This document summarizes an experiment that examined how eelgrass from two locations in the Salish Sea (Padilla Bay and Ship Harbor) responded to gradual temperature increases predicted with climate change and short-term spikes to high temperatures. Eelgrass shoots were collected from each location and exposed to either ambient temperatures from the collection site or a gradual increase from 14°C to 19°C over a month. Some shoots also experienced a 6-hour spike to 30°C. Growth was measured over time. Results showed that Ship Harbor eelgrass declined more quickly than Padilla Bay eelgrass in the gradual warming, possibly because Padilla Bay eelgrass is more acclimated to higher temperatures as a warmer location. The
Garssen et al 2014 Effects of climate-induced increases in summer droughtAnnemarie Garssen
1. The document analyzes the effects of increased summer drought on riparian plant species through a literature review and meta-analysis of 23 studies. It finds that drought duration of over 30 days strongly reduces plant biomass, and durations of over 30-35 days with high drought intensities can reduce seedling survival, especially for poplar and willow seedlings.
2. The analysis also reveals that increased drought rapidly leads to declines in riparian plant species richness and increased presence of drought-tolerant species. Riparian groundwater levels, surface water permanence, and plant traits like root plasticity are the most important factors in determining species responses.
3. The meta-analysis indicates that projected increases in
Global warming affects animals by changing their habitats and food sources. As climates warm, some species are unable to adapt and their populations decline. Polar bears and phytoplankton are negatively impacted as they rely on environments threatened by climate change. However, some animals like great tits and red squirrels can adapt by altering behaviors like earlier breeding times that enable survival. While global warming makes life difficult for many species, small actions by individuals can help reduce the rate of climate change.
This study examined the interactive effects of elevated temperature and fish predation on crustacean zooplankton. Researchers conducted an 8-week experiment manipulating temperature (ambient vs 3°C above ambient) and presence/absence of larval bluegill fish in large outdoor mesocosms. Results showed that fish presence significantly decreased biomass of cladocerans, adult copepods, and copepod nauplii. Elevated temperature differentially affected cladoceran and copepod biomass in the absence of fish, with cladoceran biomass lower and copepod biomass higher at elevated temperature. The results suggest climate change-driven temperature increases may alter crustacean community composition depending
This document discusses various long-term climate change monitoring and research programs being conducted in Mount Rainier National Park and the surrounding area. It describes monitoring of temperature, precipitation, snow levels and other climate variables over time for understanding trends. Research includes studies of mercury levels in fish, impacts on wetlands and amphibians from changing conditions, modeling of climate change effects on hydrology, and inventories of butterfly populations to assess changes. The goal is to understand how the local ecosystem is being impacted by climate change and inform conservation efforts.
Nwrec container workshop iii 2006 irrigationA_Irish
The document discusses various factors to consider for irrigation decisions in container nurseries. It addresses leaching fraction, cyclic irrigation, irrigation timing, plant grouping, plant architecture, and substrate selection. Maintaining an appropriate leaching fraction of 15-20% through cyclic irrigation can save 90,000 gallons of water per acre while sustaining plant growth. Irrigation timing also impacts plant growth, substrate temperature, and water use efficiency. Grouping plants by traits like size, species, and water needs enhances irrigation efficiency. Plant architecture and substrate selection further influence irrigation method and amounts.
Presentation by Dr. Steve Jack to support the Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change (ASCC) J.W. Jones Ecological Research Center Workshop held January 12-14, 2016
This document provides statistics and information about various social media platforms including YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn. Some key points:
- YouTube has over 1.3 billion users and reaches more 18-49 year olds than any cable network. It receives over 5 billion views per day.
- Instagram has over 500 million users, 90% of which are under 35. 60% of users login daily.
- Twitter has over 300 million monthly active users, though only 26.4% create original content. It is effective for real-time information sharing.
- Facebook is the largest social network with over 1.7 billion daily active users, most commonly between ages 24-34.
View transportation methods that are international in scope using various vehicles which displays unwise and humorous transportation methods and accentuates the obvious need for conscious safety methods.
Garssen et al 2014 Effects of climate-induced increases in summer droughtAnnemarie Garssen
1. The document analyzes the effects of increased summer drought on riparian plant species through a literature review and meta-analysis of 23 studies. It finds that drought duration of over 30 days strongly reduces plant biomass, and durations of over 30-35 days with high drought intensities can reduce seedling survival, especially for poplar and willow seedlings.
2. The analysis also reveals that increased drought rapidly leads to declines in riparian plant species richness and increased presence of drought-tolerant species. Riparian groundwater levels, surface water permanence, and plant traits like root plasticity are the most important factors in determining species responses.
3. The meta-analysis indicates that projected increases in
Global warming affects animals by changing their habitats and food sources. As climates warm, some species are unable to adapt and their populations decline. Polar bears and phytoplankton are negatively impacted as they rely on environments threatened by climate change. However, some animals like great tits and red squirrels can adapt by altering behaviors like earlier breeding times that enable survival. While global warming makes life difficult for many species, small actions by individuals can help reduce the rate of climate change.
This study examined the interactive effects of elevated temperature and fish predation on crustacean zooplankton. Researchers conducted an 8-week experiment manipulating temperature (ambient vs 3°C above ambient) and presence/absence of larval bluegill fish in large outdoor mesocosms. Results showed that fish presence significantly decreased biomass of cladocerans, adult copepods, and copepod nauplii. Elevated temperature differentially affected cladoceran and copepod biomass in the absence of fish, with cladoceran biomass lower and copepod biomass higher at elevated temperature. The results suggest climate change-driven temperature increases may alter crustacean community composition depending
This document discusses various long-term climate change monitoring and research programs being conducted in Mount Rainier National Park and the surrounding area. It describes monitoring of temperature, precipitation, snow levels and other climate variables over time for understanding trends. Research includes studies of mercury levels in fish, impacts on wetlands and amphibians from changing conditions, modeling of climate change effects on hydrology, and inventories of butterfly populations to assess changes. The goal is to understand how the local ecosystem is being impacted by climate change and inform conservation efforts.
Nwrec container workshop iii 2006 irrigationA_Irish
The document discusses various factors to consider for irrigation decisions in container nurseries. It addresses leaching fraction, cyclic irrigation, irrigation timing, plant grouping, plant architecture, and substrate selection. Maintaining an appropriate leaching fraction of 15-20% through cyclic irrigation can save 90,000 gallons of water per acre while sustaining plant growth. Irrigation timing also impacts plant growth, substrate temperature, and water use efficiency. Grouping plants by traits like size, species, and water needs enhances irrigation efficiency. Plant architecture and substrate selection further influence irrigation method and amounts.
Presentation by Dr. Steve Jack to support the Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change (ASCC) J.W. Jones Ecological Research Center Workshop held January 12-14, 2016
This document provides statistics and information about various social media platforms including YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn. Some key points:
- YouTube has over 1.3 billion users and reaches more 18-49 year olds than any cable network. It receives over 5 billion views per day.
- Instagram has over 500 million users, 90% of which are under 35. 60% of users login daily.
- Twitter has over 300 million monthly active users, though only 26.4% create original content. It is effective for real-time information sharing.
- Facebook is the largest social network with over 1.7 billion daily active users, most commonly between ages 24-34.
View transportation methods that are international in scope using various vehicles which displays unwise and humorous transportation methods and accentuates the obvious need for conscious safety methods.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document describes a research project on developing a closed-loop system to control blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetic patients. It presents the aims and objectives, which include simulating a type 1 diabetic patient model, controlling the model using Internal Model Control, and testing the stability of the closed-loop system. A literature review discusses previous works that used various control methods like model predictive control and fuzzy logic control. The methodology describes linearizing the diabetic patient model, modeling the system in Simulink, designing IMC, PID and LQG controllers, and testing stability. Results show the internal model controller maintained blood glucose levels and was stable based on analysis plots and the Bode stability criterion. The conclusion recommends the IMC strategy for
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fungsi kuadrat yang merupakan fungsi dengan pangkat tertinggi variabelnya adalah 2, mirip dengan persamaan kuadrat namun berbentuk fungsi. Rumus umum fungsi kuadrat adalah y=ax2+bx+c dan langkah-langkah menggambar grafiknya adalah menentukan titik potong sumbu x dan y, persamaan sumbu simetri, nilai maksimum dan minimum, serta koordinat titik puncak. Contoh
O documento propõe uma campanha publicitária para a marca Unilever visando aumentar o reconhecimento da marca institucional e identificar seus produtos como integrantes do cotidiano brasileiro. A campanha teria como tema "A maior diferenciação de uma empresa ocorre pela relevância de seu papel social e cultural" e estratégias de informação, testemunhal e posicionamento, sendo do tipo institucional e "guarda-chuva".
EVALUACIÒN DE LA RESISTENCIA AL DESLIZAMIENTO SUPERFICIAL DE LOS PAVIMENTOSEmilio Castillo
Este documento presenta normas para evaluar la resistencia al deslizamiento superficial de los pavimentos. Explica que la resistencia al deslizamiento depende del coeficiente de fricción entre el neumático y la superficie del pavimento. Luego describe factores que afectan el coeficiente de fricción como la adherencia, presencia de agua, tipo de agregado, ligante y tráfico. Finalmente introduce el Índice Internacional de Fricción (IFI) que caracteriza un pavimento mediante dos números que representan la fricción medida y la macro
MÓDULO 3: ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS RÍGIDOS - FERNANDO SÁNCHEZ SABOGALEmilio Castillo
Este documento describe los esfuerzos que se producen en los pavimentos rígidos. Explica que los esfuerzos son causados por cambios de temperatura, humedad y cargas de tránsito. También cubre temas como el alabeo por gradientes térmicos, la contracción durante el fraguado, la expansión y contracción debido a cambios de temperatura, y los esfuerzos producidos por las cargas de tránsito según las fórmulas de Westergaard. Finalmente, introduce el método de los elementos finitos para el an
La topografía es una ciencia que permite representar gráficamente las formas naturales y artificiales de una parte de la superficie terrestre y determinar la posición relativa de puntos a través de levantamientos topográficos y planos. Los egipcios y romanos desarrollaron tempranamente la topografía para medir tierras y aplicar impuestos, utilizando instrumentos como el cordel y el triángulo sagrado. A través de los siglos, topógrafos griegos, árabes y europeos mejoraron los métodos y crearon nuevos
MÓDULO 13: DISEÑO PAVIMENTOS RÍGIDOS CALLES Y CARRETERAS - FERNANDO SÁNCHEZ S...Emilio Castillo
Este documento describe el Método de Diseño PCA para pavimentos rígidos. El método considera el análisis de fatiga y erosión para determinar el espesor óptimo de las losas de concreto. Se basa en tablas y gráficas que utilizan factores como la carga de tránsito proyectada, la resistencia del concreto, el soporte del suelo y el tipo de juntas para calcular los esfuerzos críticos y definir el espesor requerido que satisfaga los criterios de diseño.
Este documento presenta apuntes de topografía compilados por el Ingeniero Manuel Zamarripa Medina. Incluye una introducción sobre la importancia de la topografía para proyectos de ingeniería y arquitectura. Se divide la topografía en tres partes principales: topología, topometría y planografía. También describe diferentes tipos de levantamientos topográficos y sus usos.
Farhan Sayyed's presentation discusses the ingredients in Coca-Cola and their harmful effects. The key ingredients are phosphoric acid, ethylene glycol, caffeine, and high fructose corn syrup. Phosphoric acid and excessive phosphorus intake can increase risks of osteoporosis and heart disease. Caffeine intake over 500-600 mg can cause restlessness, fast heart rate, and high blood pressure. High fructose corn syrup is sweet like sugar but processed from corn and linked to increased risks of diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and liver damage. The presentation suggests alternatives like coconut water, lemon water, and fruit juices.
J E L L Y F I S H B L O O M SEffects of climate warming on.docxchristiandean12115
J E L L Y F I S H B L O O M S
Effects of climate warming on strobilation and ephyra
production of North Sea scyphozoan jellyfish
Sabine Holst
Published online: 9 March 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract Recent studies have correlated fluctua-
tions in jellyfish abundances with climatic changes,
leading to speculation that the warming trend in the
North Sea will affect the strobilation activity of
Scyphozoa. The present study provides long-term
data (10–22 months) on temperature effects on the
species Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata, Cyanea
lamarckii and Chrysaora hysoscella. Strobilation at
current winter temperature (5�C) in the German Bight
was compared to strobilation at warmer winter tem-
peratures. Simulated winter temperature of 10�C had
several positive effects on strobilation, as compared to
5�C: 1. A longer strobilation period or higher ephyra
production per polyp in A. aurita, C. lamarckii and Ch.
hysoscella; 2. Higher percentages of polyps strobilat-
ing in A. aurita and Ch. hysoscella; 3. More ephyrae
per strobila in C. capillata and C. lamarckii; 4. A
shorter strobilation duration in C. capillata and
C. lamarckii. Cold winter temperatures of 5�C
promoted strobilation in C. capillata, but inhibited
strobilation in A. aurita and reduced ephyra produc-
tion in C. lamarckii and Ch. hysoscella. These results
suggest that climate warming will benefit A. aurita,
but not cold-water C. capillata. The distributions of
C. lamarckii and Ch. hysoscella probably could
expand to the north.
Keywords Aurelia � Cyanea � Chrysaora � Polyp �
Temperature � Reproduction
Introduction
Reports of mass occurrences of large jellyfish (Scy-
phozoa) in many marine ecosystems worldwide have
increased in recent decades (Purcell et al., 2007;
Richardson et al., 2009). Negative impacts of such
medusa blooms on ecosystems, fisheries, industries
and tourism are obvious: medusae are food compet-
itors of fish and feed on fish larvae and small fish (Barz
& Hirche, 2007; Sabatés et al., 2010), the gelatinous
bodies clog fishing nets and cooling systems of coastal
industries, and jellyfish stinging swimmers have
negative effects on the tourism industry (CIESM,
2001; Purcell et al., 2007). It is possible that conse-
quences of anthropogenic activities, including overf-
ishing, eutrophication, species invasions and
especially climate change, have contributed to
increased jellyfish abundances (Purcell et al., 2007;
Richardson et al., 2009; Purcell, 2011).
Recent analyses of temperature data show a clear
warming trend in global average air and ocean
temperature (IPCC, 2007). A pronounced winter
Guest editors: J. E. Purcell, H. Mianzan & J. R. Frost / Jellyfish
Blooms: Interactions with Humans and Fisheries
S. Holst (&)
Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine
Biodiversity Research, c/o Biozentrum Grindel und
Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3,
20146 Hamburg, Germany
e-mail: [.
Thermal pollution from power plants raises the temperature of nearby aquatic environments like rivers and lakes. This warming water holds less dissolved oxygen, disrupting ecosystems. Species that require cooler, oxygen-rich water may die off or be forced to relocate. Remaining organisms face increased disease and chemical exposure as temperatures rise. Over time, these changes can damage biodiversity as some species overpopulate at the expense of others. While regulations now aim to lessen thermal impacts, monitoring and alternative energy development remain important for protecting fragile aquatic environments.
Global warming affects animals in several ways. As the climate changes, some animals are unable to adapt and their populations decline or they die off. Polar bears and phytoplankton are examples of species negatively impacted by warming temperatures. However, some animals can adapt, such as great tits that breed earlier in response to food sources maturing ahead of schedule, and red squirrels that breed earlier to store more food for winter. While some organisms cannot adapt to climate change, others possess the ability to change behaviors and timing of life cycles in response to global warming.
Genetically Developed Corals to Save The Great Barrier Reef Cameron Choi
Scientists are genetically modifying corals in hopes of helping the Great Barrier Reef adapt to climate change faster. They are crossbreeding corals from different areas and using IVF to speed up reproduction. This could allow corals to evolve more quickly to survive rising temperatures, which currently threaten the reef. However, genetically modified corals may outcompete native species or introduce invasive traits, so their effects need further study.
The blue crab population in the Chesapeake Bay is sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Studies have shown that winters with above average temperatures have much lower crab mortality, especially among females and juveniles. As climate change causes ocean warming, the blue crab population is expected to increase overall due to higher survival rates, but their average size is predicted to decrease. Other climate-related factors such as sea level rise, higher salinity, less extreme pH changes, and more frequent storms will further benefit the blue crab population in the Chesapeake Bay region.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document describes a research project on developing a closed-loop system to control blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetic patients. It presents the aims and objectives, which include simulating a type 1 diabetic patient model, controlling the model using Internal Model Control, and testing the stability of the closed-loop system. A literature review discusses previous works that used various control methods like model predictive control and fuzzy logic control. The methodology describes linearizing the diabetic patient model, modeling the system in Simulink, designing IMC, PID and LQG controllers, and testing stability. Results show the internal model controller maintained blood glucose levels and was stable based on analysis plots and the Bode stability criterion. The conclusion recommends the IMC strategy for
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fungsi kuadrat yang merupakan fungsi dengan pangkat tertinggi variabelnya adalah 2, mirip dengan persamaan kuadrat namun berbentuk fungsi. Rumus umum fungsi kuadrat adalah y=ax2+bx+c dan langkah-langkah menggambar grafiknya adalah menentukan titik potong sumbu x dan y, persamaan sumbu simetri, nilai maksimum dan minimum, serta koordinat titik puncak. Contoh
O documento propõe uma campanha publicitária para a marca Unilever visando aumentar o reconhecimento da marca institucional e identificar seus produtos como integrantes do cotidiano brasileiro. A campanha teria como tema "A maior diferenciação de uma empresa ocorre pela relevância de seu papel social e cultural" e estratégias de informação, testemunhal e posicionamento, sendo do tipo institucional e "guarda-chuva".
EVALUACIÒN DE LA RESISTENCIA AL DESLIZAMIENTO SUPERFICIAL DE LOS PAVIMENTOSEmilio Castillo
Este documento presenta normas para evaluar la resistencia al deslizamiento superficial de los pavimentos. Explica que la resistencia al deslizamiento depende del coeficiente de fricción entre el neumático y la superficie del pavimento. Luego describe factores que afectan el coeficiente de fricción como la adherencia, presencia de agua, tipo de agregado, ligante y tráfico. Finalmente introduce el Índice Internacional de Fricción (IFI) que caracteriza un pavimento mediante dos números que representan la fricción medida y la macro
MÓDULO 3: ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS RÍGIDOS - FERNANDO SÁNCHEZ SABOGALEmilio Castillo
Este documento describe los esfuerzos que se producen en los pavimentos rígidos. Explica que los esfuerzos son causados por cambios de temperatura, humedad y cargas de tránsito. También cubre temas como el alabeo por gradientes térmicos, la contracción durante el fraguado, la expansión y contracción debido a cambios de temperatura, y los esfuerzos producidos por las cargas de tránsito según las fórmulas de Westergaard. Finalmente, introduce el método de los elementos finitos para el an
La topografía es una ciencia que permite representar gráficamente las formas naturales y artificiales de una parte de la superficie terrestre y determinar la posición relativa de puntos a través de levantamientos topográficos y planos. Los egipcios y romanos desarrollaron tempranamente la topografía para medir tierras y aplicar impuestos, utilizando instrumentos como el cordel y el triángulo sagrado. A través de los siglos, topógrafos griegos, árabes y europeos mejoraron los métodos y crearon nuevos
MÓDULO 13: DISEÑO PAVIMENTOS RÍGIDOS CALLES Y CARRETERAS - FERNANDO SÁNCHEZ S...Emilio Castillo
Este documento describe el Método de Diseño PCA para pavimentos rígidos. El método considera el análisis de fatiga y erosión para determinar el espesor óptimo de las losas de concreto. Se basa en tablas y gráficas que utilizan factores como la carga de tránsito proyectada, la resistencia del concreto, el soporte del suelo y el tipo de juntas para calcular los esfuerzos críticos y definir el espesor requerido que satisfaga los criterios de diseño.
Este documento presenta apuntes de topografía compilados por el Ingeniero Manuel Zamarripa Medina. Incluye una introducción sobre la importancia de la topografía para proyectos de ingeniería y arquitectura. Se divide la topografía en tres partes principales: topología, topometría y planografía. También describe diferentes tipos de levantamientos topográficos y sus usos.
Farhan Sayyed's presentation discusses the ingredients in Coca-Cola and their harmful effects. The key ingredients are phosphoric acid, ethylene glycol, caffeine, and high fructose corn syrup. Phosphoric acid and excessive phosphorus intake can increase risks of osteoporosis and heart disease. Caffeine intake over 500-600 mg can cause restlessness, fast heart rate, and high blood pressure. High fructose corn syrup is sweet like sugar but processed from corn and linked to increased risks of diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and liver damage. The presentation suggests alternatives like coconut water, lemon water, and fruit juices.
J E L L Y F I S H B L O O M SEffects of climate warming on.docxchristiandean12115
J E L L Y F I S H B L O O M S
Effects of climate warming on strobilation and ephyra
production of North Sea scyphozoan jellyfish
Sabine Holst
Published online: 9 March 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract Recent studies have correlated fluctua-
tions in jellyfish abundances with climatic changes,
leading to speculation that the warming trend in the
North Sea will affect the strobilation activity of
Scyphozoa. The present study provides long-term
data (10–22 months) on temperature effects on the
species Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata, Cyanea
lamarckii and Chrysaora hysoscella. Strobilation at
current winter temperature (5�C) in the German Bight
was compared to strobilation at warmer winter tem-
peratures. Simulated winter temperature of 10�C had
several positive effects on strobilation, as compared to
5�C: 1. A longer strobilation period or higher ephyra
production per polyp in A. aurita, C. lamarckii and Ch.
hysoscella; 2. Higher percentages of polyps strobilat-
ing in A. aurita and Ch. hysoscella; 3. More ephyrae
per strobila in C. capillata and C. lamarckii; 4. A
shorter strobilation duration in C. capillata and
C. lamarckii. Cold winter temperatures of 5�C
promoted strobilation in C. capillata, but inhibited
strobilation in A. aurita and reduced ephyra produc-
tion in C. lamarckii and Ch. hysoscella. These results
suggest that climate warming will benefit A. aurita,
but not cold-water C. capillata. The distributions of
C. lamarckii and Ch. hysoscella probably could
expand to the north.
Keywords Aurelia � Cyanea � Chrysaora � Polyp �
Temperature � Reproduction
Introduction
Reports of mass occurrences of large jellyfish (Scy-
phozoa) in many marine ecosystems worldwide have
increased in recent decades (Purcell et al., 2007;
Richardson et al., 2009). Negative impacts of such
medusa blooms on ecosystems, fisheries, industries
and tourism are obvious: medusae are food compet-
itors of fish and feed on fish larvae and small fish (Barz
& Hirche, 2007; Sabatés et al., 2010), the gelatinous
bodies clog fishing nets and cooling systems of coastal
industries, and jellyfish stinging swimmers have
negative effects on the tourism industry (CIESM,
2001; Purcell et al., 2007). It is possible that conse-
quences of anthropogenic activities, including overf-
ishing, eutrophication, species invasions and
especially climate change, have contributed to
increased jellyfish abundances (Purcell et al., 2007;
Richardson et al., 2009; Purcell, 2011).
Recent analyses of temperature data show a clear
warming trend in global average air and ocean
temperature (IPCC, 2007). A pronounced winter
Guest editors: J. E. Purcell, H. Mianzan & J. R. Frost / Jellyfish
Blooms: Interactions with Humans and Fisheries
S. Holst (&)
Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine
Biodiversity Research, c/o Biozentrum Grindel und
Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3,
20146 Hamburg, Germany
e-mail: [.
Thermal pollution from power plants raises the temperature of nearby aquatic environments like rivers and lakes. This warming water holds less dissolved oxygen, disrupting ecosystems. Species that require cooler, oxygen-rich water may die off or be forced to relocate. Remaining organisms face increased disease and chemical exposure as temperatures rise. Over time, these changes can damage biodiversity as some species overpopulate at the expense of others. While regulations now aim to lessen thermal impacts, monitoring and alternative energy development remain important for protecting fragile aquatic environments.
Global warming affects animals in several ways. As the climate changes, some animals are unable to adapt and their populations decline or they die off. Polar bears and phytoplankton are examples of species negatively impacted by warming temperatures. However, some animals can adapt, such as great tits that breed earlier in response to food sources maturing ahead of schedule, and red squirrels that breed earlier to store more food for winter. While some organisms cannot adapt to climate change, others possess the ability to change behaviors and timing of life cycles in response to global warming.
Genetically Developed Corals to Save The Great Barrier Reef Cameron Choi
Scientists are genetically modifying corals in hopes of helping the Great Barrier Reef adapt to climate change faster. They are crossbreeding corals from different areas and using IVF to speed up reproduction. This could allow corals to evolve more quickly to survive rising temperatures, which currently threaten the reef. However, genetically modified corals may outcompete native species or introduce invasive traits, so their effects need further study.
The blue crab population in the Chesapeake Bay is sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Studies have shown that winters with above average temperatures have much lower crab mortality, especially among females and juveniles. As climate change causes ocean warming, the blue crab population is expected to increase overall due to higher survival rates, but their average size is predicted to decrease. Other climate-related factors such as sea level rise, higher salinity, less extreme pH changes, and more frequent storms will further benefit the blue crab population in the Chesapeake Bay region.
The document discusses how climate change is affecting gray whales, including evidence that reductions in Arctic sea ice have allowed whales more access to winter feeding grounds and led to higher calf counts on migration routes, while warming ocean temperatures associated with phenomena like El Niño have caused changes in whales' occupancy of breeding lagoons and departure times. Gray whales serve as ecosystem sentinels that reflect environmental changes through adjustments to their migratory behaviors and distributions.
This document discusses how sediment trap observations help paleoceanographers reconstruct past climate conditions from geological records. It summarizes that:
Sediment traps collect planktonic foraminifera remains settling through the water column, allowing researchers to directly observe the relationship between foraminifera abundances and sea surface temperature. This helps validate the use of foraminifera in paleoclimate reconstructions. Studies have found distinct relationships between abundances of species like Globigerinoides ruber and temperature, enabling temperature ranges to be estimated from fossil records. Sediment trap observations thus "ground truth" paleoclimate interpretations and allow a better understanding of natural climate variability.
An Investigation into how Climate Driven Oceanic Warming may effect the Filtr...Ciara Condit
This study investigated how ocean warming may affect the filtration rates of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). Individual mussels were exposed to four temperature treatments (7°C, 16°C, 20°C, and 25°C) and their filtration rates measured. Statistical analysis found filtration rates increased significantly with higher temperatures, with the greatest difference between 7°C and 25°C. While filtration may increase in a warmer climate, overall mussel productivity is likely to decrease due to other climate impacts such as ocean acidification and reduced food availability.
This study examines the evolutionary rates of three physiological traits related to thermal tolerance—cold tolerance, body temperature, and heat tolerance—in a group of tropical lizards found across a range of thermal environments on Hispaniola. The researchers find that cold tolerance has evolved significantly faster than heat tolerance in these lizards. They suggest this is because behavioral thermoregulation more effectively shields the lizards from selection on upper (heat) tolerance compared to lower (cold) tolerance, since lizards in different environments behaviorally regulate their body temperature during the day to similar levels but nighttime temperatures cannot be fully buffered behaviorally. The findings provide insights into how exposure to selection through an organism's ability to behaviorally regulate temperature influences the pace
Irreversible damages in the fauna (essay communicative competence)Samuel Osorio
Global warming is causing irreversible damage to wildlife through longer wildfire seasons destroying habitats, rising temperatures killing sea species dependent on ice, and climate changes disrupting migratory patterns of flying species. Many animals are struggling with premature births, food shortages, and adapting to new environments as warming accelerates natural processes. Over 785 species have already gone extinct with many more threatened as warming destroys habitats through melting ice caps and pollution while also directly impacting food availability and natural cycles. Continued rising temperatures risk population collapses and even extinction for some terrestrial, marine, and flying species as they struggle to survive amidst the environmental changes caused by global warming.
This is my final Oceanography power point which I needed to turn in by the end of my school year elective to determine my final grade!I received an "A"on my presentation.
Going Green with a Grin (Asia Pacific Boating - India - Jan Feb)Green Yachts
The document discusses the impacts of climate change and ways to reduce one's carbon footprint. It notes that climate change is threatening marine species through rising sea levels and temperatures. This is affecting organisms like plankton, corals, sea turtles and penguins. The document also discusses the concept of a carbon footprint and provides tips to calculate and lower one's carbon footprint through choices like using less fuel-intensive transportation, purchasing efficient appliances, and supporting environmental organizations. New boat designs aim to be more sustainable through options like electric engines or hybrid systems that combine combustion and electric engines.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change and ways to reduce one's carbon footprint. It notes that climate change is threatening marine species through rising sea levels and temperatures. This is affecting organisms like plankton, corals, sea turtles and penguins. The document also discusses the concept of a carbon footprint and provides tips to calculate and lower one's carbon footprint through choices in transportation, energy use, and diet. It emphasizes the importance of awareness, monitoring emissions, and making consistent, sustained efforts to curb climate change.
Running Head CRITIQUE OF OCEAN TEMPERATURES IN CORAL REEFSCRIT.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: CRITIQUE OF OCEAN TEMPERATURES IN CORAL REEFS
CRITIQUE OF OCEAN TEMPERATURES IN CORAL REEFS Madison McNeill
Introduction
Coral reef ecosystems are the most diverse marine ecosystem in the world. They provide a home to thousands of species of plants and animals. In the last few decades, global warming has caused increased temperatures, resulting in ocean acidification and increasing surface temperatures of the ocean. This can lead to the bleaching of coral reefs as well as the death of coral reef fishes due to their inability to acclimate to the elevated temperature. These three papers were chosen, because they illustrate the environmental impact higher temperatures have on these coral reefs and the organisms that live within them.
· Dias, M., Ferreira, A., Gouveia, R., Cereja, R., & Vinagre, C. (2018). Mortality, growth and regeneration following fragmentation of reef-forming corals under thermal stress. Journal of Sea Research, 141, 71-82. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2018.08.008.
· De'ath, G., Lough, J., & Fabricius, K. (2009). Declining Coral Calcification on the Great Barrier Reef. Science, 323(5910), 116-119. doi: 10.1126/science.1165283.
· Nilsson, G., Östlund-Nilsson, S., & Munday, P. (2010). Effects of elevated temperature on coral reef fishes: Loss of hypoxia tolerance and inability to acclimate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 156(4), 389-393. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.03.009.
Dias (2018) evaluated how elevated surface temperatures of the ocean affected growth, mortality, and regeneration following the fragmentation of nine coral species in the Indo-Pacific, while De'ath (2009) suggested that the ability of coral in the Great Barrier Reef may have depleted due to a decrease in the saturation state of aragonite and rising temperature stress in this region. The third paper evaluated, Nilsson (2010), examined whether or not an elevated temperature decreased tolerance levels for low-oxygen regions in two species of coral reef fishes. This experiment used adults fishes of two species and tested their ability to acclimate to changes in higher temperatures, which differed from the other two studies in that Dias and De’Ath did not study the fishes in the ecosystems, only the coral there. Dias found that whether or not a coral had previous injury did not impact the mortality, partial mortality, or rate of growth of each fragment. However, the species of coral and the ocean temperature had significant impacts on the results for each fragment. Although the cause for coral calcification of Great Barrier Reef corals was not determined by the De'ath’s study, he did find that it was largely related to increasing temperatures of oceans, which caused more thermal stress in coral populations. This differed from the Nilsson paper, which showed that certain species of coral reef fishes were unable to adjust to higher ocean temperatures, a phenomenon that has occurred due to gl ...
Coral Reefs: Challenges, Opportunities and Evolutionary Strategies for Surviv...rsmahabir
Coral reefs are one of the most diverse marine ecosystems on Earth. They are renowned hotspots of species biodiversity and provide home to a large array of marine plants and animals. Over the past 100 years, many tropical regions’ sea surface temperatures have increased by almost 1 °C and are currently increasing at about 1–2 °C per century. Corals have very specific thermal thresholds beyond which their temperature sensitive symbiont Zooxanthellae becomes affected and causes corals to bleach. Mass bleaching has already caused significant losses to live coral in many parts of the world. In the Caribbean, the problem of coral bleaching has especially been problematic, with as much as 90% bleaching in some parts of the Caribbean due to thermal anomalies in some instances. This paper looks at the key role that temperature plays in the health and spatial distribution of coral in the Caribbean. The relationship between coral and symbiont is examined along with some evolutionary strategies necessary to ensure the future survival of coral with the changing climate.
This document discusses temperature conditions that organisms face and how temperature affects their distribution. It contains the following key points:
1. Organisms have adapted to survive a wide range of temperatures through various mechanisms like changing concentrations of antifreeze chemicals, rapid transpiration to cool leaves, or reflective spines to reduce heating.
2. Temperature variations occur across spatial scales from global latitude differences to microclimatic changes within a few meters. Medium-term patterns like El Niño and the North Atlantic Oscillation also impact climate.
3. The distributions of many plant and animal taxa closely match maps of temperature factors like specific winter isotherms, demonstrating the strong influence of temperature on where species can survive.
We compared the growth of the scallop Euuolu (Pecten) ziczuc (L.) in three situations which
potentially could be used for commercial culture, in cages maintained in suspension, in cages on the
bottom and in cages partly buried in a sediment bottom. The latter permitted the scallops to bury
themselves as in their natural habitat. Throughout the 7-month study, growth, as measured by shell
length and muscle mass, was by far superior for scallops in the partly buried cages. Possible explanations
for this are ( 1) that the scallops are stressed by enclosures which prevent them from burying
themselves and (2) that organic material at the sediment/water interface is an important food resource
and E. ziczac has better access to this when it buries itself flush with the bottom. The timing of gonadal
growth and spawning varied markedly among treatments. Some spawnings coincided with temperature
increases but others did not. Differences between scallops in suspension compared to those in bottom
treatments suggested that reproduction is as much controlled by conditions in the immediate environment
of the scallops as by large-scale environmental factors. Survival was highest for the scallops
maintained in partly buried cages.
Wetlands mainly encompass any land which is saturated or covered with water for all or throughout the year and doesn’t fall under into grassland, cropland, or forest land (Zedler et al. 2). As in the case of any other ecosystem, the overall carbon IV oxide and methane flux are due to the balance between the release of carbon by decomposition and carbon absorption from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Both the rates of carbon absorption and decay losses are mainly influenced by nutrient, climate, water saturation, and oxygen availability (Inglett 1)
Nevertheless, aerobic conditions that are plenty in a large percentage of the upland ecosystems results to the releasing of carbon IV oxide (CO2) while methane (CH4) emissions remain prevalent in the anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the establishment of the wetlands via flooding end up altering the pattern of the greenhouse gas production and emissions towards the greater CO2 emissions and CH4 emissions (Hong-Suk 13). Depending on the characteristics of the reservoir and the climate, both CH4 and CO2 can be released from the decaying of the submerged biomass as well as the general decomposition of the inundated of the dissolved organic materials and soil organic matter.
Eelgrass in upper Frenchman Bay has been declining since 1996, with a complete loss by 2013. To understand the causes, the study examined expression levels of stress genes in eelgrass samples from three sites varying in health. Heat shock protein expression was highest at the site with some decline. General and defense gene expression did not differ significantly between sites. While temperature did not correlate with heat shock protein levels as expected, an unknown stressor may be impacting eelgrass health. Increased sampling and water quality analysis could provide more insights into stressors driving the decline.
Scientific talk on effects of climate variation and young fish
- general ideas about climate effects on marine ecosystems
- variations in temperature-zooplankton-North Sea cod
- spatial population structure and detecting climate effects
Similar to Final Eelgrass Scientific Paper Word (20)
Scientific talk on effects of climate variation and young fish
Final Eelgrass Scientific Paper Word
1. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, SEATTLE
How Eelgrass Origin
Affects Performance in
Warm Water
______________________________________________________________________
Gigi Gaultier1
, Joanna Luse2
, Malise Yun3
1. Gigi Gaultier. University of Washington, Seattle. gigipeaches@gmail.com.
2. Joanna Luse. Eastern Washington University. joannaluse@gmail.com
3. Malise Yun. University of Washington, Seattle. my.malisey@gmail.com
December 9, 2016
2.
3. Gaultier, 3
Abstract
The local eelgrass species in the Salish Sea, Zostera marina, serves as a
nursery home to countless organisms in its environment. Understanding the
response of eelgrass in different temperature environments can teach us about
restoration transplantation throughout the Salish Sea and assure its health for
the eelgrass and the organisms in and around it. Zostera marina generally thrives
in an environment with a temperature range of 6-17 C but begins to decline in its
performance once reaching a temperature of 25 C. Within the Salish Sea, the
temperature of the water varies from location and throughout the seasons,
ranging from 3 C in the winter to 23 C in the summer in just Padilla Bay, WA. We
looked at the response in eelgrass shoots within two sites in the Salish Sea:
Padilla Bay, a warm water location, and Ship Harbor, a cold water location. We
tested these shoots in an environment with a gradual temperature increase from
14 C to 19 C for one month and a short term temperature increase to 30 C for 6
hours within that month. We found that growth in Zostera marina of Padilla Bay
and Ship Harbor can be negatively affected in an environment with gradually
increasing temperature for a long period of time. The short term temperature
increase did not have as much of an affect due to the natural temperature
variations during the summer in these two locations. Due to Padilla Bay eelgrass
shoots coming from a warm location, we noticed that the shoots took a longer
period of time to respond negatively than Ship Harbor eelgrass shoots. We think
that this is because Padilla Bay is a warmer location so the shoots were more
acclimated to that warmer temperature, but too long of a period of time can
stress out the shoots too much that their performance begins to decrease.
Keeping restoration transplantation in mind, the donor location matters. The
temperature of the donor location must be similar to the environment in which it
is being moved to or it will not survive.
4. Gaultier, 4
Question
How does eelgrass from different locations in the Salish Sea respond to
being warmed as predicted in 100 years and spiked with a higher temperature to
model extreme weather?
Introduction
Eelgrass, Zostera marina, plays an important plant role in ecosystems around the
Salish Sea. They are extremely vital when it comes to providing a habitat and a food
5. Gaultier, 5
source for many organisms that live around them (Lee, 2007).Doing research on
eelgrass is important so that we can anticipate responses we might see in the natural
world. This underwater plant is very useful for ecological and economic values. Eelgrass
provides as a nursery for fish which can help support entire fisheries (Raun, 2013).
Eelgrass is found in most places across the globe of all the seagrass species (Thom,
2014) and without its presence, entire environments would change greatly in response.
Although so important, scientists have been seeing effects on this plant due to human
stressors increasing through CO2, pollution and temperature changes of global
warming. The average rate of decline in seagrass has increased by 9% from 1940s to
1990 due to these human stressors (Waycott, 2009).
Eelgrass has experienced a wide die off in high temperatures during the summer
(Nejrup 2008). Although many seagrasses are found throughout the world, most all
seagrass also increase growth through spring and summer and decrease in fall and
winter (Lee, 2007). Generally, once the summer temperatures hits their high
temperatures, eelgrass begins to decline and the process starts over again. But with
global warming speeding up this process, recent studies have shown that with a 1°C
increase, 5 to 6 days in the eelgrass growing season is impacted on them (Brodeur,
6. Gaultier, 6
2015). Many experiments have been conducted on the stressors from temperature
change for
7. Gaultier, 4
eelgrass. The effects of temperatures higher than 30 C are where eelgrass shoots in
particular begin to decrease. This can include an increase of decay, bleaching and
diseases found on the leaves of the eelgrass (Neckles, 1999). Decaying disease can be
found through a darkening brown/black streaking and bleaching is a more white tone
that spreads throughout the leaf. The density and biomass of eelgrass shoots also
decreases as more shoots start dying off with higher temperatures extremes (Thom,
2014).The optimal temperature for eelgrass survival is between 15-20 C (Nejrup 2008),
(Lee, 2007) but with global warming upon us, that is not always what we get. Eelgrass
over the world has decreased by 29% since 1998 (Waycott, 2009).
Finding the perfect temperature for Zostera marina can be difficult. In the Salish
Sea we have a range of temperatures that fluctuate throughout the year. In the winter,
the temperatures of Friday Harbor water can go down to 8 degrees C and up to 15
degrees C in the summer (NOAA, 2016). This is the water that we will be using to flow in
for our water tanks, giving the eelgrass a slightly lower temperature than what is most
suitable for them. This will also make drastic changes in the water temperature more
noticeable. With global warming, water temperatures are supposed to increase at a
8. Gaultier, 4
slightly faster rate, giving summer temperatures “higher highs” than normal. With
spiked increases from “the blob”(an unusual drastic increase of temperature hitting
the pacific northwest), areas in the Puget Sound have increased as high as 2.2 degrees C
higher than normal (Seattle Times, 2015). This spike in temperature can shock the
eelgrass and possibly give a different response to eelgrass than a gradual increase. This
leads us to our main question of looking at the effect on Zostera marina from gradual
temperature increases vs extreme spike temperature increases.
Looking at the effects of temperature rises, whether that be gradual or a heat
spike, is important for understanding the adaptability of these plants. With global
warming currently
9. Gaultier, 9
increasing the temperature of the oceans, we want to know if there is enough time for
eelgrass to be able to adapt to their changes and survive. Collecting shoots from two
different locations; Padilla Bay and Ship Harbor, allows us to see different environments
within the Salish Sea and how they each respond individually. When slightly increasing
the temperature of the water by a few degrees (C) in which the shoots are in, it is a
possibility that eelgrass will respond negatively to just an overall increase. But testing an
extreme spike increase, much like a heat wave, is a short term effect that could make the
eelgrass respond negatively from being exposed to just an extreme even if for a short
period of time. Comparing two different temperature increases will show us a more
specific response that we are looking for so we can better prepare for how these
eelgrass shoots might respond in their natural environment of the Salish Seas with real
weather patterns.
Methods
1. Prepare 10 tanks for placing our eelgrass inside. Label these tanks 1-10 and
randomize which side of the room they will start on.
10. Gaultier, 10
2. Collect 20 9” tall tubs to put in the tanks. Label each tub on the outside so
that 10 tubs are A and 10 tubs are B. Randomize which letter tub will be one which side
of the room. Place one A tub and one B tub in each tank.
3. Place one bubbler above each tank and split the tube so that it can reach into
each tub within the tank. Duct tape the tube to the side of the inside of the tub.
4. Make tags for each shoot containing the tank number (1-10), tub letter (A or B),
location by first letter (P or S), shoot letter (Y or Z) and whether it will be spiked or
unspiked (S or U) (example: 5APYS). Print on water proof paper and hole punch. Tie tags
onto string.
5. Collect 80 rocks to attach to the rhizomes of the eelgrass shoots.
6. Collect the eelgrass - 60 plants from the two locations; Padilla Bay, Ship Harbor.
Although only 40 from each location will be needed, we have extras just in case
something goes wrong. To do this process, we will visit these locations and carefully
uproot the shoots to place into two different buckets (one per location). Bring these
shoots back to the lab to prepare.
11. Gaultier, 11
7. Place our eelgrass shoots in a tank with bubble snails for about three hours to
eat off most of the epiphytes. Wipe off any excess epiphytes before collecting them in
buckets.
8. Prepare the 2 treatments:
- Ambient Control Tanks (5)
Tanks 1, 5, 6, 8 and 9 (randomized dependent on plumbing)
Water flowing in from Friday Harbor
Each tank contains 2 tubs
Both locations (2 shoots from each location) in each tub
- Warmed Control Tanks (5)
Tanks 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10 (randomized dependent on plumbing)
Air temperature warmed, water not flowing
Each tank contains 2 tubs
Both locations (2 shoots from each location) in each tub
9. Cut the rhizomes of each shoot (80 total) to 4 cm.
10. Tie the tags onto the rhizomes of the shoots and tie around rocks. Each shoot
should have the appropriate tag to its location and a rock to help weigh it down.
12. Gaultier, 12
11. Measure the initial shoot length (cm), sheath length (cm), sheath width (mm),
and # of leaves for each shoot. For each leaf on the shoot, measure the total length (cm)
and decay percentage (0%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 50% or 100%) based on the wasting index
chart. Record all of this data in the lab notebook measuring chart. Prick all of the Y
shoots at the end of the sheath length.
12. Place the shoots in the tubs according to their tag. Four shoots total should
be in each tub: 2 from each location, and eight per tank.
13. Check temperature and light of each tub every day between 8:30-11:30 am
and 5:30-7:30 pm. For temperature: hold thermometer in the tub for 10 seconds and let
stabilize. For light: hold the knob above the water in the middle of the tub and let
stabilize. Record measurements on “Temp Check Sheet”in lab notebook. Take notes
of process and any abnormalities throughout the experiment in the lab notebook.
14. After six days, Fill 9 5-gallon buckets with water to let sit over night in the lab.
This will let the water reach the same air temperature as the stationary tanked tubs.
15. The next day, examine (collect and measure) the pricked “Y” eelgrass shoot
from both locations per tub and record shoot length (cm), sheath length (cm), sheath
13. Gaultier, 13
width (mm), # of new leaves. On each leaf measure the new growth and the decay
percentage.
16. Place all shoot back in their correct tub based on their tag.
17. Replace the water in each tub to clean them out. For the circulating tanks,
refill the tubs with water pumped in from Friday Harbor. For the stationary tanks, refill
them with water from the buckets that have been sitting over night to reach the same
air temperature as they are in the tubs.
19. After week 2, Measure and record for all “Y” and “Z” shoots (shoot length
(cm), sheath length (cm), sheath width (mm), # of new leaves, growth (cm) on each leaf
and decay percentage).
20. Prick all “Z” shoots after measuring them.
21. Place all shoots back in their correct tubs based on their tag.
22. Starting at 10:30 am, place aquarium heaters into tubs 1B, 2A, 5A, 8B, and 9B.
Spike the eelgrass tub water to 30 C for 13 hours in these five tubs. (We noticed the
temperature was not increasing as we liked so we took the tubs out of their tanks to
place on boards above their tank. We did this at hour 6 which is when we really saw
temperature increases).
14. Gaultier, 14
23. Record temperatures of each tub (even unspiked ones) every hour of the
spike starting at 10:30 am.
24. At hour 13, turn off and take out the aquarium heaters. Put the tubs back into
their correct tanks.
25. The next day, starting at 1:15 pm, place aquarium heaters into tubs 3A, 4A, 6B,
7B and 10A. Take the tubs out of their tanks to sit on boards above their tank. Spike the
eelgrass tub water to 30 C for 6 hours in these five tubs.
26. Record temperatures of each tub (even unspiked ones) every hour of the
spike starting at 1:15 pm.
27. At hour 6, turn off and take out the aquarium heaters. Put the tubs back into
their correct tanks.
28. After 5 days, Fill 9 5 gallon buckets with water to let sit over night in the lab.
This will let the water reach the same air temperature as the stationary tanked tubs.
29. The next day, measure and record all of the “Y” eelgrass shoots (shoot
length (cm), sheath length (cm), sheath width (mm), # of new leaves, growth (cm) on
each leaf and decay percentage).
15. Gaultier, 15
30. Replace the water in each tub to clean them out. For the circulating tanks,
refill the tubs with water pumped in from Friday Harbor. For the stationary tanks, refill
them with water from the buckets that have been sitting over night to reach the same
air temperature as they are in the tubs. While cleaning out the tubs, scrub off the
diatoms that were growing on the side, especially in the circulating tanks.
31. The next day, measure and record all of the “Z” eelgrass shoots (shoot
length (cm), sheath length (cm), sheath width (mm), # of new leaves, growth (cm) on
each leaf and decay percentage).
32. After 5 days, Measure and record all of the “Y” and “Z” eelgrass shoots
(shoot length (cm), sheath length (cm), sheath width (mm), # of new leaves, growth (cm)
on each leaf and decay percentage).
33. Take down experiment and clean tanks. Dispose of eelgrass.
Statistical Analysis
We are running a 3-way ANOVA and a split plot.
The response variables we are running statistical analysis on are shoot length,
sheath length, sheath width, new growth for the leaves, and decay percentage. Our
explanatory variables are temperature, acclimated and unacclimated treatment, location,
16. Gaultier, 16
and spike (short term temperature increase) or no spike. These last variables are the
fixed variables.
We are using the 3-way ANOVA to compare Location (Padilla Bay - warm
location, and Ship Harbor - cold location), Spiked (yes/no), and acclimated (yes/no).
We used a split plot because we have two tubs within one tank.
The random effects are the tanks, tubs, repeatedly measuring shoots.
Functions:
aov()
summary()
Citing R: (R Core Team, 2016)
Core Team (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL.https://www.R-project.org/.
Results
Our analysis of the response of eelgrass in a gradual temperature increase
showed us that Padilla Bay took a longer period of time to decline in shoot length (cm)
than Ship Harbor. The general trend of Ship Harbor shoot length (cm) shows us that
after week two, the growth began to decline. Both of the Ship Harbor warmed tanks
17. Gaultier, 17
responded worse than the cool shoots. The warmed treatment eelgrass shoots lost
about 7-12 cm of growth since our initial
measurements while the cool treatment eelgrass
shoots only lost about 1 or 2 cm since the initial
measurements (Figure 2a). In contrast, Padilla Bay
eelgrass shoots did not decline nearly as much as
the Ship Harbor eelgrass shoots. The warmed
treatment eelgrass shoots declined the most as well, but only by about 5 cm since the
initial measurements. The cool treatment eelgrass
shoots from Padilla Bay varied a bit between
whether or not
the short term
temperature increase was put in effect on them.
The cool treatment with the short term
temperature increase grew about 3 cm while the
cool treatment without the short term temperature increase lost about 3 cm since the
initial measurements (Figure 2b).
Figure 2a. The change in shoot
length (cm) of Ship Harbor eelgrass
shoots over a period of a month.
Figure 2b. The change in shoot
length (cm) of Padilla Bay eelgrass
shoots over a period of a month.
18. Gaultier, 18
The decay of Ship Harbor eelgrass shoots also trended toward more percentage
than Padilla Bay eelgrass shoots. In the warmed
treatment of Ship Harbor eelgrass shoots, the
decay percentage increased by 30% (Figure 3a).
The warmed treatments of the Padilla Bay
eelgrass shoots only increased decay by about
12% (Figure 3b). The cool treatment eelgrass
shoots for both location did not increase decay
by nearly as much. For Ship Harbor, the cool
treatment eelgrass with a short term
temperature increase decayed by 15% at the
most while the Ship Harbor cool treatment
without a short term temperature increase
decayed by 5% at the most. Padilla Bay eelgrass shoots also varied a bit here. The cool
treatment eelgrass shoots with the short term temperature increase seemed to decline
Figure 3a. The change in decay
coverage (%) of Ship Harbor eelgrass
shoots over a period of a month.
19. Gaultier, 19
in decay, meaning it started at 25% decayed and ended the experiment with about 20%
decay. The cool treatment without the short
term temperature increase increased only by 5%
from the beginning of the experiment to the
end.
The final analysis of eelgrass response on
increasing water temperature we looked at was the
new growth (cm). The Ship Harbor eelgrass shoots
grew much more than the Padilla Bay eelgrass
shoots. The warm treatment shoots from Ship
Harbor without a short term temperature increase
seemed to grow the most, increasing by almost 45 cm.
Figure 3b. The change in decay
coverage (%) of Padilla Bay eelgrass
shoots over a period of a month.
Figure 4a. The total new growth
(cm) of Ship Harbor eelgrass
shoots over a period of a month.
20. Gaultier, 20
All of the other treatment eelgrass shoots from
Ship Harbor only grew about 19 to 21 cm (Figure
4a). Padilla Bay eelgrass grew about the same with
an exception of the warm treatment without the
short term temperature increase. All of the Padilla
Bay eelgrass shoot treatments grew about 15 to
25 cm with an exception of the cool treatment without the short term temperature
increase which grew 30 cm (Figure 4b).
Discussion
Padilla Bay and Ship Harbor took different amounts of time to respond negatively
to gradual temperature increases in the water. We noticed that overall, Padilla Bay
eelgrass shoots were more susceptible to changes in the water temperature than Ship
Harbor eelgrass shoots were because Padilla Bay shoots took a week longer to begin
declining (Figure 2a). These results go in hand with real life temperatures at these two
locations. Padilla Bay receives much higher temperature fluctuations throughout the
year with temperature differences from 3 C in the winter to 23 C in the summer. In
Figure 4b. The total new growth
(cm) of Padilla Bay eelgrass
shoots over a period of a month.
21. Gaultier, 21
addition, temperature
increases of more
than 10 C happen for
about half a month in
the summer time,
putting the eelgrass
through a bigger stress of
temperature difference for a
longer period of time. Ship Harbor on the other hand, only changes from about 8 C in
the winter to 14 C in the summer throughout the year. In the summer, the short term
temperature increases happen for only a week with about a 3 C temperature increase
instead (Figure 5.). While Padilla Bay is having enormous temperature increase for a
longer period of time, Ship Harbor is not as used to large temperature increases and
especially not for a long period of time.
Eelgrass from Padilla Bay reacts better, with less decay, growth stunt and stop of
leaf growth, than Ship Harbor Eelgrass shoots because it is more accustomed to stressful
temperature conditions. Ship Harbor consisted of a faster decaying response throughout
Figure 5. Padilla Bay and Friday Harbor
temperatures from Novemer 2015 to October 2016.
22. Gaultier, 22
the shoots in the tubs that were going through gradual temperature increase of 14 C to
19 C because it wasn’t used to reaching higher temperatures for such a long period of
time. The spike of 30 C for 6 hours did not affect the Ship Harbor shoots as much as the
gradual increase because they are somewhat used to short period temperature
increases. The new growth increase on the warm treatment Ship Harbor eelgrass shoots
is a possible response to stress as well. The increase water temperature could potentially
have stressed the eelgrass to a point of wanting to grow because it was decaying so
much.
We thought that Padilla Bay would do better because of the temperature they are
accustomed to in their natural environment. We also thought that acclimated tubbed
eelgrass would do better because they get a gradual increase from 14 C to 19 C before
being spiked to 30 C which made for less of a shock in temperature. This was not the
case. We noticed most of the shoots that were acclimated had a higher mean decaying
percent and a decrease in shoot length. This would most likely be because it added
stress because they were “spiked” twice instead of once. Our responses show us that
eelgrass cannot withstand long period of temperature increases. When thinking about
restoration transplantation, we must keep the donor location in mind. The eelgrass
23. Gaultier, 23
shoots from a colder location responded worse in a warm location, suggesting to us that
eelgrass prefer a similar temperature environment to live in when moving.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the University of Washington, Friday Harbor Labs for hosting
the Eelgrass research class and allowing us to conduct our experiments here. Sylvia
Yang, for teaching the class and sharing all of her knowledge, helping us through all the
ups and down and of course, giving us an incredible amount of support. Will King, for
putting so much dedication into our projects and helping us abundantly with coding
and creating our statistical analyses. The entire FHL 470 eelgrass research class for
supporting each other and sharing knowledge throughout the course. For all of the love
and support from my parents, advisors and close friends for keeping me focused. Lastly,
of course for the amazing communication, cooperation and dedication from my team
mates Joanna Luse and Malise Yun. They were the best team I could have asked for in
this project, constantly keeping us on task while making this project one of the best
experiences.
24. Gaultier, 24
Works Cited
1. Brodeur MC, Fodrie FJ, Piehler MF "Consumers mitigate heat stress and nutrient
enrichment effects on eelgrass Zostera marina communities at its southern
range limit" Marine Ecology Progress Series. Volume 525: 53-64 (2015). Web.
2. Lee, Kun-Seop, Sang Rul Park, and Young Kyun Kim. "Effects of Irradiance,
Temperature, and Nutrients on Growth Dynamics of Seagrasses: A Review." Journal
of experimental marine biology and ecology 350.1–2 (2007): 144-75. Web
3. ”Neckles, HA, Short, Frederick T, and Neckles, Hilary A. ""The Effects of Global
Climate Change on Seagrasses."" Aquatic Botany 63.3-4 (1999): 169-96. Web.”
4. Nejrup, Lars Brammer, and Morten Foldager Pedersen. "Effects of Salinity and Water
Temperature on the Ecological Performance of Zostera Marina." Aquatic Botany 88.3
(2008): 239-46. Web.
5. NOAA.
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/physocean.html?bdate=20151226&edate=2016012
6&units=standard&timezone=GMT&id=9449880&interval=6 (2016). Web.
6. Raun, Ane Løvendahl, and Jens Borum. "Combined Impact of Water Column Oxygen
and Temperature on Internal Oxygen Status and Growth of Zostera Marina Seedlings
and Adult Shoots." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 441 (2013):
16-22. Web.
7. Seattle Times. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/weather/the-blob-warms-
puget-sounds-waters-hurts-marine-life/. (2015). Web.
8. Thom, Ronald, Susan Southard, and Amy Borde. "Climate-linked Mechanisms Driving
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Eelgrass (Zostera Marina L.) Growth and
Assemblage Structure in Pacific Northwest Estuaries, U.S.A." Journal of Coastal
Research 68 (2014): 1-11. Web.
25. Gaultier, 25
9. Waycott, Michelle, et al. "Accelerating Loss of Seagrasses Across the Globe Threatens
Coastal Ecosystems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 106.30 (2009): 12377-81. Web.