This document summarizes key points from two ethnographies about unwed births and parenthood in low-income neighborhoods. It discusses how the ethnographies examine influences of neighborhood on views of intimate relationships, the meaning of children, and socioeconomic status and life outcomes. Regarding intimate relationships, the ethnographies found that economic stress, responsibility for children, and outside factors like crime or addiction often ended relationships between unwed parents. For low-income mothers and fathers, children provided purpose and responsibility and were seen as more important than relationships. Socioeconomic status impacted life chances, as unwed births often occurred before education and disadvantaged parents struggled to financially support children.
Family Instability and Juvenile Delinquency in Nigeria: A Study of Owerri Mun...iosrjce
The increasing rate of juvenile delinquency has become a major social problem globally and locally.
Researchers and concerned individuals have traced the preponderance of juvenile delinquency to the increasing
rate of family instability among other factors. However, concerted inquiries into the influence of family
instability on juvenile delinquency have resulted in a raging controversy. While some researchers have found a
significant relationship between family instability and juvenile delinquency, others have suggested otherwise.
Against this backdrop, this study set out to fill this yawning gap in literature and also to examine the
relationship between family instability and juvenile delinquency in Owerri Municipality. Using the multi-stage
sampling method, 510 senior secondary school students were selected for this study from 10 comprehensive
secondary schools in Owerri Municipality. The questionnaire and the interview guide were used for data
collection. 2 hypotheses were formulated to guide this study. The hypotheses were tested with the chi-square (x2
)
statistic. The results of the analyses have shown that children from unstable homes engage more in juvenile
delinquency than their counterparts from more stable homes. As expected, inadequate parental supervision
predicted delinquency. This study recommended among other things that Governments, counselors and
concerned agencies should routinely develop programmes aimed at sensitizing parents and care-givers on
parent roles and obligations
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Chapter 11 - The Joy and Responsibility of Parenting v2Mercedes Gonzalez
This lesson will:
• Show the value of living in 3-generational families.
• Use published, peer-reviewed, sociological studies to demonstrate some of the significant and positive results of the intact married family structure.
• Point out that the primary responsibilities of the leaders of government, religion and culture are to prepare young people for family-building, i.e. for marriage and parenting.
Family Instability and Juvenile Delinquency in Nigeria: A Study of Owerri Mun...iosrjce
The increasing rate of juvenile delinquency has become a major social problem globally and locally.
Researchers and concerned individuals have traced the preponderance of juvenile delinquency to the increasing
rate of family instability among other factors. However, concerted inquiries into the influence of family
instability on juvenile delinquency have resulted in a raging controversy. While some researchers have found a
significant relationship between family instability and juvenile delinquency, others have suggested otherwise.
Against this backdrop, this study set out to fill this yawning gap in literature and also to examine the
relationship between family instability and juvenile delinquency in Owerri Municipality. Using the multi-stage
sampling method, 510 senior secondary school students were selected for this study from 10 comprehensive
secondary schools in Owerri Municipality. The questionnaire and the interview guide were used for data
collection. 2 hypotheses were formulated to guide this study. The hypotheses were tested with the chi-square (x2
)
statistic. The results of the analyses have shown that children from unstable homes engage more in juvenile
delinquency than their counterparts from more stable homes. As expected, inadequate parental supervision
predicted delinquency. This study recommended among other things that Governments, counselors and
concerned agencies should routinely develop programmes aimed at sensitizing parents and care-givers on
parent roles and obligations
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Chapter 11 - The Joy and Responsibility of Parenting v2Mercedes Gonzalez
This lesson will:
• Show the value of living in 3-generational families.
• Use published, peer-reviewed, sociological studies to demonstrate some of the significant and positive results of the intact married family structure.
• Point out that the primary responsibilities of the leaders of government, religion and culture are to prepare young people for family-building, i.e. for marriage and parenting.
Family CROSSroads, Lesson 2: "The Target: Young People & Families"roberthatfield
Family CROSSroads class series, lesson 2
"The Target: Young People and Families"
Presented Wednesday, September 10, 2014 at the North Charleston church of Christ -- http://northcharlestonchurchofchrist.com
Instructions Each student will be required to comment on two (2) of.docxsharondabriggs
Instructions: Each student will be required to comment on two (2) of their classmates discussion responses. Each feedback post should be 250 words or more and add to the discussion.
Student 1
There are so many reasons for families that struggles, which leads to juvenile delinquency. We have spoken last week about poverty and that is a huge one, but I will share some others factors since we talked about it already. One of the serious factors that I see is broken homes. When I say broken homes I means homes where there are single parents. Single parents can be a home with just a dad or mom. There are tons of reason why there are single parents in a home. Single parents could be a results of a parent walking out when the child is at an early age, parents may have been divorced, and or separated. There is research that says that shows that females are affected from broken homes more than males, when it comes to juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is ten to fifteen percent higher in broken homes than intact homes. So broken homes are things that we as parents can control. We can limit our children’s exposure to broken homes(Clemens Bartollas, 2011).
Family rejection is another factor can turn young individuals in to juvenile delinquents. When parents disengage from their children it leaves a huge mark on them. A child really has a black hole around them. The rejection of a father figure in a child life is way more significant than a mother’s rejection. How many times have you seen a teenage boy grow up without his father? A lot of times. How many times have you said to yourself that the kid’s looks lost or out of it? A father being out of a kid’s life could cause a lot of bad actions(Clemens Bartollas, 2011).
Delinquent sibling and criminal parents are another factor that greatly effects whether a kid turns into a juvenile delinquent. Younger kids look up to their older siblings, and sometimes want to be exactly like them when they grow up. Sometimes their siblings have notoriety around the “neighborhood” that they envy or want to emulate. That can be very dangerous for young children, because they want to be what they see. The same things goes with the parents. A child goes up hearing and or seeing his parents being the legend of the town or neighborhood, and want that life and respect to be his own (Clemens Bartollas, 2011).
In conclusion, we must teach our children right and wrong. Without us parents showing our children right way to do things, they will not know. A lot of times it’s not the parents, but more so the company that the juvenile keeps around. So we must also keep an eye on who our children is around. We have to guide our children because they do not know the cause and effects to a person’s actions like we do. Where have been in a lot of situations that they only dream about. Let us be role models and parents to our kids, and not be their friend, but instead be a mentor to them.
.
ii48The Negative Effects of Divorce on the Behavior of C.docxwilcockiris
ii
48
The Negative Effects of Divorce on the Behavior of Children
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Research states that half of marriages in the United States will end in divorce, and about half of American children will experience the divorce of their parents before the age of 18 (Amato, 2000; Copen et al., 2012). According to the US Census Bureau, The rate of divorce in America is computed as the number of divorces relative to 1,000 married ladies, during the late 1980s and early 1990s; the rate of divorce reached a historic high of 22.6 divorces (United States Census Bureau, 2013). Research has focused on the reasons that's “why” and methodology that is “how” divorce affects children’s adjustment, given a large number of children that are affected by divorce. Research regularly shows a negative correlation between parental divorce and children wellbeing.
For example, children coming from divorced families tend to deal more harshly with life’s circumstances, by experiencing depression and get stuck forming close relationships with others. Children also tend to have antisocial behaviors. In addition to these measures, establishing and developing a close intimate relationship is an important indicator of how children adjust to their parents’ divorce. Research has found parental divorce to have a significant adverse effect on children’s relationship, such as intimacy and establishing trust and close relationship with others (Daly, 2003). Among children of divorce, few studies have examined boys and girls emotional perspective about divorce. There is less research on the long-term effect of parental divorce and coping strategies about how children focused on divorce.
The rates of divorce rose a dramatic 79 percent in Divorce on Children the United States between 1970 and 1977. Although these escalated rates have since declined, many marriages still end up in divorce. According to the US Census Bureau (2013), in the 1970s, children were considered better off living with one parent than living with both parents during and amidst conflict, abuse, or both. Indeed, there is a substantial affirmation from many research studies that indicate a “conflict-ridden” marriage is not in the best interest of the children. This research paper summarizes the findings of several recent studies related to this question.
1.2 Background of the Problem
Despite personal values, community standards, or religious teachings, divorce is a fact of life, as shown by these facts: 2 of 5 children will experience the divorce of their parents before they reach of 18; About 25 percent of every child will all people regardless of spending some time in a step family regardless of race, color, national origin, A couple’s marriage lasts about 7.2 sex, age, or disability. According to US Census Bureau, divorce rate leveled in the 1980’s at the rate of 11 percent lower than in 1979 and there are about 1,250,000 divorces cases per year in the United State.
Family CROSSroads, Lesson 2: "The Target: Young People & Families"roberthatfield
Family CROSSroads class series, lesson 2
"The Target: Young People and Families"
Presented Wednesday, September 10, 2014 at the North Charleston church of Christ -- http://northcharlestonchurchofchrist.com
Instructions Each student will be required to comment on two (2) of.docxsharondabriggs
Instructions: Each student will be required to comment on two (2) of their classmates discussion responses. Each feedback post should be 250 words or more and add to the discussion.
Student 1
There are so many reasons for families that struggles, which leads to juvenile delinquency. We have spoken last week about poverty and that is a huge one, but I will share some others factors since we talked about it already. One of the serious factors that I see is broken homes. When I say broken homes I means homes where there are single parents. Single parents can be a home with just a dad or mom. There are tons of reason why there are single parents in a home. Single parents could be a results of a parent walking out when the child is at an early age, parents may have been divorced, and or separated. There is research that says that shows that females are affected from broken homes more than males, when it comes to juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is ten to fifteen percent higher in broken homes than intact homes. So broken homes are things that we as parents can control. We can limit our children’s exposure to broken homes(Clemens Bartollas, 2011).
Family rejection is another factor can turn young individuals in to juvenile delinquents. When parents disengage from their children it leaves a huge mark on them. A child really has a black hole around them. The rejection of a father figure in a child life is way more significant than a mother’s rejection. How many times have you seen a teenage boy grow up without his father? A lot of times. How many times have you said to yourself that the kid’s looks lost or out of it? A father being out of a kid’s life could cause a lot of bad actions(Clemens Bartollas, 2011).
Delinquent sibling and criminal parents are another factor that greatly effects whether a kid turns into a juvenile delinquent. Younger kids look up to their older siblings, and sometimes want to be exactly like them when they grow up. Sometimes their siblings have notoriety around the “neighborhood” that they envy or want to emulate. That can be very dangerous for young children, because they want to be what they see. The same things goes with the parents. A child goes up hearing and or seeing his parents being the legend of the town or neighborhood, and want that life and respect to be his own (Clemens Bartollas, 2011).
In conclusion, we must teach our children right and wrong. Without us parents showing our children right way to do things, they will not know. A lot of times it’s not the parents, but more so the company that the juvenile keeps around. So we must also keep an eye on who our children is around. We have to guide our children because they do not know the cause and effects to a person’s actions like we do. Where have been in a lot of situations that they only dream about. Let us be role models and parents to our kids, and not be their friend, but instead be a mentor to them.
.
ii48The Negative Effects of Divorce on the Behavior of C.docxwilcockiris
ii
48
The Negative Effects of Divorce on the Behavior of Children
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Research states that half of marriages in the United States will end in divorce, and about half of American children will experience the divorce of their parents before the age of 18 (Amato, 2000; Copen et al., 2012). According to the US Census Bureau, The rate of divorce in America is computed as the number of divorces relative to 1,000 married ladies, during the late 1980s and early 1990s; the rate of divorce reached a historic high of 22.6 divorces (United States Census Bureau, 2013). Research has focused on the reasons that's “why” and methodology that is “how” divorce affects children’s adjustment, given a large number of children that are affected by divorce. Research regularly shows a negative correlation between parental divorce and children wellbeing.
For example, children coming from divorced families tend to deal more harshly with life’s circumstances, by experiencing depression and get stuck forming close relationships with others. Children also tend to have antisocial behaviors. In addition to these measures, establishing and developing a close intimate relationship is an important indicator of how children adjust to their parents’ divorce. Research has found parental divorce to have a significant adverse effect on children’s relationship, such as intimacy and establishing trust and close relationship with others (Daly, 2003). Among children of divorce, few studies have examined boys and girls emotional perspective about divorce. There is less research on the long-term effect of parental divorce and coping strategies about how children focused on divorce.
The rates of divorce rose a dramatic 79 percent in Divorce on Children the United States between 1970 and 1977. Although these escalated rates have since declined, many marriages still end up in divorce. According to the US Census Bureau (2013), in the 1970s, children were considered better off living with one parent than living with both parents during and amidst conflict, abuse, or both. Indeed, there is a substantial affirmation from many research studies that indicate a “conflict-ridden” marriage is not in the best interest of the children. This research paper summarizes the findings of several recent studies related to this question.
1.2 Background of the Problem
Despite personal values, community standards, or religious teachings, divorce is a fact of life, as shown by these facts: 2 of 5 children will experience the divorce of their parents before they reach of 18; About 25 percent of every child will all people regardless of spending some time in a step family regardless of race, color, national origin, A couple’s marriage lasts about 7.2 sex, age, or disability. According to US Census Bureau, divorce rate leveled in the 1980’s at the rate of 11 percent lower than in 1979 and there are about 1,250,000 divorces cases per year in the United State.
Causes of family breakdown and its effects on Children by David MetaloroDavid Metaloro
Abstract
The increase of family breakdown down rate in Juba City has been due to alcohol and drugs addiction, financial problems, death, plus psychological, sexual and emotional abuse, threatening diseases like HIV/AIDs and inability to resolve conflict among others.
The objective of the study was to investigate the causes of family breakdown and its effects on the children in Juba City. The effects of family breakdown on children include difficulties in school, stress, early engagement in sexual activities, insecure and afraid of the future, depression and fear of being abandoned. The forms of family breakdown identified during the study include death, separation and divorce.
The rate of the family breakage was indicating 78.3%, though the study was based in Juba city, it reflects the entire country since all of the ten states’ habitants were included in study. Some of the cultural practices were found of backing up the high rate of family breakdown and such practices include force marriage, polygamy marriage, inheritance of widowers and high bride wealth.
The study proved communication skills, creation of family laws, supporting the children of the low families, marriage preparation and parenting new initiatives and information giving and mediation are the fundamental alternative solution to family breakdown.
In conclusion, the study proved the family breakdown affects the children performance in schools in line with other effects such as; stress, depression, fear of being abandoned, insecure and afraid of the future and torn in two among others.
In the end, the study recommended that the three stakeholders; government, NGOs and the academia to play respective role suggested to them by the researcher in accordance with the findings.
! 1Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, Calif.docxmayank272369
! 1
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
A Case Study of Youth in the City of Oxnard, CA
XXXXX
! 2
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
Literature Review
Background of Study
There have been several studies conducted on juvenile delinquency in recent years.
Different factors have been studied to determine what causes youth to become involved in
delinquency, in order to create early intervention programs for those individuals in hopes of
steering them away from delinquency. There is good evidence that early interventions in
childhood (e.g., nurse home visiting, preschool intellectual enrichment programs, and parent
management training) are effective in preventing delinquency (Loeber,Farrington, and Petechuk,
2013). Fomby and Sennott (2013) hypothesized that where family structure transitions are
related to changes in residences and school enrollments, youth will be more likely to develop
negative peer networks that are associated with a higher likelihood of problem behavior. Here,
changes in the family structure can have a negative impact on the youth’s behavior. Schroeder,
Osgood, and Oghia (2010) state that family structure transitions can be detrimental to children’s
well-being and family functioning and have the potential to contribute to juvenile delinquency.
Studying family structure is an important factor in order to determine what in that factor causes
youth to become involved with delinquency.
Data has shown that a substantial proportion of children now spend time in single or
cohabiting parent households and these households tend to be less stable than marriages (Fomby
and Sennott, 2013). As a result, much of the effect of family instability on children and
adolescent behavior has been attributed to economic stress and changes in parenting behavior
(Fomby and Sennot, 2013) after a change in family structure. In addition, according to Theobald,
Farrington, and Piquero (2012), conflict between parents can also have deleterious effects on the
! 3
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
children where they can experience inconsistent parenting, reduce affection and warmth, and
reduced supervision, all which have been found to be predictive of late delinquency.
Economic stress can also be an indicator why youth become delinquent. It has always
been assumed that youth who have low socioeconomic status are more vulnerable to be involved
in delinquent acts. Agnew, Matthews, Bucher, Welcher, and Keyes (2008) explain that these
youth experience frustration with their status and as a result may turn to delinquency to achieve
economic success, to make themselves feel better, to seek revenge against those who frustrate
them or to achieve status in the eyes of their peers. Economic stress can also be triggered by the
neighborhood these youth reside in. As stated by Sampson (1986), lower class areas ...
Another sample paperRelating Adults and ChildrenA S.docxrossskuddershamus
Another sample paper
Relating Adults and Children:
A Significant Element in Community Development
This paper is a strong paper in terms of content, however, it is wordy and could have been more effective if it had been more concise and precise. It is not written in a strong, technical style. There are many words and phrases that to not strongly contribute to the argument the writer is making.
Can you see how a phrase intended to clarify or add information is actually distracting to the reader?
Introduction
The relationships that children have with their families are instrumental to a family’s well-being and the well-being of the community. However, parents’ work and family commitments avert most of family members from being physically present and involved in activities together that promote learning and development. At the extreme, child neglect is associated with poor outcomes for children, including the development of emotional and behavior disorders (Cicchetti, Lynch, 1995). American families are not following healthy relationship standards, not providing enough support and guidance to youth, leaving their communities distant and unsociable. Time spent with parents is important for socialization, development of relationships, and learning appropriate ‘life tasks’ for young children. Healthy family relationships fuel the health of all families, building strong communities and composing a future for ourselves one generation at a time. As a civilization, it is in our best interest to make a conscious choice: to make family life a priority and apply ourselves toward improving the quantity and quality of time families spend together, and increasing overall the happiness of today’s families and communities.
This paper intends to address this concern, bring attention to its presence shown in families across America, and discuss techniques on how to promote healthy change in the lives of a family using its external and internal developmental assets to enrich specific elements of the human experience.
Statement of the Problem
For reasons that significantly vary in nature and are difficult to verify, American families are not following a healthy design. YMCA of the USA polled 1,005 parents from across the United States, investigating how much support and success they experience in raising healthy, responsible, and caring children and teenagers. Among those surveyed, 46 percent feel overwhelmed by everything, 34 percent feel unsupported by family or friends, and a staggering 52 percent feel that they are unprepared for a situation that arises, overall feeling dissatisfied with their parenting. To further dismay, in the same study, a majority (53 percent) of parents surveyed said they don’t often seek support in the vital and challenging task of raising children and teenagers. This devastating combination of dissatisfactory parenting and inability to seek help lands American.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Family Support During the Transition to AdulthoodFamily Suppor.docxssuser454af01
Family Support During the Transition to Adulthood
Family Support
Family A:
Adam and Shana have been happily married for 25 years. Adam is a manager at a large chemical company and Shana is a professor at a local community college. Together, they earn about $150,000 per year. They have 3 children, 2 boys and a girl. Their eldest child, Justin, recently finished graduate school with his M.S. in chemical engineering and has a job lined up with Johnson & Johnson. Their middle child, Danielle, is about to graduate college with a B.S. in biology. She plans to live at home for a summer while she decides what she would like to do next. Since her father’s company is always hiring biologists for their lab, she figures she can either go on to graduate school or work for her dad’s company. Their youngest son, Marcus, is currently a college sophomore majoring in architecture. He lives in a dorm during the school year but lives at home during the summer and on breaks.
Family B:
Jessica and Robert were married for 7 years and had 3 children together before getting divorced. They both have had other relationships on and off but are currently single. Jessica is a social worker and earns about $45,000 per year from her job. Robert was laid off a few years ago from his factory job and has been stringing together multiple temporary jobs since then. His income is inconsistent, but he has been earning about $25,000 per year. Jessica and Robert’s children are in their early-to-late twenties. The oldest two, Derrick and Stacy, spent some time at a 4-year college, but dropped out because of the high cost. They are both working low-wage jobs and living at home with their mom to try to save up some money to finish school. Derrick also now has a 2-year old daughter himself that lives with him every weekend. The youngest child in the family, Sarah, recently enrolled in a local community college with the hopes that she can transfer to a 4-year school after a couple years. She is working at the college bookstore to help pay tuition.
Questions:
1. For each of the families above, describe the resources and supports the parents are (likely) providing to their young adult children.
2.
For each of the families above, describe the resources and supports the children are (likely) providing to their parents or other family members. It might help to think about the extent to which the parents need support, what types of support they might need (and why), and the extent to which support can be outsourced if it is needed. Your reading should come in handy here.
3. How might the supports you mentioned in Q2 impact young adults’ abilities to fulfill their own goals during the transition to adulthood?
4. Think about the combination of responses from Q1 and Q2. How do you think the future looks for the young adults in Family A and Family B? Where might we expect these different sets of siblings to be 30 years from now?
...
I need an outline and thesis
Here are my sources:
Lyra, J., & Medrado, B. (2014). Pregnancy, Marriage and Fatherhood in Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Literature. International Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy, 103-128.
This article focuses on the fact that the concept of adolescent fatherhood is not well researched on. Worse still, there are very few intervention programs that aim to understand and address the needs of adolescent fathers. Majority of these programs focus predominantly on the plight of young mothers. This has resulted in a myriad of problems including the increase in teenage men who abandon their responsibilities as fathers. The authors provide the demographics of teenage fatherhood for different countries for a number of years so that the readers can get a clear picture of how the trend is changing. They also address the issue of gender inequality when it comes to assessing and providing for the needs of teenage fathers.
Miller, D.B. (1997). Adolescent Fathers: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 14.1, 55-69.
Miller focuses on the role of the social worker when it comes to dealing with adolescent fathers. He discusses the environmental and psych-social factors that promote or inhibit adolescent fathers from taking part in child rearing. Suggestions for social workers, government lobbyists, policy makers and parents to teenage fathers are laid out in the article.
Mollborn, S., & Lovegrove, P. (2010). How Teenage Fathers Matter for Children: Evidence From the ECLS-B. Journal of Family Issues, 3-30.
Mollborn and Lovegrove point out that there is not much research undertaken on the relationship between teenage fathers and their children and how this relationship can affect the development and health of both parties. The authors used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to determine the effect of teenage fatherhood on children. They discovered that majority of the children with teenage fathers experience a multitude of social disadvantages at home and at school. They also found that there was negligible difference in father-kids relationships between adult and adolescent fathers. In addition, the authors suggest some policies to be implemented in order to curb the increase in teenage fatherhood around the world.
.
Middle Childhood and Adolescence PaperPSY280.docxendawalling
Middle Childhood and Adolescence Paper
PSY/280
During childhood and throughout adolescences changes can occur that can either positively or negatively affect the youth and future relationships, as well as how the develop. A good example of this is children that are born to teen mothers. The mother has not fully developed and is not able to make tough life choices without a negative impact. Furthermore, the teen mom is influenced not by other adults but other teens that are her peers. This greatly affects her newborn child as they look to the mom for advice when she is getting it from the wrong places. Changes that happen at school and home affect the child because how they handle situations when young will determine how they cope with adult decisions that they need to make.
In terms of family there is a huge gap when looking at a dysfunctional family versus how a functional family works. The idealistic functional family has the parent as the leaders, and they are in place to raise the children and keep them on a promising belief system. On the opposite end of the spectrum a dysfunctional family does not have parents as leaders leaving the kids the fend for themselves and they have to pull emotions from each other and strangers. They grow up thinking that absenteeism is ok as a parent. When a parental figure is not active in a child’s life, they learn the wrong traits and values that they receive from their peers. The most common traits of a dysfunctional family are signs of abuse, kids hat always want to be perfect, lack of communication, addiction fear and the need to be in control. The underlying factor of this is children that grow up in this type of environment not only harbor these bad traits but the pass them on to their children think it is ok and the 0process continues. Also, various forms of anxiety form, social anxiety is one that prevents interaction between persons because one or both are worried about what the other will think about them. Relationship anxiety directly affects how a child handles different relationships, is there is anxiety in relationships when a child is young there is a real chance the child will not know how to handle adult relationships.
The difference in how a child handles relationship is greatly determined by if they grow up in a dysfunctional family or if they are able to have full family functions. One of the advantages of having a functional family is when there are peer issues and peer pressure is involved there is a better chance that the child will be able to mentally handle what is happening and make better informed decisions. Adversely a child that grows up in a dysfunctional family will accept the unhealthy relationships and give in to peer pressure. When in the teen stage peer pressure becomes a huge part of life. To ease the transition from teen to adult and help combat some of the negative peer pressure out there it is important the teen have some positive family members .
View two movies focusing on adolescent developmentsaami malik
Psychiatrists and medical consultants pinpoint the fact that most of the personality traits are developed up in early age, mostly referred to childhood. The foundation of personality depicts childhood as an essential part of the life, which can be built or destroy one’s personality in the early age.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. 1
Influences of Low Income Neighborhoods on Unwed Births and Parenthood
Taylor Talley and Emily Randall
College of Family and Consumer Science, The University of Georgia
HDFS 4950E: The Family
Dr. Jennifer George
August 4th, 2021
2. 2
Influences of Low Income Neighborhoods on Unwed Births and Parenthood
The middle class income bracket is shrinking. Over the past several decades, the
shrinking middle class has either been dissolved by the upper middle class or declined into
the lower middle class, or lower class all together (Follett, 2019). As the top 1 percent of the
United States holds fifteen times more wealth than the bottom 50 percent combined, the
growing number of individuals living in the bottom 50 percent, or in poverty, continues to
increase (Pfeffer, 2016).
This bottom 50 percent can especially be seen in the inner cities of Camden, New
Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which is what the stories within Promises I Can Keep
and Doing The Best I Can are geographically based on (Edin & Kefalas, 2005; Edin &
Nelson, 2013). These two inner cities have high levels of unwed births and low income
families. Entering the 21st century, nearly a third of these cities' children and a quarter of its
citizens live in poverty (Edin & Kefalas, 2005). When analyzing these two ethnographies,
neighborhoods highly impact parenthood for these citizens, especially unwed parenthood.
From 1950 to 1990, there was a 40 percent increase in the number of unwed births to citizens
from these inner cities (Edin & Kefalas, 2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013). Promises I Can Keep
and Doing The Best I Can show the real life scenarios in these inner cities where
neighborhoods surrounding these citizens not only impact their lives, but their children as
well. Analyzing these two ethnographies, this paper will compare and contrast low income
mothers and fathers in these inner city neighborhoods through statements and thoughts on
intimate relationships, the meaning of children, and socioeconomic status and life outcomes.
Views of Intimate Relationships
Intimate relationships within Promises I Can Keep and Doing The Best I Can take
very different pathways depending on the viewpoint of the mother, or father at the time.
Throughout both of these ethnographies, both young mothers and fathers intimate
3. 3
relationships are impacted by outside factors such as employment, criminal activity, drugs,
alcohol, social life, and many other factors (Edin & Kefalas, 2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013).
Doing The Best I Can describes that young mothers and fathers describe these unwed
pregnancies between two individuals as not a “real relationship,” but as an “affiliation”
between the young mother and father (Edin & Nelson, 2013). Economic stress is one of the
factors that the family stress model points to affecting intimate relationship quality, which
can especially be seen in these inner city, young parenting relationships (Lucas et al., 2020).
Keeping economic stress in mind, these young, impoverished mothers and fathers spend more
time focused on their children, supplying the basic needs and necessities for their survival.
Children become the whole focus of these impoverished, inner city young mothers
and fathers, which is explained heavily in Promises I Can Keep and Doing The Best I Can.
When impoverished young mothers have children, they tend to place higher responsibilities
and financial support on these young fathers, which can cause the economic stress Lucas
(2020) explained (Edin & Kefalas, 2005). The father then struggles between trying to become
employed and maintain a relationship with his child, even though the young mother can in
turn, be agitated that the father has not fulfilled his responsibilities (Edin & Kefalas, 2005;
Edin & Nelson, 2013). Instead of being able to mend the issues from responsibility, a social
life, and finances, these two young unwed partners place their focus on their child instead of
on each other, decreasing the likelihood of them staying together (Conger et al., 2010). As
Doing The Best I Can explains, the “package deal,” where the adult relationship takes the
utmost priority and the children take the level below, is becoming more uncommon as time
goes on. Instead, the “new package deal,” has evolved to where these mothers and fathers
place their children first and their child’s other parent second, which has shown to be the root
of the intimate relationship instability (Edin & Nelson, 2013).
4. 4
Outside factors are another huge impact of why many of the unwed parenting
relationships come to an end. In Promises I Can Keep, about one in three mothers said that
crime, usually drug dealing, and the inevitable spell of arrest and prison is what broke them
apart (Edin & Kefalas, 2005). Furthermore, more than a third blamed their partner’s
addictions for the strain on their relationship (Edin & Kefalas, 2005). However, the roles can
be reversed, and some young fathers find themselves taking on the responsibility of the child
more so when the mother has an addiction, which again, strains the relationship between the
two unwed partners (Edin & Nelson, 2013). As children cannot be the number one priority
when these factors become a part of one of these parents' lives, neither can an intimate
relationship. A study reported by Lipari and Van Horn (2017) showed around 8.7 million
children aged 17 and under lived in a household where at least one parent had a substance use
disorder (SUD), and 1.7 million of these children lived in single-parent households with
SUD. An example of a situation supported by these statistics was given in Doing The Best I
Can, as Will Donnelly left his ex-partner, Lori, due to a heroin addiction (Edin & Nelson,
2013). Just like this scenario, Edin and Nelson (2013) explain this is as one of the many
reasons intimate relationships decline and eventually end all together.
When analyzing these two ethnographies approaches on intimate relationships, the
conflict perspective theory explains how these views on intimate relationships are necessary
and perfectly okay, even if they are against societal norms. Conflict perspective theory is
defined as “the view that opposition and conflict define a given society and are necessary for
social evolution,” (Cohen, 2020, p. 18). These young fathers and mothers do not choose to
stick to societal norms and make decisions best for them and their family, even if that means
ending intimate relationships and choosing their child over creating one. Just as these unwed
mothers and fathers believe, conflict theorists support that these partners bring conflict and
change to staying in a relationship, having a nuclear family, and stay-at-home parent
5. 5
tendencies (Cohen, 2020, p. 19). Conflict theory explains why these unwed partners choose
to be single-parent and choose a life surrounding their child rather than a life surrounding
their partner, especially if the partner cannot have responsibility for themselves or their child.
To conclude, the view on intimate relationships by impoverished, young unwed mothers and
fathers is very dynamic, but is unprioritized in today’s society, as the child takes this place.
The Meaning of Children
Low income men and women value children and the meaning they bring to their life
early on. In Promises I Can Keep and Doing The Best I Can, both lower class mothers and
fathers express how children bring purpose, connection, love, and responsibility to their lives,
which is why they choose not to wait like their middle and upper class counterparts (Edin &
Kefalas, 2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013). Specifically, in Promises I Can Keep, children are
viewed as a necessity, as living a childless life is a meaningless life (Edin & Kefalas, 2005).
On the other hand, in Doing The Best I Can, children are viewed as a source of meaning and
identity, as children cannot deny their fathers like other members of their life can (Edin &
Nelson, 2013). Both of these ethnographies do not discuss the implications of why low
income individuals should not have children, but rather, explain what these children mean to
these undereducated, low income, unwed mothers and fathers (Edin & Kefalas, 2005; Edin &
Nelson, 2013). These families account for 41 percent, or every one in five children, under the
age of 18 who live in a low income household, or are considered poor (Yiang et al., 2019).
Among different social classes, there is a huge difference in not only the meaning of
children, but when children should come along in life. In Promises I Can Keep, female high
school dropouts are five times as likely, and male high school dropouts four times as likely
than their educated counterparts to say that childless people lead empty lives (Edin &
Kefalas, 2005). Impoverished individuals who remain childless feel inconceivable, as they
feel as if they can give their children opportunities they were not able to forego and give them
6. 6
a better life than they experienced themselves (Edin & Kefalas, 2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013).
On the other hand, middle and upper class individuals view children as a part of life after they
achieve their career, marriage, and financial security, and sometimes do not see children as a
part needed in their life at all (Swartz, 2008). The meaning of children among these classes is
different as well, as these children appear to be significantly different due to how they were
raised. Working class and lower class families tend to be overjoyed to be a parent and excited
for what is to come. These parents have other responsibilities usually as well, which does not
lead to overbearing parenting. Although, it is not that these middle and upper class parents
are not overjoyed and excited, they just see their children as needing “careful cultivation,”
which impacts their child’s independence, boredom levels, and happiness in life (Miller,
2015).
The meaning of children vastly impacts the outcome of these low income mothers and
fathers, as both ethnographies show that it usually makes the parents a better person (Edin &
Kefalas, 2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013). In Doing The Best I Can, fatherhood is something that
disadvantaged fathers see as proof that they can accomplish something worthy. In other
words, they see it as a restart button, or making a duplicate of themselves that is less damaged
(Edin & Nelson, 2013). In Promises I Can Keep, motherhood is shown to offer possibilities
unlike no other for these low income women. These low income mothers expressed within
Promises I Can Keep that children mended and tamed their behavior, like preventing drug
and alcohol use, getting them off the street, and putting their lives back together (Edin &
Kefalas, 2005). Furthermore, these mothers and fathers have been able to accomplish
parenthood alone with the help of welfare from the government. Nonmarital births have been
on the rise since the introduction of the welfare check and have made it easier for single
parents to have the outcomes of motherhood or fatherhood (Edin & Kefalas, 2005). These
economic security programs help give these children better access to equal opportunities of
7. 7
children within other social classes, along with leading to higher economic success in young
mothers and fathers receiving economic help (Sherman & Mitchell, 2008). By having welfare
checks, it made these young women and men have to stop relying on each other to be
financially able to have a child, allowing them to experience parenthood and the impact of a
child on their lifestyle (Edin & Kefalas, 2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013).
Doing The Best I Can and Promises I Can Keep thoroughly analyse the meaning of
children to these low income mothers and fathers, as expressed by them that a childless life is
a meaningless life (Edin & Kefalas, 2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013). These two ethnographies
when discussing the meaning of children and how they impact the lives of these low income
parents surround the demographic perspective theory. Demographic perspective theory is
defined as “the study of how family behavior and household structures contribute to larger
population processes,” (Cohen, 2010, p. 33). Demographic theory helps the reader understand
how children can impact this large part of the population, from low income, to middle and
upper class. The reader can also understand why low income individuals choose to have a
child without a partner, and how having a child greatly impacts their life. These impoverished
mothers and fathers living in the inner cities of Camden and Philadelphia are one of the larger
parts of the population being impacted by welfare checks, birth control, and the evolution of
the term family. Overall, the meaning of children in the lives of these inner city parents
impacts outcomes for the adults, children, and their path of life.
Socioeconomic Status and Life Outcomes
Unwed parenthood is particularly prevalent among those of lower socioeconomic
status, including the populations of Camden, New Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The
exploration of the lives of unwed fathers and mothers living in these inner cities in the
ethnographies Doing the Best I Can and Promises I Can Keep was prompted by the
widespread notion that the children of these low-income, unwed families are at a
8. 8
disadvantage in society, facing poor performance in school, teen pregnancy, criminal
behavior, and difficulty securing a job (Edin & Nelson, 2013). Socioeconomic status and
associated life outcomes aims to explain this trend, as it has been found that children born
outside marriage in the United States are more likely to be poor and experience father
absence, negatively affecting children’s life outcomes (McLanahan et al., 2001).
The gap between unskilled, low-income Americans and educated Americans is
evident, with college-educated mothers comprising 6 percent of unwed births, as compared to
60 percent of unskilled Americans (Edin & Nelson, 2013). Disadvantaged fathers and
mothers tend to face the “tragedy” of unintended pregnancy and childbirth before a basic
education has been completed, in stark contrast with professional women who typically have
the opportunity to choose to pursue higher education and a career before parenthood (Edin &
Kefalas, 2005). A study by Butts and Sporakowski (1974) found this trend as well, stating
that unwed females were most likely to be lower-class women with an educational attainment
of high school or less.
Another implication of socioeconomic status is the issue of child support and the
ability to provide for children. In poorer communities, expectant fathers are still expected to
take on responsibility, even without a legal commitment to the mother. Unmarried men are
expected to pay child support to the mother, who more often than not has custody and
virtually complete control over the child. This custody arrangement can allow the mother to
block access that the father has to their child, depending on how she views his efforts to
provide for and support their child (Edin & Kefalas, 2005).
The fathers interviewed in Doing the Best I Can tended to feel that what they were
obligated to provide depended on their circumstances, taking on an “as-needed” approach to
financial support (Edin & Nelson, 2013). Men of lower socioeconomic status tend to take
pride in modest and infrequent contributions, given their limited resources and disadvantages
9. 9
in society. Doing the best they can to provide bolsters self-esteem within these men,
redefining the “good provider” as the man who is doing what he realistically can to support
his child (Edin & Nelson, 2013). However, unwed mothers tend to view this in a different
light. Many conflicts stem from the father being unwilling or unable to keep a job for any
length of time, not being paid enough to support a child, and taking too much of their
earnings on alcohol, marijuana, and other temptations while his family’s needs are not met
(Edin & Kefalas, 2005). Given this, though, mothers and fathers living in inner-cities both do
struggle with the implications of unwed pregnancy and supporting their children due to
financial struggles or limited biographical resources, focusing more on emphasizing non-
traditional aspects of parenthood such as emotional involvement.
Social class for families is a complicated issue. Max Weber defined the opportunity to
succeed as crucial to one’s class standing, and developed the sociological theory of life
chances, which is defined as the “practical opportunity to achieve desired material conditions
and personal experiences” (Cohen, 2020, p. 122). Life chances can explain how
socioeconomic status affects the life chances and outcomes of children in Camden and
Philadelphia. The financial capital of fathers affects their ability to provide child support or
other resources to the child and mother, affecting the likelihood of their children to succeed in
the future, whether that be attaining higher education or securing a job. In addition,
biographical resources such as the environment in which one is raised can affect life chances.
Growing up in an inner city marked by unemployment, poverty, and crime influences
outcomes, as it is not unlikely for children to follow in the footsteps of their parents or to be
influenced by what is occurring in the area in which they live. Overall, socioeconomic status
and biographical resources can influence the life chances of children, or their practical ability
to succeed.
Implications and Recommendations for Families
10. 10
Considering a broader sociological context of the United States, these findings have
the potential for severe implications on families and children. Those living in lower-income
inner cities are left behind while businesses move elsewhere, poverty and crime take over,
and there are few resources to help them. Inequality between these communities and
communities of higher socioeconomic status is stark, leaving families at a disadvantage in
areas such as employment, education, finances, and healthcare.
Inner cities such as Camden, New Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania are often
marked by poverty, crime, and economic disadvantage. A great proportion of the population
in these areas struggle with unemployment, homelessness, addiction, fall into patterns of
violence and crime, and as the focus of Doing the Best I Can and Promises I Can Keep
describe, experience nonmarital childbirth (Edin & Kefalas, 2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013).
Three out of four children are born outside of marriage, as these cities have the highest rates
of nonmarital childbirth in the country (Edin & Nelson, 2013). Children from these low-
income, unwed families are at a disadvantage in society and are at risk for negative life
chances, facing poor performance in school, teen pregnancy, criminal behavior, and difficulty
securing a job (Edin & Nelson, 2013).
The environment and norms of these inner cities have serious implications for
families and children. One such implication is the impact on views of intimate relationships.
“Relationships” that resulted in children often began when the mother and father were young
adolescents, meeting through school, mutual friends, or even a casual encounter on a street
corner (Edin & Nelson, 2013). They seldom choose who to have a child with and when, often
seeing pregnancy as unplanned and that one thing just leads to another. The relationship
between the mother and father more often than not dissolves as a result of economic stress,
drug addiction, joblessness, or the lack of a connection with one another (Edin & Kefalas,
2005; Edin & Nelson, 2013).
11. 11
Another implication is that of socioeconomic status and life outcomes. Low-income,
unskilled or uneducated parents are more likely to bear children before even a basic education
is completed (Butts & Sporakowski, 1974). In addition, the ability to provide financial
assistance is limited for those of lower-income who do not have the resources to do so. Even
in poorer communities, expectant fathers are still legally obligated to pay child support,
although they typically can only afford to provide limited contributions at a time. Still, the
fathers interviewed in Doing the Best I Can tended to take pride in modest and infrequent
contributions, given their limited resources and disadvantages in society (Edin & Nelson,
2013). However, unwed mothers tend to view fathers as unwilling or unable to keep a job for
any length of time, not being paid enough to support a child, and taking too much of their
earnings on alcohol, marijuana, and other temptations while his family’s needs are not met
(Edin & Kefalas, 2005).
Concerning future directions, there are ways in which low-income parents could
succeed. Programs such as job training could allow more parents to access better employment
opportunities and therefore better financial resources. Many of these fathers and mothers
became parents at a young age, some before they were able to complete high school, so the
jobs they were skilled for were slim, including manufacturing and fast food (Edin & Nelson,
2013).
Another recommendation would be the importance of aiming to be present in the lives
of children. While this can be difficult to maintain for some, research by Butts and
Sporakowski (1974) suggested the absence of fathers was correlated with more negative
outcomes. Many fathers that were interviewed in Doing the Best I Can did view being there
for their children and cementing themselves as a moral force as one of the most important
things they could do, and mothers within Promises I Can Keep highly valued children and the
12. 12
time they spent with them, cementing the idea that being present in the lives of children is
highly important for healthy developmental outcomes.
In addition to being present for their children, mothers and fathers should aim to focus
on the relationship between one another, whether it be a civil relationship or romantic.
Mothers and fathers place their children first and their child’s other parent second, which has
shown to be the root of the intimate relationship instability (Edin & Nelson, 2013). Instability
and dissolution of relationships have shown to negatively impact children, so focusing on one
another can help alleviate tension and allow parents to better support their children.
Conclusion
Lower-income inner cities are often marked by poverty, crime, addiction, and high
rates of child bearing outside marriage. Mothers and fathers living in these areas often are
subject to relationship instability and low socioeconomic status, both of which impact the life
course of not only them, but their children as well. Even given the disadvantages and
struggles they may face, lower-income mothers and fathers both value children highly and
see them as giving them meaning, purpose, identity, and an unbreakable connection to
another person.
13. 13
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