Reviewer

1. Sociological Lenses
Emmanuel John Pangan
Wesleyan University - Philippines

5. How do you see the world around you?

6. Three Major Sociological Perspectives

7. Functionalist perspective
• Views society as a complex interconnected system of parts that work
together in harmony
• Points to the importance of social structure, any relatively stable
pattern of social behavior
• Looks for any structure’s social function, the consequences of any
social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
• Macro-level perspective—they view society and its pieces as a whole.

8. Critical perspective
• Macro-level approach that focuses on inequality
• Society is composed of unequal distribution of desired resources that
benefit a minority at the expense of the majority.
• This unequal distribution of desired resources causes conflict within a
society.
• Those that have the resources develop structures and methods to
maintain these resources.
• Those that do not have the resources are always creating new ways to
acquire resources
• Hence, this approach views society in constant conflict.

9. Interactionist perspective
• Micro-level approach, which is an individual level approach
• In symbolic interaction society is viewed as an ongoing, ever-changing
event or drama.
• The primary focus in this approach is communication and exchange of
ideas using symbols.
• In this approach, “society is nothing more than the reality people
construct for themselves as they interact with one another”

15. Why do you see the world that way?

16. PHILIPPINE POPULAR
CULTURE:
THEN AND NOW
THE EMERGENCE OF MODERNIZATION
IN THE PHILIPPINES

17. This lesson
will cover
three
topics
Pre-colonial Period
Colonial Period
Modern Period

18. Learning
Outcomes
Introduce and analyze the history
and culture of the Philippines
through discussion
Distinguish the different
improvements of science and
technology, government and
education with relates to the
culture.

19. • The Philippines is rich in historical and cultural heritage consisting of
various traditions and cultures due to different influences from our
previous colonizers.

20. PRE-COLONIAL
PHILIPPINES

21. Background: Pre-colonial
Philippines
• Long before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of their
own. This civilization partly came from the
Malay settlers and partly from their response
to the new environment.
• Before the arrival of European colonizers in
the 1500s, the various ethnic groups of the
Philippines were organized into various
independent political entity, which historians
have come to call "barangays."

22. Indigenous people of the Philippines
Badjao Igurot Lumad

23. Politics and Government
• unit of government was the barangay, which
consisted of from 30 to 100 families. The
term came from the Malay word balangay,
meaning boat
• barangays were headed by chieftains called
Datu
• the chief or Datu was the chief executive,
the legislator, and the judge; he was also
the supreme commander in times of war

24. Politics and
Government
• alliances among barangays were common
and these were formalized in a ritual called
sangduguan
• conflicts between or among barangays
were settled by violence; those who win by
force is always right
• before laws are made, the chief consults
with a council of elders who approved of
his plan
• they are not immediately enforced until the
new legislation is announced to the village
by the umalohokan, who also explains the
law to everyone

25. Politics and Government
• Disputes between barangays were settled by a board
made up of elders from neutral barangays acted as
judges.
• Disputes between individuals were settled by a court
made up of the village chief and the council of elders;
The accused and the accuser faced each other in front
of the “court” with their respective witnesses. These
witnesses took an oath to tell the truth and nothing
but the truth.

26. Politics and Government
• to determine the innocence of an accused, he is made to go
through several ordeals which he must pass
• examples include dipping one’s hand in boiling water,
plunging into a river and staying underwater for as long as
possible, etc.
• among the Ifugaos, ordeal by combat was common, i.e.
bultong (wrestling), alaw (duel)

27. Education
• Most children were
provided solely with
vocational training,
which was supervised by
parents, tribal tutors or
those assigned for
specific, specialized roles
within their
communities.
• Some communities
utilized a writing system
known as Baybayin.

28. Livelihood and Economic Life
in Pre-colonial Philippines

29. Traditional
Clothing
• male attire was composed of the
kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and
bahag (loincloth)
• the color of the kanggan indicates
rank – red for the chief, black or blue
for the commoners
• men also wear a turban called
putong, which also tell the social
status/achievement of the individual
wearing it
• female attire consisted of baro or
camisa (jacket with sleeves) and saya
or patadyong (a long skirt); some
women wore a piece of red or white
cloth on top of their skirt called tapis
Bogobo man and woman

30. Pre-colonial Arts

31. ARTS
Rock carving in the Angono Petroglyphs
Carved wooden shield
Bul-ul: The Ifugao’s rice
granary God
Sari-manok

32. Music

33. Religious Beliefs
• pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the existence of
several gods whom they worship and made
offerings to according to rank
• adored idols called anitos or diwatas to whom
they made offerings
• some anitos were considered bad; however, they
made offerings to them too in order to appease
them or placate their anger
• priestesses such as the babaylan/ baylana or
katalona acted as mediums to communicate with
these spirits

34. Burial
• the dead was placed in a wooden coffin and buried
under the house complete with cloth, gold and other
valuable things
• upon the death of the person, fires were made
under the house and armed men acted as sentinels
to guard the corpse from sorcerers
• Professional mourners were hired to accentuate the
depth of mourning

35. Divination and Magic
Charms
• ancient Filipinos are quite superstitious and put
much stock into prophesies, and magic charms
• they interpreted signs in nature like the flight of
birds, the barking of dogs, the singing of lizards,
and the like, as good or bad omens depending
on the circumstances
• there was also a belief in the existence of the
aswang, mangkukulam, manggagaway, tiyanak,
and the tikbalang
• amulets and charms were also used by the
ancients like the anting-anting, gayuma, odom
or tagabulag, and tagahupa

36. COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
Cultural Influences Brought About by Spanish and American Rule

37. Spanish Period: Political System

38. Spanish Period:
Educational System
• Spanish missionaries opened the
first schools and universities as
early as 16th century.
• Free public education was not
made available until 1863.
Furthermore, the church controlled
the curriculum.
• Higher education was limited and is
under clerical direction. By the
1880s, sons of the wealthy were
being sent to Europe to study.
Library of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, 1887.
Created at the request of Archbishop Miguel de Benavides,
O.P. of Manila in 1610, it is the oldest existing university in Asia.
The library is also the oldest in the continent. It even had its
own printing press which was brought from Europe.

39. Economy and
Livelihood
• The priests tried to move all the people
into pueblos, or villages, surrounding
the great stone churches. But the
dispersed demographic patterns of the
old barangays largely persisted.
• Agricultural technology changed very
slowly until the late 18th century, as
intensive farming was adopted under
the guidance of the friars.

40. Fashion during the Spanish Period
Baro’t Saya “Maria Clara” dress
(c. 1700s – 1840s) (c. 1890s)

41. Fashion during the Spanish Period
Barong Tagalog Barong Tagalog
(c. 1855) (c. 1850)

42. Music and Dance during
the Spanish Period

43. Philippine Music during
the Spanish Period
KUNDIMAN

44. Music: Spanish
Period
Pabasa ng Pasyon

45. • During the Spanish
period, theaters are
finally introduced for the
entertainment. Sarzuela,
Senakulo, Komedya, and
Moro-moro are the
examples of theater arts
that are shown in this
period.

46. American Period: Political System

47. American Period:
Educational System
• The United States gave high
priority to education. Its
importance is further
highlighted by the fact that the
position of Secretary of
Education was never held by a
Filipino during the entirety of
American colonial rule.

48. Music during
the American
Period
• American/European influenced classical, semi-
classical, and popular music comprise what we
refer to today as Philippine music
• The American regime lasted from 1898 to 1946
during which time Philippine music underwent
another process of transformation.
• In the newly established public-school system,
music was included in the curriculum at the
elementary and later at the high school levels.
Music conservatories and colleges were established
at the tertiary level. Graduates from these
institutions included the first generation of Filipino
composers whose works were written in western
idioms and forms.

49. Fashion during the American Period
Traje de Mestiza Baro’t Saya Traje de Mestiza
(c. 1910s) (c. 1910) (c. Late 1920s to Early 1930s)

50. Fashion During the
American Period
By the 1930s, young adult women and
children finally abandoned the typical
"Traje de Mestiza" as everyday wear and
started to wear floral printed dresses
with mid-calf length shirts. Men's fashion
remained the same as they continued to
wear the "Americana" suit.

51. Fashion
• When 1940s came, the Philippines saw the breaking
out of World War II resulting in the shortage of
tailoring shops, clothing boutiques and dressmaking
factories as the country was occupied by the Japanese
Empire. The severity era started when rations were
implemented, and the women wore simpler clothing.
The terno gradually disappeared and stopped being
manufactured. Only the older people wore their old
terno dresses. Clothing boutiques only sold
monochromatic dresses, mostly in dark tones. The
shirtwaist dresses of the previous decade also became
popular in the 1940s with a simpler look.
• The men's fashion remained unchanged but became a
more casual and started abandoning the coat as a
casual wear and wore it only for formal wear.

52. Popular Culture During the Post War Era
MODERN PHILIPPINES

53. Modern
Philippines:
Government
and Political
System

54. Modern Philippines: Educational
System
Three government agencies manage the different levels of
education
• Department of Education (DepEd)
• Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
• Technical Education Skills Development Authority
(TESDA)

55. Emergence of
Telecommunication

56. Emergence of
Telecommunication
• The Pager (Upper Left)
• The First Commercial Mobile Phone (Upper Right)

57. Emergence of
Telecommunication

58. Emergence of Telecommunication

59. Introduction of 3G Mobile Internet

60. Emergence of Social Media

61. Emergence of Social Media

62. Introduction of 4G LTE Mobile Internet

63. Philippines as
the Social
Media
Capital

64. The Evolution of
Recorded Music –
From Vinyl to Spotify

65. Timeline on the
Development
of
Communication

66. Timeline on the Development of
Communication

67. Economy
and
Livelihood

68. Language Trends:
Jejemon

69. Language Trends: Hugot

70. Filipino Slang
Words: 2017

71. Filipino Slang
Words: 2021

72. Other Filipino
Slang Words

73. Filipino Music Icons
during the 1970s

74. Filipino Music Icons
during the 1980s

75. Filipino Music Icons during the 1990s

76. Popular Music in the
2000s
Contemporary R&B was one of the most popular
genres of the decade (especially in the early and
mid-2000s), with artists like Rihanna, Beyonce,
Usher, and Alicia Keys. Previously established
Pop Music artists such as Michael Jackson and
Madonna made a comeback.

77. Popular Music in the 2010s
In this decade, Pop Music had remained significantly popular.
Artist like Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, and Taylor Swift were very
popular and their chart-topping pop songs include “Sorry”, “Born
This Way, and “Shake It Off” respectively
On the other hand, Sarah Geronimo became one of the most
popular icons in Philippine music industry

78. Popular Music in the 2020s
The rise of different social media platforms such as Tiktok
and Youtube have given musicians more control over the
distribution of their music. Old and new songs can rise up
freely even if they have been outside the mainstream for
decades.

79. Post-War Fashion
• During the mid-1940s, the clothing boutiques, tailoring shops, and dressmakers stopped
operation as the final chapter of the World War II occurred in the Philippines. The capital city of
Manila was bombed and was left 80% destroyed, and was considered being the second most
devastated capital city in World War II.
• After the war, most of the people either lost their clothes or could not find new clothes. In 1946,
the country began its reparation and Manila's restoration. However, the lack of dressmakers
made the fashion of the 1930s and early 1940s remain popular for the rest of the decade.

80. Philippine Fashion during the 1950s

81. Philippine Fashion during the 1950s

82. Philippine Fashion during
the 1960s
• Mini-skirts became popular and mod style fashion emerged
(mod is short for modernist, suggesting a fluid and constantly
evolving style)

83. Philippine Fashion during
the 1970s
• More modest clothing was adopted
such as maxi skirts and Victorian
Era dresses
• Bell bottom pants in bright colors,
turtle neck, sweater vests and
patterned polos and pants became
popular
• By the mid-70s, the disco culture
emerged and a more laid-back look
was favored

84. Philippine Fashion during the 1980s

85. Philippine Fashion
during the 1990s
• Laid back version of the 1980’s fashion, influenced by rock music
• Marked by a period when people from all social classes wore the same style
of clothes
• Men: dark, simple, oversized clothes, long hairstyle just like in the 70s,
“cachupoy”
• Women: loose, simple and casual clothing, skirts were not as popular as
denim

86. Philippine Fashion during the 2000s

87. Philippine Fashion
during the 2010s
• People started to move
away from the rock
influenced 2000s fashion
and create a more
distinctive 2010s fashion.
With the rise of social
media, most of the women
began wearing inspired
clothes. Also, women
became interested in 1960s
fashion and began
replicating that style.

88. Philippine
Fashion during
the 2010s
• Men began wearing
preppy clothes inspired by
the British boy band One
Direction. Skinny jeans and
shorts proved to be
popular among the men
and these came up in
different colors.