4. fact or opinion?
•The One Direction were a band.
•The One Direction sang great songs.
5.
6.
7. Fallacy or faulty reasoning
•is an idea which many people
believed to be true but which is
contrary to the fact false because it is
based on incorrect information or
reasoning.
8. ❖ Fallacies of inconsistency: cases
where something inconsistent or
self-defeating has been proposed
or accepted.
The different ways of
classifying fallacies
9. Fallacies of inappropriate
presumption: cases where we
have an assumption or a question
presupposing something that is not
reasonable to accept in the
relevant conversational context.
10. ❖ Fallacies of relevance:
cases where irrelevant
reasons are being invoked or
relevant reasons being
ignored.
11. ❖ Fallacies of insufficiency:
cases where the evidence
supporting a conclusion is
insufficient or weak.
12. kinds of Fallacy
1. Ad hominem (meaning "against the person")—
attacks the person and not the issue
2. Appeal to emotions—manipulates people's
emotions in order to get their attention away from
an important issue.
15. 4. False dilemma—limits the possible
choices to avoid consideration of another
choice.
5. Appeal to the people—uses the views
of the majority as a persuasive device
16. 6. Scare tactic—creates fear in people as
evidence to support a claim.
7. False cause—wrongly assumes a
cause and effect relationship.
17. 8. Hasty generalization (or jumping to
conclusions)—draws a conclusion about
a population based on a small sample
9. Red herring—presents an irrelevant
topic to divert attention away from the
original issue
18. 1. Do you think the following advertisement expresses
fallacies and biases? Yes or No and why?
2. What type of fallacy is used in the following
commercial advertisement? (Hasty Generalization)
3. Do you think the following advertisements can create
wrongful conclusion among audience? Yes or No and
why?
Editor's Notes
Do you agree that the target audiences of the following ads are athletes and sports
enthusiasts? Agree or disagree? Why?
In addition,
it is a false or mistaken idea.
Faulty reasoning involves ideas that many people believe to be true.
These ideas are ultimately false because they are based on incorrect information or reasoning.
The study of fallacies is an application of the principles of critical thinking. Being familiar
with typical fallacies can help us avoid faulty reasoning. We would also be in a position to explain
other people's mistakes. The different ways of classifying fallacies below can help us identify
faulty reasoning.
cIGARETTE
below can help us identify
faulty reasoning.
"CIGARETESs are harmful for children, but they also help develop problem-solving skills.
Fallacies of inappropriate presumption are quite common in advertising, aiming to influence your perception and buying decisions by making assumptions that may not be true
You're right, fallacies of relevance are unfortunately quite common in advertising. Advertisers use them to influence your emotions and behavior, even if they don't necessarily provide a strong logical connection to the product or service itself
fallacies of insufficiency are all about making claims that sound convincing but lack the evidence to truly back them up.
Fallacy or faulty reasoning is described by the following
1. Ad hominem is a Latin phrase that translates to “against the person”. It is a logical fallacy that makes competitors look bad so people prioritize the advertiser’s products.
2. This fallacy is widely used in ads of various products and services across multiple industries.
the bandwagon fallacy occurs when an ad tries to persuade you to buy something simply because it's popular.
4. The false dilemma fallacy is a type of logical fallacy that presents two options as the only possible choices, when in reality there are other options available.
5. An appeal to the people fallacy is when an argument appeals to what the majority of people hold to be, or simply more valuable, rather than what experts suggest.
Many brands use customer reviews to attract new customers using this fallacy.
6. Scare tactics focus on using fear to drive sales. This logical fallacy typically highlights environments and situations that pose a significant threat to the target customer’s surroundings. It then suggests a particular good or service can help them avoid the risk. The tactic works by making people assume they are at risk even when a strong reason hasn’t been presented.
7. A false cause fallacy occurs when someone incorrectly assumes that one event caused another, even though there isn't enough evidence to support this claim. It's essentially jumping to a conclusion without considering other possibilities.
Here's a breakdown of what's happening:
Wrongly assumes: This means there's an incorrect belief that a specific event "caused" something else.
Cause and effect relationship: This refers to the idea that one event directly brings about another event.
8. The hasty generalization fallacy involves creating ads that draw conclusions from data sets to make a generalized point. ex. sports brand highlighting that an olympic swimmer wore their goggles while winning a gold medal, implying their brand was responsible for the outcome.
9. The red herring fallacy draws attention to a piece of unrelated information about a competitor, highlighting its weaknesses.
