Fenale reproductive system

1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(female)
By…………..dr amna iram

2.  FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
 Female reproductive system comprises of primary sex organs and accessory sex
organs

3.  Accessory sex organs 1. A system of genital ducts: Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix
and vagina
 2. External genitalia
 PRIMARY SEX ORGANS
 pair of ovaries, which produce eggs or ova and secrete female sex hormones, the
estrogen and progesterone

4.  Ovary is the gonad
 A woman has two ovaries.
 Ovaries have two functions,
 Gametogenic function is the production and release of ovum or egg, which is the
female gamete (reproductive cell).
 Endocrine function of ovaries is the secretion of female sex hormones.
 Functions of Ovaries
 primary sex organs in females. Functions of ovaries are:
 1. Secretion of female sex hormones
 2. Oogenesis
 3. Menstrual cycle

5. • Primordial ovum along with
granulosa cells is called the
primordial follicle
 time of birth, only 1 million primordial
follicles are seen in both the ovaries
and the rest of the follicle
degenerate.
 At the time of puberty, the number
decreases further to about 300,000
to 400,000
 During every menstrual cycle,only
one ovum is released from any one
of the ovaries
 The degeneration of the follicles is
called atresia and the degenerated
follicles are known as atretic
follicles
 degenerated follicles disappear
without leaving any scar.

14.  OVARIAN HORMONES
 Ovary secretes the female sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
 Ovary also secretes few more hormones, namely
inhibin ,relaxin and small quantities of androgens
 ESTROGEN
 Source of Secretion
 In a normal non-pregnant woman, estrogen is
secreted in large quantity by theca interna cells of
ovarian follicles and in small quantity by corpus
luteum of the ovaries
 Estrogen secretion is predominant at the later
stage of follicular phase before ovulation
 A small quantity of estrogen is also secreted by
adrenal cortex
 In pregnant woman, a large amount of estrogen is
secreted by the placenta

15.  Estrogen is present in three forms in
plasma:
 1. β-estradiol
 2. Estrone
 3. Estriol
 Plasma Level
 Plasma level of estrogen in females
at normal reproductive age varies
during different phases of menstrual
cycle.
 In follicular phase, it is 30 to 200
pg/mL.
 In normal adult male, estrogen level is
12 to 34 pg/mL.

16.  Transport in Plasma
 Estrogen is transported mainly by the plasma protein, albumin.
 A small quantity of estrogen is also transported by globulin.
 The binding of estrogen with the plasma protein is loose, so that the hormones are
released into the tissues easily
 Metabolism
 Estrogen is degraded mainly in the liver
 FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
 Major function of estrogen is to promote cellular proliferation and tissue growth in
the sexual organs and in other tissues, related to reproduction
 1. Effect on Ovarian Follicles
 Estrogen promotes the growth of ovarian follicles

17.  2. Effect on Uterus
 Enlargement of uterus, Proliferation and dilatation of blood vessels of endometrium
 And Increase in the contractility of the uterine muscles.
 3. Effect on Fallopian Tubes
 Increases the activity of the cilia, Enhances the proliferation of glandular tissues in
fallopian tubes
 4. Effect on Vagina
 Estrogen: Changes the vaginal epithelium from cuboidal into stratified type;
 the stratified epithelium is more resistant to trauma and infection
 Reduces the pH of vagina, making it more acidic
 All these changes are necessary for the prevention of certain common vaginal
infections

18.  5. Effect on Secondary Sexual Characters
 Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters in
females
 6. Effect on Breast
 Estrogen causes development of lobules and alveoli of the breasts, to some
extent.
 However, progesterone is necessary for the full growth of breast and prolactin is
necessary for its function
 7. Effect on Bones
 Estrogen increases osteoblastic activity. So, at the time of puberty, the growth rate
increases enormously

19.  8. Effect on Metabolism
 Estrogen induces anabolism of
proteins,
 Estrogen causes deposition of fat
 Regulation of Estrogen Secretion
 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) secreted from
hypothalamus.
 Estrogen inhibits secretion of FSH
and GnRH by negative feedback.
 Inhibin secreted by granulosa cells
also decreases estrogen secretion,
by inhibiting the secretion of FSH
and GnRH

20.  PROGESTERONE
 Source of Secretion
 In non-pregnant woman, a small quantity
of progesterone i.e. during follicular stage.
 But, a large quantity of progesterone is
secreted during the latter half of each
menstrual cycle, i.e. during secretory
phase by the corpus luteum.
 Small amount of progesterone is secreted
from adrenal cortex also.
 In pregnant woman, large amount of
progesterone is secreted by the corpus
luteum in the first trimester.
 In the second trimester, corpus luteum
degenerates. Placenta secretes large
quantity of progesterone in second and
third trimesters.

21. Plasma Level
• Plasma level of
progesterone in
females at normal
reproductive age
varies during different
phases of menstrual
cycle.
• In follicular phase, it is
about 0.9 ng/mL
• In normal adult male,
progesterone level is
0.3 ng/mL.

22.  Transport in Blood
 Like estrogen, progesterone is also transported in the blood by the plasma proteins
– albumin and globulin
 Metabolism
 The degradation occurs in liver

23.  FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE
 1. Effect on Fallopian Tubes
 Progesterone promotes the secretory activities of mucosal lining of the fallopian
tubes
 2. Effect on the Uterus
 Progesterone promotes the secretory activities of uterine endometrium
 3. Effect on Cervix
 Progesterone increases the thickness of cervical mucosa
 5. Effect on Hypothalamus
 Progesterone inhibits the release of LH from hypothalamus through feedback
effect. This effect is utilized for its contraceptive action.

24.  6. Thermogenic Effect
 Progesterone increases the body temperature after ovulation
 Regulation of Progesterone Secretion
 LH from anterior pituitary activates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.
 Secretion of LH is influenced by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone secreted in
 hypothalamus.
 Progesterone inhibits the release of LH from anterior pituitary by negative feedback.

25.  Enumerate Functions of Ovaries??
 Enlist the ovarian hormones?????//
 Discuss function of Estrogen???
 Describe function of Progesterone??????/

26.  Which one of the following is not part of the female reproductive system?
a) Prostate gland
b) Ovary
c) Vagina
d) Urethra
Which one of the following is not a function of the female reproductive system?
a) To take care of the developing baby during pregnancy.
b) To produce eggs.
c) To give birth to the baby.
d) To excrete water.

27.  Where is gonadotrophin-releasing hormone produced?
a) Anterior pituitary
b) Posterior pituitary
c) Hypothalamus
d) Adrenal gland
Which hormone is the corpus luteum responsible for producing?
a) Oestrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Follicle-stimulating hormone
d) Luteinizing hormone
Where are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) produced?
a) Hypothalamus
b) Anterior pituitary
c) Posterior pituitary
d) Adrenal glands

28. Assignment question.
 WHEN CYCLISTS AND OTHER ATHLETES DO NOT CYCLE? EXPLAIN IN DEATAIL