Final Exam Study Guide
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The document is a study guide for a final exam containing notes taken on various dates and times spanning from May 24th 7:56 AM to May 24th 12:34 PM. The notes cover multiple subjects in brief segments taken while preparing for the upcoming exam.
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This document summarizes key civil liberties protected by the US Constitution, including rights to free speech, privacy, due process, and prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishment. It outlines how rights like free speech were initially applied only to the federal government but have since been incorporated to also apply to state laws through amendments and court rulings. Specific cases are discussed that established or refined rights around issues like abortion, same-sex relations, search and seizure, death penalty procedures, and more.
The Constitution
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Federalist 10
1) Madison discusses how factions can undermine popular governments and analyses two methods to control their effects: removing their causes or controlling their consequences.
2) Removing the causes of faction, such as destroying liberty or enforcing uniformity of opinions, is impractical or tyrannical. Controlling the effects of faction is the better approach.
3) A large, extended republic helps control faction by making it more difficult for factions to form a majority due to the greater number of citizens and parties across a larger territory. This makes it harder for factions to unite and oppress others or act against the public good.
Federalist 51
The Federalist No. 51 discusses how the structure of the US government provides checks and balances to prevent the concentration of power. It argues that each branch must have independent power to resist encroachments from the others. Ambition must counteract ambition through the branches competing for power and influence. The legislature is the strongest branch, so it is divided into two chambers to check itself. A qualified executive veto can also check the legislature without being too detached from its own powers. The compound structure of the US system, with power divided between state and federal levels, provides double security for individual rights against oppression by either government.
John locke state of nature
This document summarizes John Locke's view of the natural state of humanity in his work "Two Treatises of Government." It outlines three key points:
1) In the state of nature, prior to government, all people are born free and equal with perfect freedom to order their own actions. They are also naturally equal, with no subordination to others unless they consent to it.
2) This natural equality means people have a duty to not harm others in their life, health, liberty or possessions. People can use force proportionate to punish criminal acts in order to preserve mankind.
3) Some argue the state of nature could not exist due to self-interest and passion, but Locke responds
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