It tackles that extension is a process by which policies should be made for appropriate implementation of extension projects

1. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO
EXTENSION POLICY AND
GOALS:
BY: ZALDY M. BOLORON
Student,
Ext. Edu. 809
DR. HAJJA SEDRA MURRAY
Professor, Ext.

2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION:
1. What is Extension?
2. Issues/Concerns besetting
Extension System
3. Extension Goals
4. Extension Policy
5. References

3. WHAT IS EXTENSION?
Extension is a process of
working with rural people in
order to improve their livelihoods.
This involves helping farmers to
improve the productivity of their
agriculture and also developing
their abilities to direct their own
future development.

4. EXTENSION GOALS
Goals lead the actions of individuals,
groups, and organizations.
Pointing towards a future state,
influenced if not determined by past
experiences.
Reflect the interests of stakeholders and
differ, according to specific life situation,
power positions, development logic.
WHAT ARE THE EXTENSION GOALS?

5. EXTENSION GOALS
The prominent features of a system,
such as its organizational structure,
the choice of clientele, its operational
design, and the methods used, are
directly influenced by its set of goals
and must be evaluated in terms of
their contribution to goal
achievement.
WHAT ARE THE EXTENSION GOALS?

6. Main actors within the extension
system are the members of rural
communities, extension and other
development personnel, researchers,
and staff of commercial or public
service and support organizations.
 Empirical evidence shows a variety
of forms in which interaction among
these groups is institutionalized.
WHAT ARE THE EXTENSION GOALS?

7. The two end points of this goals
continuum would be marked as
technology transfer and human
resource development,
suggesting either a rather
narrow technical or a broader
socioeconomic view of
development.
WHAT ARE THE EXTENSION GOALS?

8. TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
 COLONIALISM AND
IMPERIAL EXPANSION
 CONVENTIONAL VIEW
ON AGRICULTURAL
KNOWLEDGE
 RESEARCH-EXTENSION-
FARMER LINKAGE
 REDISCOVERY OF
FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE
IMPROVED/
MODERNIZED
NEW
TECHNOLOGY
TWO END POINTS OF GOAL CONTINUUM
 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
AS AN EXTENSION
SUBSTITUTION MODEL
 PROVISION OF
MANAGERIAL AND
ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS
CAPABILITY BUILDING
 CRITICAL COMPETENCE
HUMAN
RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT

9. An inadequate internal
organizational structure
 Inefficiency of extension personnel
 Inappropriateness or irrelevance
of extension content
 Dilution of extension impact
ISSUES/CONCERNS BESETTING
EXTENSION SYSTEM

10.  Degradation of
marginal land
 Unsurpass problem-
solving capacities of
the local population.
ISSUES/CONCERNS BESETTING
EXTENSION SYSTEM

11. WHAT IS EXTENSION POLICY?
 Extension Policy is a set of norms,
conditions, guidelines, laws/decrees and
protocols that will address the impact of
extension towards the productivity of all
major groups of farmers, including their
incomes and quality of life. In addition,
extension should be evaluated by its
contribution to sustainable agricultural
development (Tito E. Contedo, 1994)

12. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED:
12
FACTORS/
PARAMETERS
POINT OF POLICY RECOMMENDATION
1. POPULATION
FACTOR
- THIS FACTOR HAS A DIRECT IMPACT ON THE DEMAND FOR
FOOD AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AND IT
RESULTS IN INCREASED PRESSURE ON THE LAND AND
OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES.
2. NATURAL
RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
- POPULATION PRESSURE AND THE DEMAND FOR
INCREASING FOOD OUTPUT ARE NOW COMMONLY
ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEGRADATION, DEPLETION, AND
POLLUTION OF SOIL, WATER, AND OTHER NATURAL
RESOURCES (ALEXANDRATOS, 1995, P. 350).
- NUMEROUS ACTIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR A SOCIETY TO
CONSERVE, PROTECT, REHABILITATE, AND MANAGE ITS
LAND, WATER, AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES;
THEREFORE, EXTENSION HAS A CENTRAL ROLE TO PLAY IN

13. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED:
13
FACTORS/
PARAMETERS
POINT OF POLICY RECOMMENDATION
3. ECONOMICS OF
EXTENSION
 FUNDING OF RESEARCH AND EXTENSION HAS BECOME AN
INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT POLICY ISSUE, ONE THAT HAS
GIVEN RISE TO A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN FINANCIAL
SUPPORT FOR EXTENSION.
 MANY ECONOMISTS AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNERS
BELIEVE THAT PUBLIC FUNDING OF EXTENSION SHOULD
BE HIGHER TO ACHIEVE BOTH HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER GOALS OF A
PUBLIC SECTOR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM"
(SWANSON, 1990, P. 26-27).
4. SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
 MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF THE NATURAL
RESOURCE BASE, AND THE ORIENTATION OF
TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN SUCH A
MANNER AS TO ENSURE THE ATTAINMENT AND CONTINUED

14. REFERENCES
1. Agricultural Extension Service. (1978). Agricultural extension in Japan. Tokyo:
Japan Agricultural Extension and Development Association.
2. Alexandratos, N. (1995). World agriculture: Towards 2010, an FAO study. West
Sussex, England: FAO and John Wiley & Sons. Asian Productivity Organization
(APO). (1994). Agricultural extension systems in Asia and the Pacific. Tokyo: Asian
Productivity Organization.
3. Chung, Yong-Bok, & Dong, Youl-Mo. (1984). A study of the agricultural extension
experiences in the Republic of Korea. Rome: FAO.
4. Chung, Yong-Bok, et al. (1985). Agricultural extension services in Korea. Seodun-
dong, Suwon, Republic of Korea: Rural Development Administration.
5. Coutts, J. (1994). Process, paper policy and practice: A case study of the
introduction of a formal extension policy in Queensland, Australia, 1987-1994.
6. Den Haag: Koninklijke Bibliotheek. FAO and Ministry of Agriculture, the
Netherlands. (1991).
7. FAO/Netherlands Conference on Agriculture and the Environment: The den Bosch
Declaration and Agenda for Action on Sustainable Agriculture and Rural
Development

15. REFERENCES
8. Report of the Conference. Rome: FAO and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management
and Fisheries of the Netherlands.
9. FAO. (1991). International directory of agricultural extension organizations. Rome:
10. FAO. (1990). Women in agricultural development: FAO's plan of action. Rome:
11. Jones, G. (1986). Investing in rural extension: Strategies and goals. London: Elsevier
Applied Science Publishers.
12. Kelsey, L., & Hearne, C. (1963). Cooperative extension work. Ithaca, NY: Comstock
Publishing Associates of Cornell University Press.
13. Rivera, W, & Gustafson, D. (1991). Agricultural extension: Worldwide institutional evolution
and forces for change. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
14.Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.
15. Stocking, M. (Ed.). (1994). Report of the Expert Consultation on Integrating Environmental
and Sustainable Development Themes into Agricultural Education and Extension
Programmes. Rome: FAO.
16. Swanson, B. (Ed.). (1990). Global Consultation on Agricultural Extension: A report. Rome:
FAO.
17. Swanson, B. (Ed.). (1984). Agricultural extension: A reference manual. Rome: FAO.

16. THANK
YOU!