A detailed view of the transmission of various microbial diseases via pathogens and their infectious disease cycle. Along with a list of various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. This Slideshare will be helpful for the students in the field of biotechnology, microbiology, bioscience, and various other fields of biology.
Describe and provide at least two examples of direct transmission of.pdfudit652068
Describe and provide at least two examples of direct transmission of communicable diseases.
Solution
Answer:
Direct transmission is the most widely recognized type of transmitting ailments and infection.
There are two kinds of direct transmission of communicable diseases: immediate and
backhanded. Coordinate direct transmission happens when there is physical direct between a
tainted individual and a vulnerable individual. Coordinate direct contaminations spread when
ailment causing microorganisms go from the tainted individual to the solid individual by means
of direct physical direct with blood or body liquids. Diseases and can be separated into:
immediate and circuitous. A case of direct transmitted microorganisms is nor viruses which are
in charge of numerous gastrointestinal contaminations.
Examples of direct transmission of communicable diseases:
Touching, kissing, sexual direct, direct with oral emissions, or direct with body injuries. Direct is
the most successive method of transmission of social insurance related.
Coordinate direct transmission requires physical direct between a contaminated individual and a
defenceless individual, and the physical exchange of microorganisms. Coordinate direct
incorporates touching a contaminated individual, kissing, sexual direct, direct with oral
emissions, or direct with body sores. This kind of transmission requires close direct with a
tainted individual, and will for the most part happen between individuals from a similar family
unit or dear loved ones.
Infections spread only by coordinate direct can\'t get by for huge timeframes far from a host.
Sexually transmitted illnesses are quite often spread through direct transmission of
communicable diseases, as they are amazingly delicate to drying.
1. Individual to-individual contact :
Irresistible ailments are regularly transmitted through direct individual to-individual direct.
Transmission happens when a contaminated individual touches or trades body liquids with
another person. This can occur before a contaminated individual knows about the sickness.
Sexually transmitted maladies (STDs) can be transmitted thusly.
2. Bead spread :
The splash of beads amid hacking and sniffling can spread an irresistible sickness. You can even
taint someone else through beads made when you talk. Since beads tumble to the ground inside a
couple of feet, this kind of transmission requires nearness.
Irresistible maladies are transmitted from individual to individual by immediate or roundabout
direct. Certain kinds of infections, microorganisms, parasites, and growths would all be able to
cause irresistible illness. Jungle fever, measles, and respiratory ailments are cases of irresistible
ailments.
Diseases are :
1. TV
2. Chickenpox
3. Tuberculosis.
This PPT contains the source, mode and factors causing infections in humans.
RESERVOIRS AND SOURCES OF INFECTION,
MODE OF TRANSMISSION, SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Depending on the duration of carriage, carriers are classified as :
temporary carrier, chronic carrier
types of vectors:
mechanical vector, biological vector,
mode of transmission of infection-
vertical transmissiom, horizontal transmission
A detailed view of the transmission of various microbial diseases via pathogens and their infectious disease cycle. Along with a list of various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. This Slideshare will be helpful for the students in the field of biotechnology, microbiology, bioscience, and various other fields of biology.
Describe and provide at least two examples of direct transmission of.pdfudit652068
Describe and provide at least two examples of direct transmission of communicable diseases.
Solution
Answer:
Direct transmission is the most widely recognized type of transmitting ailments and infection.
There are two kinds of direct transmission of communicable diseases: immediate and
backhanded. Coordinate direct transmission happens when there is physical direct between a
tainted individual and a vulnerable individual. Coordinate direct contaminations spread when
ailment causing microorganisms go from the tainted individual to the solid individual by means
of direct physical direct with blood or body liquids. Diseases and can be separated into:
immediate and circuitous. A case of direct transmitted microorganisms is nor viruses which are
in charge of numerous gastrointestinal contaminations.
Examples of direct transmission of communicable diseases:
Touching, kissing, sexual direct, direct with oral emissions, or direct with body injuries. Direct is
the most successive method of transmission of social insurance related.
Coordinate direct transmission requires physical direct between a contaminated individual and a
defenceless individual, and the physical exchange of microorganisms. Coordinate direct
incorporates touching a contaminated individual, kissing, sexual direct, direct with oral
emissions, or direct with body sores. This kind of transmission requires close direct with a
tainted individual, and will for the most part happen between individuals from a similar family
unit or dear loved ones.
Infections spread only by coordinate direct can\'t get by for huge timeframes far from a host.
Sexually transmitted illnesses are quite often spread through direct transmission of
communicable diseases, as they are amazingly delicate to drying.
1. Individual to-individual contact :
Irresistible ailments are regularly transmitted through direct individual to-individual direct.
Transmission happens when a contaminated individual touches or trades body liquids with
another person. This can occur before a contaminated individual knows about the sickness.
Sexually transmitted maladies (STDs) can be transmitted thusly.
2. Bead spread :
The splash of beads amid hacking and sniffling can spread an irresistible sickness. You can even
taint someone else through beads made when you talk. Since beads tumble to the ground inside a
couple of feet, this kind of transmission requires nearness.
Irresistible maladies are transmitted from individual to individual by immediate or roundabout
direct. Certain kinds of infections, microorganisms, parasites, and growths would all be able to
cause irresistible illness. Jungle fever, measles, and respiratory ailments are cases of irresistible
ailments.
Diseases are :
1. TV
2. Chickenpox
3. Tuberculosis.
This PPT contains the source, mode and factors causing infections in humans.
RESERVOIRS AND SOURCES OF INFECTION,
MODE OF TRANSMISSION, SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Depending on the duration of carriage, carriers are classified as :
temporary carrier, chronic carrier
types of vectors:
mechanical vector, biological vector,
mode of transmission of infection-
vertical transmissiom, horizontal transmission
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The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
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Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
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Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
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Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
2. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
A communicable disease is one that spreads from
one person or animal to another or from a surface
to a person. They are the result of pathogens,
such as viruses and bacteria.
Communicable disease is one in which the
causative organism or pathogen is carried from
one person to another either directly or indirectly.
Communicable diseases are also called as
Infectious Disease.
6. Disease Transmission Dynamics
Susceptible
host
Incubation Symptomatic Time
Latency
Infectivity or transmissibility
COMMUNICABLE PERIOD
Moment of
infection
Onset of
symptoms
End of the
disease
• Cure
• Death
• Immune
• Carrier Infection
Transmits
7. INCUBATION PERIOD : Time interval between initial
contact with an infectious agent and appearance of the
first sign or symptom of disease in question.
COMMUNICABLE PERIOD : Period of communicability is
the time during which an infectious agent may be
transferred directly or indirectly from an infected
person to another person, from an infected animal to
humans, or from an infected person to animals. Also
known as the ‘infectious period’.
Controlled by-
a. Improvement of Personal Hygiene
b. Improvement of Social Hygiene
c. Awareness about Health
d. Awareness about Disease
8. LATENT PERIOD : The period between exposure
and the onset of the period of
communicability, which may be shorter or
longer than incubation period.
SUSCEPTIBILITY : The state of being susceptible
(easily affected / infected). A susceptible
person does not possess sufficient resistance
against a particular pathogen to prevent
contracting that infection or disease when
exposed to the pathogen.
11. TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
Transmission is the process
by which a pathogen spreads
from one host to another.
Diseases or infections are
transmitted in many ways. It
may be directly transmitted
from one person to another, or
by certain bacteria, viruses,
protozoa, or fungi. There are
two different modes of
transmission of diseases:
1- DIRECT TRANSMISSION
2- INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
12. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
1. Direct contact
2. Droplet infection
3. Contact with soil
4. Inoculation into skin and
mucosa
5. Trans-placental (vertical)
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
1. Vector borne
2. Vehicle borne
3. Air born
4. Fomite borne
5. Unclean hands and fingers
13. DIRECT TRANSMISSION OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Direct Transmission– This occurs
when the pathogen is transmitted
directly from an infected
person. For eg., if an open
wound comes in contact with the
blood of a Hepatitis B infected
patient, the wounded person
might contract the disease.
14.
15. DIRECT CONTACT
Infection may be transmitted directly from skin to skin,
mucosa to mucosa, mucosa to skin of others or same
person.
Example: skin-to-skin contact as by touching, kissing or
sexual intercourse.
- STD and AIDS, leprosy, leptospirosis, skin and eye
infections.
16. DROPLET TRANSMISSION
This is direct projection of a spray of droplets of
salaiva and nasopharyngeal secretions (airborne
droplets of saliva or sputum) containing infectious
organisms. The spray of droplets during coughing and
sneezing can spread an infectious disease.
•Example- COVID-19, Tuberculosis, Influenza,The
common cold
17.
18. CONTACT WITH SOIL
The disease agent may be acquired by
direct exposure of susceptible tissue
to the disease agent in soil, compost
or decaying vegetable matter.
Examples: hookworm larvae, tetanus,
mycosis etc
19. INOCULATION INTO SKIN OR MUCOSA
The disease agent may be inoculated
directly into the skin or mucosa Eg. - Rabies
virus by dog bite, Hep. B virus through
contaminated needles and syringes etc.
20. VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
Vertical transmission refers to the
transmission of an infectious agent from
a mother to their offspring through the
placenta, breast milk, or genital tract
during delivery. This mode of
transmission can occur during pregnancy,
birth, or breastfeeding, and can result
in a wide range of outcomes depending on
the pathogen involved and the timing and
severity of the infection. It can occur
with a variety of pathogens, including
bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
21. TYPES OF VERTICAL
TRANSMISSION
Transplacental transmission: In this type of vertical transmission, the
pathogen crosses the placenta and infects the fetus directly.
Perinatal transmission: Perinatal transmission occurs during childbirth
when the infant comes into contact with infected maternal fluids.
Breast milk transmission: Certain infections, such as HIV, can be
transmitted through breast milk from mother to child.
Intrauterine transmission: Intrauterine transmission occurs when the
pathogen infects the fetus before birth, usually through the amniotic fluid
HIV/AIDS, Syphilis,Hepatitis B ,Herpes, zika
22. TRANSMISSION MODES DISEASE CAUSED
DIRECT THROUGH DROPLETS COMMON COLD AND
COUGH
BY SKIN CONJUCTIVITIS,,
CHICKENPOX
BY BLOOD OR BODY FLUIDS HIV, HEPATITIS
PERSON TO PERSON GONORRHEA
INDIRECT AIRBORNE MEASLES, INFLUENZA
CONTAMINATED OBJECTS SYPHILLIS, COMMON COLD
VECTOR BORNE
TRANSMISSION
MALARIA, DENGUE
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND
WATER
CHOLERA, FOOD
POISONING
THROUGH ANIMALS RABIES, ANTHRAX
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE
23. CONCLUSION
Direct transmission is a common mode of spread for communicable diseases.
Understanding the modes of transmission and implementing appropriate
preventive measures are crucial for controlling outbreaks and protecting
public health.
