This document summarizes an academic lecture on evolutionary economic geography and regional diversification. It discusses three key topics: 1) How related variety between industries in a region promotes regional growth through knowledge spillovers. 2) How regions diversify into new industries that are related to existing regional capabilities. New industries often branch out from technologically-related industries. 3) How experienced entrepreneurs from related industries help new industries evolve spatially, as seen in the development of the British automobile industry. Their survival rates were higher, influencing which regions the industry developed in.
Knowledge plays a vital role in promoting economic development. Studying the relationship between
technology and the knowledge space is extremely important for countries to develop sustainable development
strategies. This study comprehensively assesses the link between knowledge spaces and technology, then
analyzes its influence on regional economic diversification. In addition, the study also assesses regional
resilience and the importance of national innovation systems. The paper also shows that, for sustainable
economic development, countries need to focus on building networks and improving the management efficiency
of the economy, smart specialization, and promoting creative innovation.
Resilient cities take diverse policy approaches to strengthen their resilience. The OECD report identifies 7 drivers of resilience: adaptive, robust, redundant, flexible, resourceful, integrated and inclusive. It provides examples of how cities like Tampere, Kobe, Lisbon and Toyama act adaptively based on lessons learned. Cities also pursue robustness through industrial diversification and reliable infrastructure. Having spare capacity for unexpected needs like Kobe demonstrates redundancy. Flexibility comes from long-term visions and entrepreneurship as in Cardiff, Ottawa and Kyoto. Being resourceful involves designating resilience units and fiscal autonomy as in New York and Yokohama. Collaboration across boundaries through multi-level governance and alliances promotes integration,
5_Lect_Resilience Thinking and Resilience Strategies, Economic Dynamics Private
This document provides an overview and recap of two lectures on evolutionary economic geography and resilience thinking. It discusses key concepts from the lectures including path dependence, path creation, types of green path development, and how resilience relates to evolutionary economic geography. Path creation emphasizes the deliberate role of entrepreneurs and institutions in shaping new economic paths, rather than viewing paths as purely random. Resilience thinking examines how systems manage disturbances and focuses on the capacity of regions to adapt, reconfigure, and develop new growth paths in response to changes.
11_Lect_New Directions in Economic GeographyPrivate
This document provides an overview and summary of key topics in economic geography and innovation. It discusses concepts like slow innovation, mission-oriented policies, and examples of smart specialization strategies. The document notes that innovation can occur in non-urban areas through local knowledge and networks. Slow innovators may rely less on interactions and instead focus on long-term, stable environments. Small and medium-sized towns can drive regional growth. Lagging regions still contribute to economic development. Mission-oriented policies address societal challenges through public and private partnerships across sectors.
Building, embedding and reshaping Global Value Chains through investment flow...OECD CFE
Presentation by Oliver Harman, Cities Economist at Cities that Work, Oxford University, UK at the seventh meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 20 February 2020.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
This document provides a summary of a World Bank policy research working paper on global value chains. The paper aims to provide a framework and tools to measure countries' performance in global value chains and provide guidance on how countries can join, maintain participation in, and move up global value chains. Global value chains have become an important source of opportunities for trade, competitiveness, and development. The paper analyzes what global value chains are, why they are important, and provides context on how production has increasingly fragmented across borders through various organizational models like outsourcing and offshoring.
4_Lect_Path Development and Path Dependence, Lock-Ins, Co-Production ProcessesPrivate
This document provides an introduction to the concepts of path dependence, lock-ins, and path creation in evolutionary economic geography. It discusses how path dependence and lock-ins can help explain negative outcomes in old industrial regions, such as a lack of innovation and renewal. Lock-ins are defined as functional, cognitive, and political. Drivers of lock-in situations include large firms, local authorities, and declining entrepreneurship. Regional lock-ins in particular can affect mono-structural economies and hinder restructuring. Examples of regional lock-ins in the shipbuilding industries of Germany and South Korea are discussed.
Knowledge plays a vital role in promoting economic development. Studying the relationship between
technology and the knowledge space is extremely important for countries to develop sustainable development
strategies. This study comprehensively assesses the link between knowledge spaces and technology, then
analyzes its influence on regional economic diversification. In addition, the study also assesses regional
resilience and the importance of national innovation systems. The paper also shows that, for sustainable
economic development, countries need to focus on building networks and improving the management efficiency
of the economy, smart specialization, and promoting creative innovation.
Resilient cities take diverse policy approaches to strengthen their resilience. The OECD report identifies 7 drivers of resilience: adaptive, robust, redundant, flexible, resourceful, integrated and inclusive. It provides examples of how cities like Tampere, Kobe, Lisbon and Toyama act adaptively based on lessons learned. Cities also pursue robustness through industrial diversification and reliable infrastructure. Having spare capacity for unexpected needs like Kobe demonstrates redundancy. Flexibility comes from long-term visions and entrepreneurship as in Cardiff, Ottawa and Kyoto. Being resourceful involves designating resilience units and fiscal autonomy as in New York and Yokohama. Collaboration across boundaries through multi-level governance and alliances promotes integration,
5_Lect_Resilience Thinking and Resilience Strategies, Economic Dynamics Private
This document provides an overview and recap of two lectures on evolutionary economic geography and resilience thinking. It discusses key concepts from the lectures including path dependence, path creation, types of green path development, and how resilience relates to evolutionary economic geography. Path creation emphasizes the deliberate role of entrepreneurs and institutions in shaping new economic paths, rather than viewing paths as purely random. Resilience thinking examines how systems manage disturbances and focuses on the capacity of regions to adapt, reconfigure, and develop new growth paths in response to changes.
11_Lect_New Directions in Economic GeographyPrivate
This document provides an overview and summary of key topics in economic geography and innovation. It discusses concepts like slow innovation, mission-oriented policies, and examples of smart specialization strategies. The document notes that innovation can occur in non-urban areas through local knowledge and networks. Slow innovators may rely less on interactions and instead focus on long-term, stable environments. Small and medium-sized towns can drive regional growth. Lagging regions still contribute to economic development. Mission-oriented policies address societal challenges through public and private partnerships across sectors.
Building, embedding and reshaping Global Value Chains through investment flow...OECD CFE
Presentation by Oliver Harman, Cities Economist at Cities that Work, Oxford University, UK at the seventh meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 20 February 2020.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
This document provides a summary of a World Bank policy research working paper on global value chains. The paper aims to provide a framework and tools to measure countries' performance in global value chains and provide guidance on how countries can join, maintain participation in, and move up global value chains. Global value chains have become an important source of opportunities for trade, competitiveness, and development. The paper analyzes what global value chains are, why they are important, and provides context on how production has increasingly fragmented across borders through various organizational models like outsourcing and offshoring.
4_Lect_Path Development and Path Dependence, Lock-Ins, Co-Production ProcessesPrivate
This document provides an introduction to the concepts of path dependence, lock-ins, and path creation in evolutionary economic geography. It discusses how path dependence and lock-ins can help explain negative outcomes in old industrial regions, such as a lack of innovation and renewal. Lock-ins are defined as functional, cognitive, and political. Drivers of lock-in situations include large firms, local authorities, and declining entrepreneurship. Regional lock-ins in particular can affect mono-structural economies and hinder restructuring. Examples of regional lock-ins in the shipbuilding industries of Germany and South Korea are discussed.
This paper examines the role of industry clusters in regional economic performance. It analyzes how clusters can drive both convergence and agglomeration effects. Convergence occurs when growth declines with increasing specialization in an industry within a region due to diminishing returns. Agglomeration occurs when growth increases with the strength of related clusters in a region due to positive spillovers. The paper uses new data on US industry clusters to control for convergence effects and isolate the impact of clusters. It finds that industries grow faster when they participate in strong regional clusters, and that clusters enhance growth of wages, establishments, patents and other industries in the region. This highlights the important role of clusters in driving regional economic performance.
Facing the future: Sense-making in Horizon ScanningTotti Könnölä
The document summarizes a conference on horizon scanning and sense-making. It discusses how horizon scanning involves collecting observations of potential future developments and deriving policy implications. Sense-making is inseparable from scanning and involves perceiving, interpreting and constructing meaning from emerging trends. The case study described a horizon scanning exercise where 381 issues were identified, assessed, and synthesized into cross-cutting challenges to inform EU policymaking recommendations on sustainability, social changes, and governance.
Franz tödtling: Knowledge sourcing and innovation in austrian ict companiesMOC2010
This document discusses a study on knowledge sourcing and innovation in Austrian ICT companies. It examines how the location of companies (type of regional innovation system) influences their pattern of knowledge sourcing and innovation performance. The study analyzes data from 110 ICT companies in three Austrian regions. It finds that both internal knowledge and external knowledge from various sources, including R&D cooperation, influence company innovativeness. Location in a "thick" regional innovation system is also identified as a key determinant of innovation in the knowledge-intensive ICT sector.
This document presents a study on innovation cooperation in East and West German regions after reunification. The study develops an indicator called Relative Regional Impact (RRI) to measure the degree to which regional factors impact innovation cooperation in a region, beyond what would be expected based on the region's technology profile. Applying this indicator to German patent data, the study finds that East German regions have experienced a dynamic development of innovation cooperation since reunification, and that their cooperation intensity remains higher than in West German regions even after controlling for technological characteristics. The study aims to provide new insights into the emergence of innovation cooperation across German regions in the decades following the fall of the Berlin Wall.
This document presents a study on innovation cooperation in East and West German regions after reunification. The study develops an indicator called Relative Regional Impact (RRI) to measure the degree to which regional factors impact innovation cooperation in a region, beyond what would be expected based on the region's technology profile. Applying this indicator to German patent data, the study finds that East German regions have experienced a dynamic development of innovation cooperation since reunification, and their cooperation intensity remains higher than in West German regions even after controlling for technological size and structure. The study aims to provide new insights into the emergence of innovation cooperation across German regions in the decades following the fall of the Berlin Wall.
This document proposes constructing a novel competitiveness index for European regions. It begins by discussing theories of regional competitiveness and defining it as a region's capacity to attract and retain mobile factors of production by providing conditions for sustainable growth in productivity and employment. It then reviews previous attempts to quantify competitiveness through single indicators or composite indices. The document proposes a new composite index for European regions (NUTS 2) that is grounded in input-output-outcome systems suggested by the New Economic Geography and uses a pyramidal model focusing on inputs like infrastructure, education and health that influence competitiveness outcomes.
This document discusses knowledge sourcing and innovation among ICT companies in different regions of Austria. It finds that external knowledge sourcing is important for innovation and companies utilize both regional and international sources. Knowledge from universities and research organizations is often sourced regionally, while knowledge from customers and suppliers may come from international networks. Location also impacts innovation, as companies in metropolitan Vienna tend to be more innovative than those in other regions. Regional knowledge sources and international sourcing both positively influence company innovativeness.
Presentation on Urban trends and challenges in OECD countries- the potential of small and medium sized areas by Ioannis Kaplanis, Economist (Urban Programme) Regional Development Policy Division at the Open Days, Brussels, Belgium 6-9 October 2014.
Find out more about OECD Regional Developmnet Policy at: www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
is innovation in cities a matter of knowledge intensive servicesSiti Khatizah Aziz
This article investigates the relationship between the presence of large cities in a region, the region's industrial structure, and its innovative performance. It analyzes data on regional innovation in European countries based on surveys, and classifies regions by their industrial specialization and urban/rural characteristics. The descriptive results suggest regions with large urban areas tend to be more innovative, and innovation is particularly high in regions specialized in knowledge-intensive services. Regions with both advanced manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services show synergistic effects that further boost innovation. The study aims to provide empirical evidence on how different industrial mixes and urbanization relate to various types of regional innovation.
The Development of the Functional Urban Region of Dublin - Implications for R...Ian Boyle
This document discusses urban development patterns in Dublin, Ireland. It analyzes how Dublin's functional urban region has grown due to economic and population factors. Two main trends have emerged: urban regeneration in central Dublin and significant suburban sprawl. This dispersed development pattern has implications for Dublin's long-term development that current policy is not effectively addressing due to fragmented regional governance. The document argues for a new approach to understanding and managing development across Dublin's entire functional urban region.
This document provides an overview and contents of Francesco Mureddu's doctoral thesis titled "Essays in New Economic Geography". The thesis contains four chapters that extend existing new economic geography models. Chapter one reviews core new economic geography models. Chapter two describes developments that introduce endogenous growth and firm heterogeneity. Chapter three develops a model with endogenous expenditure shares. Chapter four introduces intersectoral knowledge spillovers. The thesis analyzes the implications of these extensions for stability, growth rates, and welfare. Key results show how catastrophic agglomeration and growth rates can be impacted by factors like trade costs, market integration, and firm allocation across regions.
This research begins by showing the different meanings attributed to the term cluster by different currents and authors, which suggests definitions that are found around its spatial framework. Next, the factors that intervene in the competitiveness of a region and its growth are shown, for the development of these, Porter’s model of competitiveness which was taken as reference, and the contexts: geographical and economic. Therefore, the methodology was used based on a qualitative design, with descriptive and correlational scope since it will analyze differences of each cluster, with respect to the factors of dimensions, establishments, growth, economic impact and policies. To do this, the information-gathering tool was two semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders in both countries, because the approach is based on data collection methods that are not completely standardized or predetermined. And finally, the results of the comparison of the Mexican Bajío automotive cluster with the German cluster located in Baden-Württemberg are presented.
02 - La Stratégie de Spécialisation Intelligente : Vecteur de Croissance des ...Mohamed Larbi BEN YOUNES
This document summarizes a presentation on strategies for smart specialization as a driver of regional growth. It discusses key global trends like the rise of global value chains and increasing innovation-related collaboration. It also covers regional considerations, noting productivity differences across regions and the importance of tradable sectors for growth. The presentation outlines two stylized models of regional economies and emphasizes that smart specialization strategies should facilitate entrepreneurial self-discovery in regions through strategic diversification and knowledge investments in activities rather than sectors.
This document discusses a model of technology evolution that considers how demand heterogeneity impacts product and process innovation over the technology lifecycle. The model suggests that differing consumer needs and willingness to pay influence whether firms focus on improving product functionality or lowering costs early on. Later, as the technology surpasses market needs, competition drives increasing performance at stable prices. This possible late stage has not been thoroughly explored but can be seen in electronics. The model is analyzed via computer simulation to explore how demand factors shape the traditional pattern of innovation over a technology's lifetime.
Philippe Larédo-La empresa y las políticas de innovación transformadorasFundación Ramón Areces
El 25 de abril de 2017 organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces una mesa redonda sobre 'La empresa y las políticas de innovación transformadoras'. En este foro participaron, entre otros, Totti Konnola, CEO de Insight Foresight Institute; Luis Fernando Álvarez-Gascón Pérez, Director General GMV secure eSolutions; y Francisco Marín, Director General del CDTI. Esta actividad se celebró en colaboración con el Grupo de Investigación en Economía y Política de la Innovación de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (GRINEI-UCM) y el Foro de Empresas Innovadoras (FEI).
This document discusses spatial data analysis of productivity convergence across regions in Portugal based on convergence theories and spatial econometrics. It analyzes productivity data for different sectors in Portuguese regions using Moran's I statistics, finding positive spatial autocorrelation in productivity for agriculture, services, industry, and total sectors. The document also reviews theories of absolute and conditional convergence and studies examining spatial effects on productivity convergence. It proposes using spatial econometric models and specification tests to analyze conditional productivity convergence across Portuguese regions from 1995 to 2002 while controlling for spatial effects.
This paper examines the role of industry clusters in regional economic performance. It analyzes how clusters can drive both convergence and agglomeration effects. Convergence occurs when growth declines with increasing specialization in an industry within a region due to diminishing returns. Agglomeration occurs when growth increases with the strength of related clusters in a region due to positive spillovers. The paper uses new data on US industry clusters to control for convergence effects and isolate the impact of clusters. It finds that industries grow faster when they participate in strong regional clusters, and that clusters enhance growth of wages, establishments, patents and other industries in the region. This highlights the important role of clusters in driving regional economic performance.
Facing the future: Sense-making in Horizon ScanningTotti Könnölä
The document summarizes a conference on horizon scanning and sense-making. It discusses how horizon scanning involves collecting observations of potential future developments and deriving policy implications. Sense-making is inseparable from scanning and involves perceiving, interpreting and constructing meaning from emerging trends. The case study described a horizon scanning exercise where 381 issues were identified, assessed, and synthesized into cross-cutting challenges to inform EU policymaking recommendations on sustainability, social changes, and governance.
Franz tödtling: Knowledge sourcing and innovation in austrian ict companiesMOC2010
This document discusses a study on knowledge sourcing and innovation in Austrian ICT companies. It examines how the location of companies (type of regional innovation system) influences their pattern of knowledge sourcing and innovation performance. The study analyzes data from 110 ICT companies in three Austrian regions. It finds that both internal knowledge and external knowledge from various sources, including R&D cooperation, influence company innovativeness. Location in a "thick" regional innovation system is also identified as a key determinant of innovation in the knowledge-intensive ICT sector.
This document presents a study on innovation cooperation in East and West German regions after reunification. The study develops an indicator called Relative Regional Impact (RRI) to measure the degree to which regional factors impact innovation cooperation in a region, beyond what would be expected based on the region's technology profile. Applying this indicator to German patent data, the study finds that East German regions have experienced a dynamic development of innovation cooperation since reunification, and that their cooperation intensity remains higher than in West German regions even after controlling for technological characteristics. The study aims to provide new insights into the emergence of innovation cooperation across German regions in the decades following the fall of the Berlin Wall.
This document presents a study on innovation cooperation in East and West German regions after reunification. The study develops an indicator called Relative Regional Impact (RRI) to measure the degree to which regional factors impact innovation cooperation in a region, beyond what would be expected based on the region's technology profile. Applying this indicator to German patent data, the study finds that East German regions have experienced a dynamic development of innovation cooperation since reunification, and their cooperation intensity remains higher than in West German regions even after controlling for technological size and structure. The study aims to provide new insights into the emergence of innovation cooperation across German regions in the decades following the fall of the Berlin Wall.
This document proposes constructing a novel competitiveness index for European regions. It begins by discussing theories of regional competitiveness and defining it as a region's capacity to attract and retain mobile factors of production by providing conditions for sustainable growth in productivity and employment. It then reviews previous attempts to quantify competitiveness through single indicators or composite indices. The document proposes a new composite index for European regions (NUTS 2) that is grounded in input-output-outcome systems suggested by the New Economic Geography and uses a pyramidal model focusing on inputs like infrastructure, education and health that influence competitiveness outcomes.
This document discusses knowledge sourcing and innovation among ICT companies in different regions of Austria. It finds that external knowledge sourcing is important for innovation and companies utilize both regional and international sources. Knowledge from universities and research organizations is often sourced regionally, while knowledge from customers and suppliers may come from international networks. Location also impacts innovation, as companies in metropolitan Vienna tend to be more innovative than those in other regions. Regional knowledge sources and international sourcing both positively influence company innovativeness.
Presentation on Urban trends and challenges in OECD countries- the potential of small and medium sized areas by Ioannis Kaplanis, Economist (Urban Programme) Regional Development Policy Division at the Open Days, Brussels, Belgium 6-9 October 2014.
Find out more about OECD Regional Developmnet Policy at: www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
is innovation in cities a matter of knowledge intensive servicesSiti Khatizah Aziz
This article investigates the relationship between the presence of large cities in a region, the region's industrial structure, and its innovative performance. It analyzes data on regional innovation in European countries based on surveys, and classifies regions by their industrial specialization and urban/rural characteristics. The descriptive results suggest regions with large urban areas tend to be more innovative, and innovation is particularly high in regions specialized in knowledge-intensive services. Regions with both advanced manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services show synergistic effects that further boost innovation. The study aims to provide empirical evidence on how different industrial mixes and urbanization relate to various types of regional innovation.
The Development of the Functional Urban Region of Dublin - Implications for R...Ian Boyle
This document discusses urban development patterns in Dublin, Ireland. It analyzes how Dublin's functional urban region has grown due to economic and population factors. Two main trends have emerged: urban regeneration in central Dublin and significant suburban sprawl. This dispersed development pattern has implications for Dublin's long-term development that current policy is not effectively addressing due to fragmented regional governance. The document argues for a new approach to understanding and managing development across Dublin's entire functional urban region.
This document provides an overview and contents of Francesco Mureddu's doctoral thesis titled "Essays in New Economic Geography". The thesis contains four chapters that extend existing new economic geography models. Chapter one reviews core new economic geography models. Chapter two describes developments that introduce endogenous growth and firm heterogeneity. Chapter three develops a model with endogenous expenditure shares. Chapter four introduces intersectoral knowledge spillovers. The thesis analyzes the implications of these extensions for stability, growth rates, and welfare. Key results show how catastrophic agglomeration and growth rates can be impacted by factors like trade costs, market integration, and firm allocation across regions.
This research begins by showing the different meanings attributed to the term cluster by different currents and authors, which suggests definitions that are found around its spatial framework. Next, the factors that intervene in the competitiveness of a region and its growth are shown, for the development of these, Porter’s model of competitiveness which was taken as reference, and the contexts: geographical and economic. Therefore, the methodology was used based on a qualitative design, with descriptive and correlational scope since it will analyze differences of each cluster, with respect to the factors of dimensions, establishments, growth, economic impact and policies. To do this, the information-gathering tool was two semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders in both countries, because the approach is based on data collection methods that are not completely standardized or predetermined. And finally, the results of the comparison of the Mexican Bajío automotive cluster with the German cluster located in Baden-Württemberg are presented.
02 - La Stratégie de Spécialisation Intelligente : Vecteur de Croissance des ...Mohamed Larbi BEN YOUNES
This document summarizes a presentation on strategies for smart specialization as a driver of regional growth. It discusses key global trends like the rise of global value chains and increasing innovation-related collaboration. It also covers regional considerations, noting productivity differences across regions and the importance of tradable sectors for growth. The presentation outlines two stylized models of regional economies and emphasizes that smart specialization strategies should facilitate entrepreneurial self-discovery in regions through strategic diversification and knowledge investments in activities rather than sectors.
This document discusses a model of technology evolution that considers how demand heterogeneity impacts product and process innovation over the technology lifecycle. The model suggests that differing consumer needs and willingness to pay influence whether firms focus on improving product functionality or lowering costs early on. Later, as the technology surpasses market needs, competition drives increasing performance at stable prices. This possible late stage has not been thoroughly explored but can be seen in electronics. The model is analyzed via computer simulation to explore how demand factors shape the traditional pattern of innovation over a technology's lifetime.
Philippe Larédo-La empresa y las políticas de innovación transformadorasFundación Ramón Areces
El 25 de abril de 2017 organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces una mesa redonda sobre 'La empresa y las políticas de innovación transformadoras'. En este foro participaron, entre otros, Totti Konnola, CEO de Insight Foresight Institute; Luis Fernando Álvarez-Gascón Pérez, Director General GMV secure eSolutions; y Francisco Marín, Director General del CDTI. Esta actividad se celebró en colaboración con el Grupo de Investigación en Economía y Política de la Innovación de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (GRINEI-UCM) y el Foro de Empresas Innovadoras (FEI).
This document discusses spatial data analysis of productivity convergence across regions in Portugal based on convergence theories and spatial econometrics. It analyzes productivity data for different sectors in Portuguese regions using Moran's I statistics, finding positive spatial autocorrelation in productivity for agriculture, services, industry, and total sectors. The document also reviews theories of absolute and conditional convergence and studies examining spatial effects on productivity convergence. It proposes using spatial econometric models and specification tests to analyze conditional productivity convergence across Portuguese regions from 1995 to 2002 while controlling for spatial effects.
Similar to Evolutionary Economic Geography relatedness and diversification.ppt (20)
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
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Sources of Revenue for State Government - Prof Oyedokun.pptx
Evolutionary Economic Geography relatedness and diversification.ppt
1. Evolutionary Economic Geography:
relatedness and diversification
Ron Boschma
Center of Innovation, Research and Competence in the
Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Lund University
Urban and Regional research centre Utrecht (URU),
Utrecht University
lecture
KID Summer School, Nice
6 July, 2015
2. structure of lecture
related variety and regional growth
regional diversification based on relatedness
entrepreneurship: spatial evolution of an industry
3. reading list
Frenken, K, F Van Oort & T Verburg (2007) Related variety, unrelated
variety and regional economic growth, Regional Studies 41, 685-697
Neffke, F., M. Henning and R. Boschma (2011) How do regions
diversify over time? Industry relatedness and the development of new
growth paths in regions, Economic Geography 87, 237-265
Boschma R & G Capone (2015) Institutions and diversification: Related
versus unrelated diversification in a Varieties of Capitalism framework,
Papers in Innovation Studies,2015/15, CIRCLE, Lund University
Klepper, S. (2007) Disagreements, spinoffs and the evolution of Detroit
as the capital of the U.S. automobile industry, Management Science 53
(4), 616-631
Boschma, R.A. and R. Wenting (2007) The spatial evolution of the
British automobile industry: does location matter? Industrial and
Corporate Change 16 (2), 213-238
4. 1. related variety and regional growth
firms differ, due to firm-specific routines
variety key driver of regional growth
knowledge spills over between firms and sectors
however, effective learning requires cognitive
proximity between sectors
but too much cognitive proximity may be harmful
(lock-in)
some degree of cognitive proximity, but not too
much, enables knowledge spillovers (Nooteboom
2000)
regional level is crucial in this respect: knowledge
spillovers are often geographically bounded
5. 1. related variety and regional growth
Jacobs’ externalities and regional growth?
what matters for regional growth: sectors that are
technologically related in a region
the higher related variety in a region, the higher
regional growth: effective knowledge transfer
requires some but not too much cognitive proximity
between local sectors
Frenken et al. (2007) for the Netherlands: effect of
RV on regional employment growth in particular
studies in other countries (e.g. Italy, Great Britain,
Finland, Spain, Europe): most studies find a positive
effect, but not all
6. 2. regional diversification based on relatedness
creative destruction: rise and fall of industries: there is a
lot of structural change in regions
regions diversify into new activities, although their
capacity to do so differs
new activities are no random events or historical
accidents: they are often strongly embedded in
territorial capabilities
related variety is a key input for regional
diversification: new industries branch out of existing
industries
regional branching: new industries grow out of
technologically related industries, in which new firms
recombine and exploit the knowledge and skills taken
from local related industries
many case studies: regional branching is important
9. 2. regional diversification based on relatedness
quantitative studies on related diversification
Hidalgo, Klinger, Barabasi and Hausmann (2007): how
countries build a comparative advantage in export
products that are new to the country
national capabilities condition which new industries
will be feasible to develop
concept of product space: specifies the proximity
between products based on the frequency of co-
occurrence of products in countries’ export portfolios
countries develop new export products that are closely
related in product space with existing export products
countries with higher related variety (i.e. positioned in
the more dense parts of the product space) have more
opportunities to diversify and sustain higher economic
growth rates
11. 2. regional diversification based on relatedness
Neffke, Henning and Boschma (2011): industrial
diversification in 70 Swedish regions 1969-2002
regional capabilities condition which new industries will be
feasible to develop
concept of product relatedness: specifies technological
relatedness between products based on the frequency of co-
occurrence of products in the product portfolios of plants:
economies of scope
Sweden: product data at the plant level for the period 1969-
2002: product data assigned to standard industry codes (a total
of 174 6-digit industries)
we calculated the average degree of technological relatedness
between each pair of industries in the period 1969-2002,
controlling for profitability and size of industries
13. 2. regional diversification based on relatedness
to determine whether entries and exits of industries in a region
are affected by technological relatedness with other industries in
the region, we aggregated our data to 70 Swedish regions
we developed an indicator to determine how close an industry is
to all other industries in a region: technological closeness: the
number of industries in a region that an industry is
technologically related to above a certain threshold
we estimated the entry probability of an industry in a region,
and how that is affected by the closeness of the new industry to a
region’s portfolio
industries that are technologically related to pre-existing sectors
in a region had a higher probability to enter the region: 2,766
events of an industry entering a region
this finding on industrial diversification has been replicated in
many follow-up studies (Boschma et al. 2013; Essletzbichler
2013; Muneepeerakul et al. 2013; He and Rigby 2015)
16. 2. regional diversification based on relatedness
Rigby (2013): technological diversification in US
metropolitan areas 1975-2005
regional capabilities condition which new technologies will
be feasible to develop
concept of technological relatedness: specifies relatedness
between knowledge domains based on the frequency of co-
occurrence of technology classes on patent documents
technologies that are related to pre-existing technologies in a
region had a higher probability to enter the region
this finding on technological diversification has been replicated
for all technologies (Balland et al. 2014), for specific
technologies (Heimeriks et al. 2014; Kogler et al. 2014),
including clean technologies (Tanner 2014; Van den Berge and
Weterings 2014)
18. 2. regional diversification based on relatedness
effect of relatedness on diversification may also
vary between different regional institutional
contexts: almost complete absent in the quantitative
literature on regional diversification so far
institutional context (labor relations, corporate
governance relations, inter-firm collaboration) might
also have an impact on the intensity and direction
of regional diversification:Varieties of Capitalism
literature (Hall and Soskice)
Boschma and Capone (2015): whether countries
gain comparative advantage in new sectors that are
far or close from their current industrial structure
depends on the type of national institutions
19. 2. regional diversification based on relatedness
liberal market economies have institutions that
favor diversification in more unrelated activities:
weaker effect of relatedness due to more mobile and
switchable assets that can be deployed to alternative
uses
coordinated market economies have institutions
that favor diversification in more related activities:
stronger effect of relatedness due to more specific
and committed assets
no systematic study yet exists that assesses the
impact of regional institutions on the intensity and
nature of regional diversification
20. 3. entrepreneurship: spatial evolution of an industry
entrepreneurship might be a crucial driver behind regional
branching: new industries do not start from scratch: relatedness
is crucial
in the industrial dynamics literature (Klepper 2007), related
spinoffs and diversifiers make the difference in the formative
stage of a new industry in a region: higher survival rates
empirical study on the spatial evolution of British automobile
sector 1895-1968 (Boschma and Wenting 2007)
longitudinal data on firm population dynamics: entries, exits
and pre-entry background of entrepreneurs
22. 3. entrepreneurship: spatial evolution of an industry
hazard model to explain survival or hazard rates of
automobile firms: dependent variable is the age of entrants
experienced entrepreneurs with relevant knowledge from
related industries like engineering, cycle and coach making
were crucial in first stage of the industry lifecycle: experienced
entrepreneurs have a higher survival rate, in comparison to
other types of entrepreneurs
regions with these related industries had a higher probability
to develop the new automobile industry: positive effect of
survival: evidence of regional branching at the micro-scale
localization economies had a negative impact on survival,
possibly due to strong local competition (which is in contrast
to the cluster literature that claims the opposite)
24. 3. entrepreneurship: spatial evolution of an industry
which mechanisms (like spinoffs and labor mobility) through
which related activities interact: focus on flows from (related and
unrelated) industries to new industries
micro-perspective should go beyond firms: institutional
entrepreneurs: how local agents engage in collective action to
mobilize resources to create new or adapt existing institutions,
and to confront vested interests (Garud et al. 2007; Battilana et
al. 2009; Sotarauta and Pulkkinen 2011)
no focus on institutional change in diversification literature: co-
evolution of industries and institutions (Nelson 1994, Murmann
2004): why regions differ in their ability to induce institutional
change?
role of successful return migrants (Saxenian): induce
institutional change in their home regions, as they have
immediate access to the ones in power
relatedness literature tends to be supply-driven: how about role
of advanced demand from various actors, including government?