Exp 5- Chemiluminescence Name- Date- Post-Lab Questions- 1- Identify a.docx

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Exp 5: Chemiluminescence Name: Date: Post-Lab Questions: 1. Identify a common structural feature of the fluorophores used in this experiment. (2pts) 2. Explain the difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence. (4 pts) Solution 1. All these fluorophores are aromatic . These substances absorbs energy from the source of light and shows electronic transitions from ground to excited state and this excited electron looses energy in form of radiation leading to light phenomenon . 2\'. Fluorescence is the phenomenon in which excited electron loose energy in form of light radiations while coming from first singlet excited state to ground singlet state . It of short time phenomenon. That is S^1 = S^0 + light While phosphorescence is phenomenon of loosening of energy in form of light radiations from excited e- from first triplet excited state to singlet ground state . That is T^1 = S^0 + light . As transition from triplet state to singlet state is spin forbidden , so this is longer time phenomenon as compare to fluorescence. .

Exp 5: Chemiluminescence Name: Date: Post-Lab Questions: 1. Identify a common structural
feature of the fluorophores used in this experiment. (2pts) 2. Explain the difference between
fluorescence and phosphorescence. (4 pts)
Solution
1. All these fluorophores are aromatic . These substances absorbs energy from the source of light
and shows electronic transitions from ground to excited state and this excited electron looses
energy in form of radiation leading to light phenomenon .
2'. Fluorescence is the phenomenon in which excited electron loose energy in form of light
radiations while coming from first singlet excited state to ground singlet state . It of short time
phenomenon. That is S^1 = S^0 + light
While phosphorescence is phenomenon of loosening of energy in form of light radiations from
excited e- from first triplet excited state to singlet ground state .
That is T^1 = S^0 + light .
As transition from triplet state to singlet state is spin forbidden , so this is longer time
phenomenon as compare to fluorescence.

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Explain two Principle of locality used in Memory Hierarchy. Solution Hierarchical memory is a hardware optimization that takes the benefits of spatial and temporal locality and can be used on several levels of the memory hierarchy. Paging obviously benefits from temporal and spatial locality. A cache is a simple example of exploiting temporal locality, because it is a specially designed, faster but smaller memory area, generally used to keep recently referenced data and data near recently referenced data, which can lead to potential performance increases. Principle of Locality: Memory Hierarchies :- Temporal locality- Recently accessed items will be accessed in the near future. Temporal locality is found in instruction loops, data stacks and variable accesses. If at one point a particular memory location is referenced, then it is likely that the same location will be referenced again in the near future. There is a temporal proximity between the adjacent references to the same memory location. In this case it is common to make efforts to store a copy of the referenced data in special memory storage, which can be accessed faster. Temporal locality is a special case of spatial locality, namely when the prospective location is identical to the present location. Spatial locality - Items at addresses close to the addresses of recently accessed items will be accessed in the near future. Spatial locality describes the characteristic that programs access a number of distinct regions. If a particular storage location is referenced at a particular time, then it is likely that nearby memory locations will be referenced in the near future. In this case it is common to attempt to guess the size and shape of the area around the current reference for which it is worthwhile to prepare faster access .

Explain two Principle of locality used in Memory Hierarchy-SolutionHie.docx

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Explain the use of “directives” in configuration files. Provide an example of two directives found in an Apache configuration file and detail what each accomplishes. Solution The configuration files contain directives that can be applied to the entire server, or they may be restricted to apply only to particular directories, files, hosts, or URLs. HTTP Server of Apache is configured by putting or placing directives in plain text configuration files. Configuration file httpd.conf is called main configuration file. During compile time its location is set, but command line flag -f is used if it\'s need to be overridden ever.Directive \"Include\" is used to add other configuration files ,likewise wildcards can also be used to add many configuration files.Any of these configuration files can be used to place any of the directives,httpd is used to recognised if any of the changes is made in main configuration file when it is started or restarted. The <If Define>directive encloses directives that will only be applied if an appropriate parameter is defined on the httpdcommand line. The < IfModule>directive is very similar, except it encloses directives that will only be applied if a particular module is available in the server. The module must either be statically compiled in the server, or it must be dynamically compiled and its LoadModule line must be earlier in the configuration file. This directive should only be used if you need your configuration file to work whether or not certain modules are installed. It should not be used to enclose directives that you want to work all the time, because it can suppress useful error messages about missing modules. .

Explain the use of directives in configuration files- Provide an examp.docx

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Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. Solution Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. steps: 1) enable : in this it will ask you for your password 2) configur terminal: it will give access in internation configure mode 3) ROUTING : IT ENABLE ROUTING OF THE SPECIFIC DEVICE 4) vrf definition: it configures the routing and get into vrf configure mode 5) address :enter vrf address 6) exit :it will exit exit from vrf address 7) exit: it exit from vrf configure mode 8) mode enable: it give access to vrf 9) rip process: creates the routing process 10) EXIT: exit from rtr mode and get into gobal configure mode 11 )interface: here we will specify the interface type 12) vrf forwarding : it combine to specific interface routing object 13) enable : it will enable routing process 14) enable : it will start enabling routing process on interface 15) end: here it will exit form interface advantages: 1.it uses the updated information for best posiible routing 2.the size of the database can be minimized 3.there will clear vision for for evry router 4.about the network so its difficult to routing loops disadvantages: 1.there is a need of perfect netwrok design 2.there is aneed of higher memory 3.setup of link state protocol is expensive .

Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages.docx

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Explain the motivation behind using a header file for a C program. Solution Motivation behind using header file in c Programming: Header files contain definitions of functions and variables which can be included into any c program by using #include. Compilation speed up and optimization :During compilation of some parts of the code it may be sufficient to load API interfaces from header files to check correctness of the code used while defining them. -2. The motivation for the introduction of header files is type safety. C allows function calls without forward declaration. Logically speaking using functions without forward declaration is as harmful as using Macros as compilers has no proper mechanism to validate the type of the arguments with the parameters. So chances of unresolved linkage errors and runtime failure is more prominent. 3. Header files are more like data abstraction, you just see the important components and you don\'t need to know the background process. 4. To reduce overhead of RAM....the functions or classes defined in these header files are already compiled so they can be directly used . 5.Including a header allows your code to call functions or methods which are written elsewhere and which may or may not be a part of your software project/build, but which can be found by the \'linker\' when you are building the software. 6. Header files are mainly used to declare and include the signatures (i.e. function name, return value and arguments) of your functions in other files. The compiler needs to know these signatures when compiling and linking your files together. .

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