Extraction of senna seamea lam seeds
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Senna siamea Lam seeds were crushed and immersed in n-Hexane solution for Soxhlet extraction over 25 hours to obtain crude seed oil. The crude oil then underwent four refining processes: neutralizing with sodium hydroxide, degumming with phosphoric acid, bleaching with bentonite, and wintering by cooling and filtering to obtain pure refined oil.
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Essence of argan
The Argan oil is an all-natural and pure product recommended to treat health and skin conditions, and has been done it for thousands of years. The product is hand made only in Marocco because it only grows there. The Argan nuts are cracked to remove the grain, then stone ground for a few hours and cold pressed so the oil can be extracted easily.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
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FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
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Olfactory Genes:
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Olfactory Membrane:
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Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
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Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
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Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
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Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
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Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
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Title: Sense of Smell
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Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
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Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
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Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
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Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
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Primary Sensations of Smell:
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Odor Detection Threshold:
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Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
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Extraction of senna seamea lam seeds
- 1. Extractionof SennaseameaLam seeds A crushedof Senna siamea Lam seeds(±150 g) was immersedinto500 mL n-Hexane 95% solutionat Soxhletset.Extractionproceswasoccuredduring25 h the boilingpointsof n-hexane (76°C) (until the colourof solution afterimmerseddidn’tchange).The crude oil of SennaseameaLamseedswere obtainedafterevaporatedthatextracuntil n-Hexanvapored. Refiningof SennaseameaLamseeds The crude oil of SennaseameaLam wasrefinedwith neutralizing,degumming,bleaching,and winteringprocess. Neutralizingprocess Oil and the necessaryamount ± 10% excessof neutralizingagent(NaOH70%).The reactionmixture was subjectedtoagitationwithamagneticstirerduring30 min.The separationof neutralizedoil was achievedbycentrifugingat 600rpm for 1 h. Degummingprocess The netral oil phase free of hydratable gumsflowstoa centrifugal mixerafterheatinginaplate heat exchanger,where itisaddedwithphosphoricacid ±20% of oil weight. Bleachingoil In the bleachingprocess, addedwithbleachingagent(bentonite) ±8% of oil weight . The separationof degummingoil wasachievedbycentrifugingat600rpm for 1 h. Winteringproses bleachingoil wascooledinafreezerat -20 C, andthenfilteredtoobtainedpure oil.