress has been made with field guides, atlases and increased species records, the document calls for more fieldwork to improve knowledge of distributions, new species discoveries, and conservation of rare endemic species found outside protected areas.
The Aral Sea, once the fourth largest lake in the world, has shrunk to only 10% of its original size due to overuse of water from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers for irrigation. This has caused an environmental and public health crisis, destroying the fishing industry and contaminating the region with pollutants and diseases from former biological weapons testing sites. While international efforts have sought to address the crisis through projects investing $140 million, the UNEP concluded the Aral Sea cannot be fully restored due to the severity of the environmental degradation and mismanagement of water resources.
The Danube Delta is the second largest river delta in Europe, after Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while it`s northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine.
The document summarizes the decline of the African penguin population due to various environmental pressures. It notes that their numbers have dropped by over 95% since the early 1900s due to overfishing reducing their food supply, climate change altering ocean currents and temperatures which affects fish distribution, and pollution like oil spills that can contaminate penguins. Conservation efforts aim to rehabilitate oiled or abandoned penguins and help manage fisheries and reduce pollution to improve conditions for the endangered penguins.
WATER (Wilderness Adventure Ecology and reasearch)Matthew Moritz
This document provides an overview of the Wilderness Adventure Team Ecology and Research (W.A.T.E.R.) project, which focuses on studying river degradation and preservation efforts. It discusses the history of river usage from ancient canoes to modern dams, and the impact of dams on river ecosystems. It also summarizes the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System and its role in protecting free-flowing rivers. Finally, it proposes applying modified Leave No Trace principles to canoeing to help preserve rivers.
0704ea3b-a512-40e8-883d-228918323941-151119194848-lva1-app6892Amanda Bell
This document provides instructions for georeferencing an image of the Isle of Islay in the UK. It explains that selecting the proper transformation method and choosing accurate ground control points that appear in both images are important. It then lists the step-by-step process, which involves deciding on a coordinate system, adding the shapefile and image, georeferencing by creating control point pairs, updating the image, and checking the root mean square error (RMSE) value. A low RMSE indicates the control points accurately mapped the image locations.
The document provides detailed instructions for humanely trapping feral or community cats through a process called Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR). It explains that TNR involves trapping cats, having them sterilized and vaccinated by a veterinarian, and then returning them to their outdoor habitat. The instructions outline key steps like fasting cats before trapping, using smelly food like tuna as bait, lining traps with newspaper, and properly setting and covering traps to safely transport cats to be sterilized and vaccinated, with the goal of reducing cat overpopulation and euthanasia in animal shelters.
This document provides instructions for humanely trapping feral cats through a process called Trap, Neuter, Return (TNR). TNR involves trapping feral cats, sterilizing and vaccinating them, and then returning them to their outdoor habitat. The instructions detail how to prepare traps by lining them with newspaper and baiting them with smelly foods. It also explains how to cover the traps to prevent the cats from seeing outside once trapped and how to safely transport trapped cats to a veterinarian for sterilization before being released. The goal of TNR is to humanely control the feral cat population through sterilization while allowing the cats to remain in their outdoor homes.
This document provides instructions for making inexpensive and warm outdoor shelters for cats using large Styrofoam coolers. It describes obtaining the coolers from various sources, cutting an entrance hole and reinforcing it, wrapping the shelter completely in thick black plastic sheeting and sealing it with duct tape, orienting the shelter to block wind and moisture from the entrance, and filling the interior with dry straw rather than fabric that could freeze. Lastly, it offers tips like using catnip to attract cats and weighing down shelters in windy areas.
This holiday greeting from ESA and NASA features an artist's impression of seasonal greetings being sent from Earth to another planet. The short message wishes recipients a happy holiday season and notes that the greeting is being sent without regard to which planet the recipients inhabit.
The newsletter summarizes the upcoming November meeting details, provides science news highlights, lists important club updates, previews the December calendar, and shares information about the Northern Colorado Astronomical Society officers and resources. It describes the speaker and topic for the December meeting, encourages members to provide feedback on how to improve the club, and lists local astronomy organizations in the region.
The Northern Colorado Astronomical Society hosts free monthly skygazing events and astro-talks at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. They welcome people of all ages and experience levels to learn about astronomy using different types of telescopes and see astronomical objects like planets and stars. Members meet to have fun discussions and learn astronomy together.
The Northern Colorado Astronomical Society is a group that holds free skygazing events and monthly talks at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. They welcome people of all ages and experience levels to learn about astronomy through telescope viewing and discussions. Their goal is to help people learn astronomy and enjoy the night sky.
The Northern Colorado Astronomical Society is a group that holds free skygazing events and monthly talks at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. They welcome people of all ages and experience levels to learn about astronomy through telescope viewing and discussions. Their goal is to help people learn astronomy and enjoy the night sky.
This newsletter from the Northern Colorado Astronomical Society provides information about their upcoming meeting and events. The July 3rd meeting will be held at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery and feature a talk on measuring earth's radiation belts with CubeSats. The newsletter also lists local astronomy resources and upcoming astronomical events, such as viewing the international space station launch and stories from the far side of the moon. It encourages members to share photos and stories and provides information on renewing membership.
The Danube Delta is one of the last natural paradises in Europe, located where the Danube River flows into the Black Sea. It is home to a diverse array of cultures and peoples and a huge variety of bird species, most notably pelicans. The delta occupies 5,800 square kilometers and was formed over 12,000 years ago. It is a biosphere reserve that provides refuge for both wildlife and people seeking natural beauty and solitude.
This document discusses the flora and fauna of Cyprus. It notes that Cyprus has over 1950 species of flora, of which 153 are endemic. The fauna includes 32 mammal species, 126 reptile and amphibian species, 364 bird species, and thousands of insect species. Cyprus' geographic position at the intersection of three continents and long isolation have led to great biodiversity and many endemic species. Notable endemic fauna mentioned include dwarf elephants and hippos that once inhabited the island.
- Kenya is located in Africa. The western region has fertile soil from volcanic activity and abundant rainfall, and is home to Lake Victoria, the second largest lake in the world.
- Tourism is a major industry for Kenya's economy, highlighted by wildlife and beaches. Careful planning has maximized its potential and Kenya leads its neighbors in tourism.
- The largest tribal groups are the Bantu, who are farmers settled in central and coastal areas, and make up a significant portion of Kenya's population. Other important tribes include the Maasai, Samburu, and Turkana.
The Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction around 375 million years ago saw the loss of many marine species. New dating of volcanic rocks in Siberia called the Viluy traps suggests they were emplaced in multiple phases, with an early phase potentially contributing to the extinction event. Changes in Earth's systems during the Late Devonian support the role of volcanism in disrupting marine habitats through elevated atmospheric gases and ocean anoxia. An initial pulse of volcanism from the Viluy Traps may have caused marine anoxia and ultimately led to extinction of species.
The Nile River is the longest river in the world, flowing through 11 countries in Africa. It originates from Lake Victoria and Lake Tana and is formed from the White Nile and Blue Nile rivers. The Nile has historically been important for Egyptian civilization, providing fertile land and resources. It continues to be a key source of livelihood for many along its banks through fishing, transportation, farming, and other activities.
A Century of Kenyan Herpetology by Stephen SpawlsBio-Ken
This document summarizes the history of herpetology and reptile conservation in Kenya over the past 100 years. It describes how Arthur Loveridge established the first museum in Nairobi in 1914 and helped start formal herpetological study. It outlines major milestones like the creation of national parks beginning in 1946 and establishment of the snake park at the National Museum in 1959. While progress has been made with field guides, atlases and increased species records, the document calls for more fieldwork to improve knowledge of distributions, new species discoveries, and conservation of rare endemic species found outside protected areas.
The Aral Sea, once the fourth largest lake in the world, has shrunk to only 10% of its original size due to overuse of water from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers for irrigation. This has caused an environmental and public health crisis, destroying the fishing industry and contaminating the region with pollutants and diseases from former biological weapons testing sites. While international efforts have sought to address the crisis through projects investing $140 million, the UNEP concluded the Aral Sea cannot be fully restored due to the severity of the environmental degradation and mismanagement of water resources.
The Danube Delta is the second largest river delta in Europe, after Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while it`s northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine.
The document summarizes the decline of the African penguin population due to various environmental pressures. It notes that their numbers have dropped by over 95% since the early 1900s due to overfishing reducing their food supply, climate change altering ocean currents and temperatures which affects fish distribution, and pollution like oil spills that can contaminate penguins. Conservation efforts aim to rehabilitate oiled or abandoned penguins and help manage fisheries and reduce pollution to improve conditions for the endangered penguins.
WATER (Wilderness Adventure Ecology and reasearch)Matthew Moritz
This document provides an overview of the Wilderness Adventure Team Ecology and Research (W.A.T.E.R.) project, which focuses on studying river degradation and preservation efforts. It discusses the history of river usage from ancient canoes to modern dams, and the impact of dams on river ecosystems. It also summarizes the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System and its role in protecting free-flowing rivers. Finally, it proposes applying modified Leave No Trace principles to canoeing to help preserve rivers.
Similar to Final Poster for Session GIS-Geology (10)
0704ea3b-a512-40e8-883d-228918323941-151119194848-lva1-app6892Amanda Bell
This document provides instructions for georeferencing an image of the Isle of Islay in the UK. It explains that selecting the proper transformation method and choosing accurate ground control points that appear in both images are important. It then lists the step-by-step process, which involves deciding on a coordinate system, adding the shapefile and image, georeferencing by creating control point pairs, updating the image, and checking the root mean square error (RMSE) value. A low RMSE indicates the control points accurately mapped the image locations.
The document provides detailed instructions for humanely trapping feral or community cats through a process called Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR). It explains that TNR involves trapping cats, having them sterilized and vaccinated by a veterinarian, and then returning them to their outdoor habitat. The instructions outline key steps like fasting cats before trapping, using smelly food like tuna as bait, lining traps with newspaper, and properly setting and covering traps to safely transport cats to be sterilized and vaccinated, with the goal of reducing cat overpopulation and euthanasia in animal shelters.
This document provides instructions for humanely trapping feral cats through a process called Trap, Neuter, Return (TNR). TNR involves trapping feral cats, sterilizing and vaccinating them, and then returning them to their outdoor habitat. The instructions detail how to prepare traps by lining them with newspaper and baiting them with smelly foods. It also explains how to cover the traps to prevent the cats from seeing outside once trapped and how to safely transport trapped cats to a veterinarian for sterilization before being released. The goal of TNR is to humanely control the feral cat population through sterilization while allowing the cats to remain in their outdoor homes.
This document provides instructions for making inexpensive and warm outdoor shelters for cats using large Styrofoam coolers. It describes obtaining the coolers from various sources, cutting an entrance hole and reinforcing it, wrapping the shelter completely in thick black plastic sheeting and sealing it with duct tape, orienting the shelter to block wind and moisture from the entrance, and filling the interior with dry straw rather than fabric that could freeze. Lastly, it offers tips like using catnip to attract cats and weighing down shelters in windy areas.
This holiday greeting from ESA and NASA features an artist's impression of seasonal greetings being sent from Earth to another planet. The short message wishes recipients a happy holiday season and notes that the greeting is being sent without regard to which planet the recipients inhabit.
The newsletter summarizes the upcoming November meeting details, provides science news highlights, lists important club updates, previews the December calendar, and shares information about the Northern Colorado Astronomical Society officers and resources. It describes the speaker and topic for the December meeting, encourages members to provide feedback on how to improve the club, and lists local astronomy organizations in the region.
The Northern Colorado Astronomical Society hosts free monthly skygazing events and astro-talks at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. They welcome people of all ages and experience levels to learn about astronomy using different types of telescopes and see astronomical objects like planets and stars. Members meet to have fun discussions and learn astronomy together.
The Northern Colorado Astronomical Society is a group that holds free skygazing events and monthly talks at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. They welcome people of all ages and experience levels to learn about astronomy through telescope viewing and discussions. Their goal is to help people learn astronomy and enjoy the night sky.
The Northern Colorado Astronomical Society is a group that holds free skygazing events and monthly talks at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. They welcome people of all ages and experience levels to learn about astronomy through telescope viewing and discussions. Their goal is to help people learn astronomy and enjoy the night sky.
This newsletter from the Northern Colorado Astronomical Society provides information about their upcoming meeting and events. The July 3rd meeting will be held at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery and feature a talk on measuring earth's radiation belts with CubeSats. The newsletter also lists local astronomy resources and upcoming astronomical events, such as viewing the international space station launch and stories from the far side of the moon. It encourages members to share photos and stories and provides information on renewing membership.
1. Why is this lake so important?
‣ The lake serves as a barrier between conflicting east/west communities.
‣ Pastoralists of the basin feed and water their livestock around the lake, communities
of fishermen live off their catch - and during droughts the lake is one of the only
sources of water and nourishment in the region.
Where does Lake Turkana get its water?
‣ Few permanent and intermittent (rainy season) rivers supply water to basin.
‣ The Omo River (through Ethiopia) supplies 90% of the lake’s yearly water.
‣ Current Ethiopian dam project will decrease water flow into the lake by 70% —
causing a drop of at least 16 feet and up to 40 feet in the Kenyan lake.
‣ The dam will also completely eliminate the natural flood cycles that pastoralists and
fish within the lake rely upon. (13)
Once the dam is complete:
‣ Both domestic and wild animals will be forced to adapt or perish.
‣ Violent conflicts over scarce resources will increase.
‣ Salinity increases as lake level decreases. Many fish species will perish.
‣ Humans may find water has become non-potable.
‣ Lake Turkana could separated into smaller lakes, drastically altering the ecosystem.
V. Conclusions
If past fossil finding success is any indication, there are many more discoveries to be made at Lake Turkana. However, it’s clear that fossil
availability isn't the only factor to consider when estimating the potential for future geological, paleontological or archaeological research in the
Turkana basin. As already-scarce resources become even more scarce, violence will increase and the area will become unstable. Will it reach
the point of war? The large-scale events happening in the Turkana basin truly are life-or-death so it’s definitely possible. During unrest in the
region, what will happen to fossils as they become exposed at the surface? They will erode and disappear forever.
Future security of the Turkana basin is uncertain at best. The only thing we do know is that it will get worse before it gets better -- for the
indigenous people, for the animals that live in this harsh environment and for the researchers who’ve made amazing discoveries here already.
Unfortunately, it looks like scientists may have only a short time to make their next amazing discovery before all archaeological and
paleontological research efforts around Turkana Lake have a forced intermission. Let's hope the intermission will be short, for all of our sakes.
After all, it’s our shared ancestry scientists are trying to unravel at Lake Turkana, “the cradle of mankind.”
VI. References
II. Where exactly is Lake Turkana?
III. Indigenous People of the Turkana Basin
Scarce Resources
‣ Approximately 300,000 indigenous peoples rely on Lake Turkana for water, nourishment and ultimately, survival.
‣ Mostly pastoralists, these farmers travel the region with their herds to find food and water.
‣ The basin has exceeded the maximum sustainable number of animals (due to outside humanitarian aide and inflated bride-price
forcing males to breed animals simply to marry).
‣ Droughts result in 60-90% deaths of farm animals. Starvation of animals means starvation of people. (10), (6), (9)
Unstable borders
‣ Kenya borders politically-unstable countries Uganda, Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia whose violence spreads across Kenya's borders.
‣ Community conflicts with spears or bows have escalated to (inexpensive) small arm fights: AK47s $140US, pistols $80US.
‣ The Kenyan government armed its most marginalized citizens hoping they will protect themselves from conflicts and terrorists.
‣ All of this means: more guns per capita = more violent conflicts, cattle raids and homicides. (8)
IV. Large-Scale Human Activity is Changing the Turkana Basin Forever
People who live upstream have a distinct advantage over those living downstream. Why is this so important? Because Lake Turkana (in
Kenya) receives 90% of its water from a single river that flows south through Ethiopia. A project that is nearing completion in Ethiopia will
dam this river 100-miles north of Kenya’s border and forever change Kenya, Lake Turkana and the people and animals who rely on this
as their sole source of nourishment in a harsh desert environment.
Abstract
The Turkana basin is home to many tribes and communities that depend on Lake Turkana, their main source
of water and food, for survival. It’s also a hotbed for paleontological and archaeological discovery. This basin
is in Africa's Rift Valley and happens to hold the largest desert lake in the world. Most people outside of the
region have heard of the area as the “birthplace of mankind” because of the amazing fossil discoveries
around this lake.
I am comparing current paleontological and archaeological research efforts in the basin to the burgeoning —
and potentially threatening — human presence throughout the region. ['Turkana Boy' skull (17)]
Experiment
1. Gather GIS data and create maps using ArcGIS software.
2. Map key features of the Turkana basin:
• Start with fossil discovery, density and availability.
• Reference important information about indigenous populations in the area.
• Note large-scale human activity (helpful or detrimental) to the region.
3. What does the future hold for fossil discovery around Lake Turkana?
I. Extensive fossil discovery at Lake Turkana
The past century marked an amazing leap in archaeological discovery, thanks to fossil hunters in the Turkana basin.
‣ Kenya has the most complete record of human evolution anywhere.
‣ ‘Turkana Boy’, the most complete fossil hominid skeleton every found, helped us understand more about Homo erectus than
ever before.
‣ Found ancient and modern hippo linkage: proving hippos are one of the few mammals that evolved after arriving in Africa.
‣ A vast history of mammals, found nowhere else in sub-Saharan Africa, are abundant in Oligocene-Miocene sites immediately
around Lake Turkana. (2), (3), (4), (15), (1)
(See map and legend for names and locations of discoveries.)
What is the Potential For Continued Geological Field
Research at Lake Turkana?
Class: GEY 111 606
Author: Amanda Bell
Want to know more? Scan this:
(scan with your phone’s QR code reader or visit https://vimeo.com/103528480)
4. One of earliest members
of genus Homo, retained ape-
like arms and face. Lived 2.4
to 1.4 MY ago.
5. First species to leave
Africa and maybe longest
lived (9x as long as Homo
sapiens) 1.89 MY to 143 KY.
OTHER
DISCOVERIES:
Thousands of non-hominid
fossils have also been found
throughout the Turkana basin
— including a 27-foot-long
crocodile that lived with and
likely swallowed our
ancestors... whole.
2. Discovery at Lake Turkana
confirmed this new species. Lived
2.3 to 1.2 MYA.
3. Only one good fossil exists,
found in the Turkana basin. About
1.8 MY old.
1. 'Turkana Boy’ is the most
complete early human skeleton
ever found. About 1.5 MY old.
Not surprising: those who live
upstream have a major advantage over
those who live downstream.
“When the water ends” by Evan Abrasion
is the story of climate change conflicts in
East Africa. Drought, decreased rainfall
and now - fights over water like the
Ethiopian dam project - are fueling
violent conflicts in the area.
Africa
Kenya
NWKenya
Kenya
Ethiopia
Current Basin View
Steady human population growth &
overpopulation of animals means
resources become even more scarce.
Easy access to weapons means every
male over the age of 17 is now
armed with an automatic weapon.
Turkana basin pastoralist with starving cow (14)Farmer protecting his herds with an automatic weapon (11)
(1). http://www.academia.edu/4330439/
Faunal_Change_in_the_Turkana_Basin_During_the_Late_Oligocene_and_Miocene
(2). http://www.TurkanaBasin.org, Photos and fossil data from Bob Reynolds with the
Turkana Basin Institute.
(3). Fossil basemap credit: National Geographic Worldmap, ArcGIS
(4). http://HumanOrigins.SI.edu, "What does it mean to be human?”
(5). http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/turkana-merille.htm
(6). http://education.NationalGeographic.com, 'Geography of Lake Turkana’
(7). http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/15000.html
(8). “Small Arms and Light Weapons in Kenya,” by Mbugua Njoroge
(9). http://www.afdb.org, “Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia’s Omo Basin on Kenya Lake
Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries” Dr. Sean Avery
(10). http://africacenter.colostate.edu/, “Fishing and Firearms”
(11). http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/turkana-merille.htm, "Climate Change and the
Turkana and Merrill Conflict”
(12). World Resources Institute (WRI), Kenya population dataset
(13). http://www.FriendsOfLakeTurkana.org, case study
(14). http://africacenter.colostate.edu/content/fishing-and-firearms-lake-turkana
(15). http://www.dogonews.com/2015/3/12/fossil-discovery-in-kenya-reveals-modern-day-
hippos-evolved-in-africa
(16). http://imgkid.com/africa-map-lake-turkana.shtml
(17). http://www.eyesonafrica.net/safaris/photo-safari/2015/photo-safari-2015-turkana-
piper-may.htm
Turkana Festival (17) Lake Turkana, the jade sea (16) Sunset on the lake (16)
Minimumdropinlakelevel
Potentialdropinlakelevel
Lake Turkana, After Dam Completion
KenyaEthiopia
Ethiopia
South
Uganda