1. Research Unit
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing
The epidemiology of SIDS has changed with the substantial fall in the mortality attributable to the decreased prevalence of infants sleeping
prone.4 The winter excess of deaths has largely gone. Prone sleeping position has also been shown to be more dangerous in the presence of excess
clothing and bedding, all-night room heating, and infection. 5 In New Zealand the previous excess of deaths in the colder regions has also disappeared.
Recent reports have shown that the increased risk of SIDS with co-sleeping applies predominantly to infants whose mothers smoke cigarettes.
2,6 Infants of mothers who smoke in pregnancy have deficient hypoxic arousal responses. 7 Their arousal responses to thermal stress might also be
blunted.
Anthropologists have suggested that a sensory-rich environment, which includes sharing the same bedroom and co-sleeping, might lower the
risk of SIDS.8 Low SIDS mortality rates in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it is common for infants to share rooms or beds, provides support for this
view. However, further analyses show that in the Pacific Island community bedsharing increases the risk of SIDS among infants of mothers who smoke.
These findings are an example of the ecological fallacy whereby a correlation between variables based on group (ecological) characteristics may not
necessarily be reproduced between variables based on individual characteristics.
The main concern about recommending that infants should not be taken to bed with the parent relates to a possible detrimental effect on
breastfeeding. Bedsharing is associated with breastfeeding, partly because breastfeeding encourages bedsharing.9 However, a recent study has shown
that routinely bedsharing infants breastfed three times longer during the night than did infants who routinely slept separately. 10 Thus breastfeeding
promotes bedsharing, which in itself facilitates breastfeeding. Although there are many good reasons for encouraging breastfeeding, the protective
effect of breastfeeding against SIDS is modest.
The recommendation that infants should not bedshare, at lease with mothers who smoke, should be included in the “Back to sleep” (sleeping
non-prone) campaign. This recommendation needs to be promoted with sensitivity. It does not prohibit the mother from breastfeeding or comforting
the child in bed, but when the mother is about to sleep the infant should be returned to the cot. Although this is a small group at risk, the magnitude of
the risk is large for infants of mothers who smoke, and the potential number of infants saved is substantial.
Mitchell, E. A. (1996). Co-sleeping and sudden infant death syndrome. The Lancet, 348, 1466.
In-text citation
(Mitchell, 1996)

2. Research Unit
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing
Unfamiliar words Quote “full course meal” Paraphrase- buffet Summarize- Chicken nugget
The epidemiology of SIDS has Epi/dem/io/logy- Mitchell reports that, “The Mitchell reports that the Mitchell reports that the
changed with the substantial The scientific study of the epidemiology of SIDS has scientific study of SIDS study of SIDS
fall in the mortality causes, distribution, and changed with the has changed has changed
attributable to the decreased control of disease in substantial due to the due to the significant drop
prevalence of infants populations. fall in the mortality significant decrease of infant deaths
sleeping prone.4 Sub/stan/tial- attributable to the in infant deaths due to fewer
Of ample or considerable decreased due to infants
The winter excess of deaths amount, quantity, size, prevalence of infants fewer infants sleeping prone (pg. 1466).
has largely gone. etc.: a substantial sum of sleeping prone” (pg. 1466). sleeping prone (pg. 1466).
money.
Mort/al/ity-
The relative frequency of
deaths in a specific
population; death rate.
Attribut/able-
To regard as resulting
from a specified cause;
consider as caused by
something indicated
(usually followed by to ):
She attributed his bad
temper to ill health.
Pre/val/ence-
The condition of being
prevalent, or widespread:
the prevalence of AIDS in
developing countries.
Prefix meaning
Sub- under, below, from, secretly, instead of
Mort- mortal, death
Epi- upon, close to, over, after, altered

3. Research Unit
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing
Unfamiliar words Quote “full course meal” Paraphrase- buffet Summarize- Chicken nugget
Prone sleeping position has also Presence Mitchell states that, “Prone Mitchell states that, prone Mitchell states that infants who sleep on
been shown to be more immediate vicinity; sleeping position has also sleeping position has been their stomachs are in greater danger in a
dangerous in the presence of proximity: in the presence of been shown to be more shown to be unsafe in an area heated sleeping area that contains
excess clothing witnesses dangerous in the presence of that contains extra clothing, and excess material and while experiencing
and bedding, excess clothing bedding within a heated room an illness (pg. 1466).
all-night room heating, and bedding, and when the infant has an
and infection. 5 all-night room heating, infection (pg. 1466).
and infection” (pg. 1466).
In New Zealand the previous Previous- Mitchell states, “In New Mitchell indicates that prior The number of deaths has diminished in
excess of deaths in the colder coming or occurring before Zealand the previous excess of excessive deaths in New colder areas of New Zealand (Mitchell,
regions has also disappeared. something else; prior deaths in the colder regions Zealand in colder areas has also pg. 1466).
has also disappeared” disappeared (pg. 1466).
regions- (pg. 1466).
the vast or indefinite
entirety of a space or area
Recent reports have shown that Predominantly- Mitchell states, “Recent
the increased risk of SIDS with for the most part; mostly; reports have shown that the
co-sleeping applies mainly increased risk of SIDS with co-
predominantly to infants whose sleeping applies
mothers smoke cigarettes. 2,6 predominantly to infants
whose mothers smoke
cigarettes” (pg. 1466).
Infants of mothers who smoke in Deficient- Mitchell states, “Infants of
pregnancy have deficient insufficient; inadequate mothers who smoke in
hypoxic arousal responses. 7 pregnancy have deficient
arousal- hypoxic arousal responses”
to awaken; wake up: (pg. 1466).
Their arousal responses to Blunted- Mitchell states, “Their arousal
thermal stress might also be slow in perception or responses to thermal stress
blunted. understanding might also be blunted”
(pg. 1466).
Research Unit

4. Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing
Homework
1. Read the following research article excerpt
2. Pick three sentences (same or different)
3. Write a-
a. Quote- for your chosen sentence
b. Paraphrase- for your chosen sentence
c. Summary - for your chosen sentence
4. Write your in-text citation following your quote, paraphrase and summary
Anthropologists have suggested that a sensory-rich environment, which includes sharing the same bedroom and co-sleeping, might
lower the risk of SIDS.8 Low SIDS mortality rates in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it is common for infants to share rooms or beds,
provides support for this view. However, further analyses show that in the Pacific Island community bedsharing increases the risk of SIDS
among infants of mothers who smoke. These findings are an example of the ecological fallacy whereby a correlation between variables
based on group (ecological) characteristics may not necessarily be reproduced between variables based on individual characteristics.
The main concern about recommending that infants should not be taken to bed with the parent relates to a possible detrimental
effect on breastfeeding. Bedsharing is associated with breastfeeding, partly because breastfeeding encourages bedsharing. 9 However, a
recent study has shown that routinely bedsharing infants breastfed three times longer during the night than did infants who routinely slept
separately. 10 Thus breastfeeding promotes bedsharing, which in itself facilitates breastfeeding. Although there are many good reasons for
encouraging breastfeeding, the protective effect of breastfeeding against SIDS is modest.
The recommendation that infants should not bedshare, at lease with mothers who smoke, should be included in the “Back to sleep”
(sleeping non-prone) campaign. This recommendation needs to be promoted with sensitivity. It does not prohibit the mother from
breastfeeding or comforting the child in bed, but when the mother is about to sleep the infant should be returned to the cot. Although this
is a small group at risk, the magnitude of the risk is large for infants of mothers who smoke, and the potential number of infants saved is
substantial.
Quote
Paraphrase
Summarize