The document summarizes human reproduction. It describes sexual reproduction involving the fusion of egg and sperm cells. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes and transfers them through the penis during intercourse. The female reproductive system involves ovaries releasing eggs, fallopian tubes and uterus where fertilization and fetal development occur. The menstrual cycle and process of fertilization are also outlined.
This document provides examination guidelines for the Grade 12 Life Sciences exam in South Africa. It consists of 19 pages covering: the format and weighting of the exam papers; the formal assessment program and sequence of topics; and an elaboration of the content to be assessed for each topic, including DNA, meiosis, reproduction, genetics and inheritance. The topics will be assessed across two question papers that contain short answers, structured questions and an essay. The guidelines are intended to clarify the scope of the exam and assist teachers in preparing learners.
1. The document defines evolution as gradual changes in organisms over generations due to natural selection. It discusses key figures in the development of evolutionary theory like Lamarck, Darwin, and Wallace.
2. Mechanisms of evolution include genetic variation, inheritance of traits, natural selection of advantageous variations, and accumulation of small changes over long periods of time leading to new species.
3. Evidence for evolution comes from fossils that show gradual changes in ancient species over millions of years, as well as anatomical, genetic, and biochemical similarities between living and extinct species, indicating common ancestry.
1) Fossil evidence from sites in South Africa like Sterkfontein provide insight into early hominids that lived over 3 million years ago, including Australopithecus africanus.
2) As hominids evolved, they exhibited skeletal changes associated with bipedalism as well as increases in brain size and cultural adaptations like tool use.
3) Genetic and fossil evidence supports the 'Out of Africa' theory where modern humans evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago and migrated elsewhere, replacing earlier hominid species like Neanderthals.
Meiosis is a cell division process that produces gametes, or sex cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It occurs in two stages: Meiosis I splits homologous chromosome pairs, resulting in haploid cells, and Meiosis II splits the remaining sister chromatids into individual chromosomes, resulting in four haploid cells. This ensures that offspring receive a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes and introduces genetic variation through processes like crossing over during prophase I. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction, as it maintains the chromosome number between generations and produces genetic diversity in offspring.
This document discusses genetics and inheritance of genetic diseases. It covers Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of genetics, including genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits. It also discusses chromosomes, genetic crosses, sex-linked inheritance and examples of genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. The role of mutations in causing genetic diseases as well as the process of genetic counseling is summarized.
DNA controls cellular activities and protein synthesis. It is found in the cell nucleus as a double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides. DNA replicates itself using DNA polymerase and stores the genetic code in genes that determine protein sequences. During transcription, a complementary mRNA strand is produced from DNA in the nucleus. Translation then occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons, assembling proteins from the genetic code carried by DNA.
The document summarizes human reproduction. It describes sexual reproduction involving the fusion of egg and sperm cells. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes and transfers them through the penis during intercourse. The female reproductive system involves ovaries releasing eggs, fallopian tubes and uterus where fertilization and fetal development occur. The menstrual cycle and process of fertilization are also outlined.
This document provides examination guidelines for the Grade 12 Life Sciences exam in South Africa. It consists of 19 pages covering: the format and weighting of the exam papers; the formal assessment program and sequence of topics; and an elaboration of the content to be assessed for each topic, including DNA, meiosis, reproduction, genetics and inheritance. The topics will be assessed across two question papers that contain short answers, structured questions and an essay. The guidelines are intended to clarify the scope of the exam and assist teachers in preparing learners.
1. The document defines evolution as gradual changes in organisms over generations due to natural selection. It discusses key figures in the development of evolutionary theory like Lamarck, Darwin, and Wallace.
2. Mechanisms of evolution include genetic variation, inheritance of traits, natural selection of advantageous variations, and accumulation of small changes over long periods of time leading to new species.
3. Evidence for evolution comes from fossils that show gradual changes in ancient species over millions of years, as well as anatomical, genetic, and biochemical similarities between living and extinct species, indicating common ancestry.
1) Fossil evidence from sites in South Africa like Sterkfontein provide insight into early hominids that lived over 3 million years ago, including Australopithecus africanus.
2) As hominids evolved, they exhibited skeletal changes associated with bipedalism as well as increases in brain size and cultural adaptations like tool use.
3) Genetic and fossil evidence supports the 'Out of Africa' theory where modern humans evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago and migrated elsewhere, replacing earlier hominid species like Neanderthals.
Meiosis is a cell division process that produces gametes, or sex cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It occurs in two stages: Meiosis I splits homologous chromosome pairs, resulting in haploid cells, and Meiosis II splits the remaining sister chromatids into individual chromosomes, resulting in four haploid cells. This ensures that offspring receive a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes and introduces genetic variation through processes like crossing over during prophase I. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction, as it maintains the chromosome number between generations and produces genetic diversity in offspring.
This document discusses genetics and inheritance of genetic diseases. It covers Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of genetics, including genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits. It also discusses chromosomes, genetic crosses, sex-linked inheritance and examples of genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. The role of mutations in causing genetic diseases as well as the process of genetic counseling is summarized.
DNA controls cellular activities and protein synthesis. It is found in the cell nucleus as a double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides. DNA replicates itself using DNA polymerase and stores the genetic code in genes that determine protein sequences. During transcription, a complementary mRNA strand is produced from DNA in the nucleus. Translation then occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons, assembling proteins from the genetic code carried by DNA.
This document discusses speciation and the factors that can lead to the formation of new species. It outlines two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation which is caused by geographic isolation, and sympatric speciation which does not require a large geographic barrier. Factors that can influence speciation include genetic variation due to isolation, inbreeding within small isolated populations, outbreeding between unrelated individuals, founder effects in small groups colonizing new areas, population bottlenecks from catastrophic events, and reproductive isolation through mechanisms like breeding at different times or adapting to different pollinators.
(1) This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 3 sections with multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions. It gives the time allotted, 150 marks, and details that all answers must be written in the answer book and drawings done in pencil.
(2) Section A includes 7 multiple choice questions testing content knowledge, 7 short answer questions requiring biological terms, and 6 matching questions. Section B has short answer questions on evolution, adaptations, natural selection, and speciation. Section C addresses disease transmission, resource use, and human evolution.
This document provides marking guidelines for grading Life Sciences papers in South Africa. It details 20 principles for markers to follow, such as marking the first three reasons given if more than three are provided. It also notes that abbreviations must be defined and that changes to memoranda require moderator approval. The document is signed, showing moderator consensus on the policies.
This document provides instructions for a Grade 12 Life Sciences exam. It consists of 14 pages and students have 2.5 hours to complete it. The exam contains 3 sections. Section A has 10 multiple choice questions worth 1 or 2 marks each, and short answer questions worth 1-8 marks. Section B contains diagram and graph interpretation questions worth 1-14 marks. Section C involves investigating the resistance of mosquitoes to DDT over time, with associated graphing and analysis questions worth 1-6 marks. Students are instructed to show all working, use scientific terms correctly, and answer all questions in full sentences in the answer book provided.
The document is an 11-page memorandum for a Life Sciences exam consisting of principles for marking, answers to exam questions, and a section on marking criteria. It provides concise summaries and the essential information needed to mark exam responses in 3 sentences or less.
This 10-page memorandum provides marking guidelines for a Life Sciences P2 examination consisting of 150 marks. It details 20 marking principles, including how to mark answers that provide more information than required or have sequencing and language issues. The memorandum then provides answer keys for 50 marks of section A multiple choice and structured questions, 60 marks of section B short answer and diagram labeling questions, and 40 marks of section C essay questions on topics like population growth and endocrine system function.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam. It consists of 15 pages and students have 2.5 hours to complete it. The instructions state that students must answer all questions, write answers in the answer book provided, number answers according to the question paper, present drawings according to instructions, and write neatly. It also provides information about the number of marks allocated, use of calculators and drawing tools, and copyright notice.
This memorandum provides marking guidelines for Life Sciences Paper 2 for the February/March 2013 examination in South Africa. It consists of 9 pages outlining the principles for marking, answers to questions in Sections A, B and C, and allocation of marks. The memorandum addresses topics related to human reproduction, genetics, ecosystems, population ecology, and endocrine system regulation.
This document is a 16-page Life Sciences question paper for Grade 12 students taking a test. It consists of various multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of topics like sexual reproduction, population ecology, human physiology, and more. The questions are formatted in numbered sections and subsections, with space provided to write answers directly in the test booklet.
This memorandum provides marking guidelines for Life Sciences Paper 2. It consists of 20 pages detailing the answers and marks allocated for each question. Principles for marking include stopping when maximum marks are reached, marking the first answer if more than required are given, and crediting relevant parts of longer answers. Abbreviations must be defined to receive marks. Diagrams or flow charts lose marks if descriptions are required.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 150 marks over 2.5 hours. It is divided into three sections: Section A with 50 marks, Section B with 60 marks, and Section C with 40 marks. The paper contains various types of questions including multiple choice, matching columns, labeling diagrams, short answers and longer explanations. Students are instructed to answer all questions in their answer book and show all working where necessary. They are permitted to use a calculator, protractor and compass during the exam.
This memorandum provides guidelines for marking the 2011 Life Sciences Paper 2 for the National Senior Certificate in South Africa. It consists of 20 principles to ensure consistent and fair marking. Some key principles include: awarding marks for the first few reasons/examples provided, even if incorrect; accepting answers that demonstrate understanding despite differences in format; and not penalizing for spelling errors if the word is recognizable. The memorandum also provides mark allocations for each question and sub-question.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of three sections worth a total of 150 marks over 21⁄2 hours. Section A is worth 50 marks and includes multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions testing concepts in evolution, ecology and microbiology. Section B is worth 30 marks for each of two structured questions on topics like pollution indicators, deforestation, and comparative anatomy. Section C consists of an essay worth 40 marks. Students are instructed to answer all questions, show workings, use diagrams where required, and write neatly.
This document is a 16-page exam paper for Life Sciences P2 from February/March 2010. It contains instructions for the exam, which is divided into two sections worth a total of 150 marks and takes 2.5 hours. Section A contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing concepts related to evolution, ecology, genetics and the timeline of life on Earth. Section B includes several longer answer questions requiring explanations and descriptions related to topics like natural selection, Lamarckism, water pollution and plant uses.
This memorandum consists of 11 pages and provides answers and marking schemes for questions in Life Sciences P2 from February/March 2010. Section A contains multiple choice and short answer questions on topics such as evolution, classification of organisms, geological time periods, and human evolution. Section B involves longer answer questions on natural selection, inheritance of acquired characteristics, environmental issues, and river pollution. Section C contains questions on plant germination, data analysis, human evolution, and fisheries management. The memorandum provides detailed answers and point allocations for each question.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 15 pages with 150 marks over 2.5 hours. It instructs students to answer all questions, write answers in the answer book, number answers correctly, and do all drawings in pencil with labels in ink. Diagrams are not necessarily to scale. Students must use a non-programmable calculator, protractor, and compass where needed. The exam consists of two sections. Section A contains multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions. Section B involves labeling diagrams and short answer questions related to DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and meiosis.
This document is the cover page for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 16 pages. It provides instructions for candidates taking the exam, including answering all questions, writing answers in the answer book, numbering answers correctly, presenting answers as instructed, using pencil for drawings, only drawing diagrams when asked, and writing neatly. It also allows for the use of a calculator, protractor, and compass where necessary.
This document provides principles for marking the Life Sciences memorandum for the 2011 National Senior Certificate Grade 12 examination. It outlines 20 principles related to marking, including how to mark answers that provide extra information, partial processes, diagrams instead of descriptions, non-recognized abbreviations, and spelling errors. It also provides guidance on marking different language responses and adhering only to approved marking memoranda.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 13 pages and 150 marks over 2.5 hours. It is divided into 3 sections. Section A contains multiple choice and matching questions about topics in evolution, genetics, human origins, and inheritance patterns. Section B asks students to represent genetic crosses, discuss advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering, and interpret data on human height. Section C contains diagrams of skulls and asks students to identify species, compare evolutionary trends, and describe evidence for the African origin of humans.
This document provides the memorandum for marking Life Sciences Paper 1 from November 2010 for the National Senior Certificate in South Africa. It outlines 20 principles for marking, including how to allocate marks for partial or incorrect answers. The memorandum then provides the answers and marking schemes for questions in Sections A, B and C of the paper. It gives the correct responses and number of marks awarded for each answer line or part. In total 150 marks were available for the paper.
This document discusses speciation and the factors that can lead to the formation of new species. It outlines two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation which is caused by geographic isolation, and sympatric speciation which does not require a large geographic barrier. Factors that can influence speciation include genetic variation due to isolation, inbreeding within small isolated populations, outbreeding between unrelated individuals, founder effects in small groups colonizing new areas, population bottlenecks from catastrophic events, and reproductive isolation through mechanisms like breeding at different times or adapting to different pollinators.
(1) This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 3 sections with multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions. It gives the time allotted, 150 marks, and details that all answers must be written in the answer book and drawings done in pencil.
(2) Section A includes 7 multiple choice questions testing content knowledge, 7 short answer questions requiring biological terms, and 6 matching questions. Section B has short answer questions on evolution, adaptations, natural selection, and speciation. Section C addresses disease transmission, resource use, and human evolution.
This document provides marking guidelines for grading Life Sciences papers in South Africa. It details 20 principles for markers to follow, such as marking the first three reasons given if more than three are provided. It also notes that abbreviations must be defined and that changes to memoranda require moderator approval. The document is signed, showing moderator consensus on the policies.
This document provides instructions for a Grade 12 Life Sciences exam. It consists of 14 pages and students have 2.5 hours to complete it. The exam contains 3 sections. Section A has 10 multiple choice questions worth 1 or 2 marks each, and short answer questions worth 1-8 marks. Section B contains diagram and graph interpretation questions worth 1-14 marks. Section C involves investigating the resistance of mosquitoes to DDT over time, with associated graphing and analysis questions worth 1-6 marks. Students are instructed to show all working, use scientific terms correctly, and answer all questions in full sentences in the answer book provided.
The document is an 11-page memorandum for a Life Sciences exam consisting of principles for marking, answers to exam questions, and a section on marking criteria. It provides concise summaries and the essential information needed to mark exam responses in 3 sentences or less.
This 10-page memorandum provides marking guidelines for a Life Sciences P2 examination consisting of 150 marks. It details 20 marking principles, including how to mark answers that provide more information than required or have sequencing and language issues. The memorandum then provides answer keys for 50 marks of section A multiple choice and structured questions, 60 marks of section B short answer and diagram labeling questions, and 40 marks of section C essay questions on topics like population growth and endocrine system function.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam. It consists of 15 pages and students have 2.5 hours to complete it. The instructions state that students must answer all questions, write answers in the answer book provided, number answers according to the question paper, present drawings according to instructions, and write neatly. It also provides information about the number of marks allocated, use of calculators and drawing tools, and copyright notice.
This memorandum provides marking guidelines for Life Sciences Paper 2 for the February/March 2013 examination in South Africa. It consists of 9 pages outlining the principles for marking, answers to questions in Sections A, B and C, and allocation of marks. The memorandum addresses topics related to human reproduction, genetics, ecosystems, population ecology, and endocrine system regulation.
This document is a 16-page Life Sciences question paper for Grade 12 students taking a test. It consists of various multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of topics like sexual reproduction, population ecology, human physiology, and more. The questions are formatted in numbered sections and subsections, with space provided to write answers directly in the test booklet.
This memorandum provides marking guidelines for Life Sciences Paper 2. It consists of 20 pages detailing the answers and marks allocated for each question. Principles for marking include stopping when maximum marks are reached, marking the first answer if more than required are given, and crediting relevant parts of longer answers. Abbreviations must be defined to receive marks. Diagrams or flow charts lose marks if descriptions are required.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 150 marks over 2.5 hours. It is divided into three sections: Section A with 50 marks, Section B with 60 marks, and Section C with 40 marks. The paper contains various types of questions including multiple choice, matching columns, labeling diagrams, short answers and longer explanations. Students are instructed to answer all questions in their answer book and show all working where necessary. They are permitted to use a calculator, protractor and compass during the exam.
This memorandum provides guidelines for marking the 2011 Life Sciences Paper 2 for the National Senior Certificate in South Africa. It consists of 20 principles to ensure consistent and fair marking. Some key principles include: awarding marks for the first few reasons/examples provided, even if incorrect; accepting answers that demonstrate understanding despite differences in format; and not penalizing for spelling errors if the word is recognizable. The memorandum also provides mark allocations for each question and sub-question.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of three sections worth a total of 150 marks over 21⁄2 hours. Section A is worth 50 marks and includes multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions testing concepts in evolution, ecology and microbiology. Section B is worth 30 marks for each of two structured questions on topics like pollution indicators, deforestation, and comparative anatomy. Section C consists of an essay worth 40 marks. Students are instructed to answer all questions, show workings, use diagrams where required, and write neatly.
This document is a 16-page exam paper for Life Sciences P2 from February/March 2010. It contains instructions for the exam, which is divided into two sections worth a total of 150 marks and takes 2.5 hours. Section A contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing concepts related to evolution, ecology, genetics and the timeline of life on Earth. Section B includes several longer answer questions requiring explanations and descriptions related to topics like natural selection, Lamarckism, water pollution and plant uses.
This memorandum consists of 11 pages and provides answers and marking schemes for questions in Life Sciences P2 from February/March 2010. Section A contains multiple choice and short answer questions on topics such as evolution, classification of organisms, geological time periods, and human evolution. Section B involves longer answer questions on natural selection, inheritance of acquired characteristics, environmental issues, and river pollution. Section C contains questions on plant germination, data analysis, human evolution, and fisheries management. The memorandum provides detailed answers and point allocations for each question.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 15 pages with 150 marks over 2.5 hours. It instructs students to answer all questions, write answers in the answer book, number answers correctly, and do all drawings in pencil with labels in ink. Diagrams are not necessarily to scale. Students must use a non-programmable calculator, protractor, and compass where needed. The exam consists of two sections. Section A contains multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions. Section B involves labeling diagrams and short answer questions related to DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and meiosis.
This document is the cover page for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 16 pages. It provides instructions for candidates taking the exam, including answering all questions, writing answers in the answer book, numbering answers correctly, presenting answers as instructed, using pencil for drawings, only drawing diagrams when asked, and writing neatly. It also allows for the use of a calculator, protractor, and compass where necessary.
This document provides principles for marking the Life Sciences memorandum for the 2011 National Senior Certificate Grade 12 examination. It outlines 20 principles related to marking, including how to mark answers that provide extra information, partial processes, diagrams instead of descriptions, non-recognized abbreviations, and spelling errors. It also provides guidance on marking different language responses and adhering only to approved marking memoranda.
This document provides instructions for a Life Sciences exam consisting of 13 pages and 150 marks over 2.5 hours. It is divided into 3 sections. Section A contains multiple choice and matching questions about topics in evolution, genetics, human origins, and inheritance patterns. Section B asks students to represent genetic crosses, discuss advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering, and interpret data on human height. Section C contains diagrams of skulls and asks students to identify species, compare evolutionary trends, and describe evidence for the African origin of humans.
This document provides the memorandum for marking Life Sciences Paper 1 from November 2010 for the National Senior Certificate in South Africa. It outlines 20 principles for marking, including how to allocate marks for partial or incorrect answers. The memorandum then provides the answers and marking schemes for questions in Sections A, B and C of the paper. It gives the correct responses and number of marks awarded for each answer line or part. In total 150 marks were available for the paper.
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