The 3rd Crusade was launched in response to Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem and defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. King Richard I of England led the crusade, along with King Philip II of France. Richard conquered Cyprus on his way to Acre, where he helped lift a 2-year siege. Richard defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf and negotiated a treaty allowing Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem, though the city remained under Muslim control. Richard then left for England but was captured due to conflicts made on his journey. While Jerusalem was not retaken, Richard secured coastal areas for Christians through military victories and negotiations.
The Third Crusade began in 1189 when the Pope proclaimed that the capture of Jerusalem was punishment for Christian sins. It was led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionheart of England in an attempt to retake Jerusalem from Saladin. While some deals were made, the Crusade ultimately ended in 1192 as a victory for Saladin as support from European gentry and Popes declined.
The document summarizes the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims and Jews in battles that took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas. The crusade ended with a truce that allowed Christian pilgrimages but did not fully recapture the Holy Lands, ensuring further crusades would continue the conflict over ownership of the disputed territory.
The dominant official language of Albania is Albanian, which is a standardized form of the two main dialects, Gheg and Tosk. A dialect of Greek is also spoken by the Greek ethnic minority. Other minority languages include Serbian, Macedonian, Romani, and Aromanian. Albania has a parliamentary representative democratic political system with executive power held by the government. While most Albanians are nominally Muslim or Christian, the country has no official religion and religious intermarriage is common. Albania lies on the Balkan Peninsula between latitudes 39 and 43 degrees north and longitudes 19 and 21 degrees east, with coastlines on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The economy was historically based on agriculture
The document discusses the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims for ownership of the holy sites. The crusade took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas of modern Lebanon, Syria and Israel. After agreeing to a truce, the crusade ended though conflicts over the lands continued and were followed by another crusade for Jerusalem and the Holy Lands.
This book summary outlines the history of Bosnia-Hercegovina and its peoples, including Muslims, Serbs, Croats and Jews, from Ottoman and Habsburg rule through periods of revolution, dictatorship, genocide and the Bosnian war of independence in the 1990s. It examines how Bosnians of different religions and backgrounds related to their shared homeland over time, laying the foundation for both cooperation and conflict among groups. The book traces the origins and evolution of Bosnia and its constituent ethnicities across significant historical periods that have shaped the region.
The Second Crusade was fought between France and Germany against the Turks from 1147-1149 over possession of the Holy Land and Jerusalem. It began as religious leaders called for soldiers to fight for their religion and ended when attacks on Damascus failed to accomplish their goals, though it inspired Columbus's voyage and increased funds for the church.
Sailing for Peace is a peace program in the Philippines way back year 2003 trough activities, workshops & exhibits. Spearheaded by Ms. Zara Jane Juan, author & resource speaker. Sailing for Peace is a member of the United Nation's International Day of Peace Vigil & is cited by Children International for its peace workshops to the less priveleged children of Caritas Manila, etc. Now, Sailing for Peace promotes Virtues for the Environment nationwide in cooperation with various socio civicgroups, government & non-govt organizations supported by media groups
The 3rd Crusade was launched in response to Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem and defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. King Richard I of England led the crusade, along with King Philip II of France. Richard conquered Cyprus on his way to Acre, where he helped lift a 2-year siege. Richard defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf and negotiated a treaty allowing Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem, though the city remained under Muslim control. Richard then left for England but was captured due to conflicts made on his journey. While Jerusalem was not retaken, Richard secured coastal areas for Christians through military victories and negotiations.
The Third Crusade began in 1189 when the Pope proclaimed that the capture of Jerusalem was punishment for Christian sins. It was led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionheart of England in an attempt to retake Jerusalem from Saladin. While some deals were made, the Crusade ultimately ended in 1192 as a victory for Saladin as support from European gentry and Popes declined.
The document summarizes the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims and Jews in battles that took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas. The crusade ended with a truce that allowed Christian pilgrimages but did not fully recapture the Holy Lands, ensuring further crusades would continue the conflict over ownership of the disputed territory.
The dominant official language of Albania is Albanian, which is a standardized form of the two main dialects, Gheg and Tosk. A dialect of Greek is also spoken by the Greek ethnic minority. Other minority languages include Serbian, Macedonian, Romani, and Aromanian. Albania has a parliamentary representative democratic political system with executive power held by the government. While most Albanians are nominally Muslim or Christian, the country has no official religion and religious intermarriage is common. Albania lies on the Balkan Peninsula between latitudes 39 and 43 degrees north and longitudes 19 and 21 degrees east, with coastlines on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The economy was historically based on agriculture
The document discusses the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims for ownership of the holy sites. The crusade took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas of modern Lebanon, Syria and Israel. After agreeing to a truce, the crusade ended though conflicts over the lands continued and were followed by another crusade for Jerusalem and the Holy Lands.
This book summary outlines the history of Bosnia-Hercegovina and its peoples, including Muslims, Serbs, Croats and Jews, from Ottoman and Habsburg rule through periods of revolution, dictatorship, genocide and the Bosnian war of independence in the 1990s. It examines how Bosnians of different religions and backgrounds related to their shared homeland over time, laying the foundation for both cooperation and conflict among groups. The book traces the origins and evolution of Bosnia and its constituent ethnicities across significant historical periods that have shaped the region.
The Second Crusade was fought between France and Germany against the Turks from 1147-1149 over possession of the Holy Land and Jerusalem. It began as religious leaders called for soldiers to fight for their religion and ended when attacks on Damascus failed to accomplish their goals, though it inspired Columbus's voyage and increased funds for the church.
Sailing for Peace is a peace program in the Philippines way back year 2003 trough activities, workshops & exhibits. Spearheaded by Ms. Zara Jane Juan, author & resource speaker. Sailing for Peace is a member of the United Nation's International Day of Peace Vigil & is cited by Children International for its peace workshops to the less priveleged children of Caritas Manila, etc. Now, Sailing for Peace promotes Virtues for the Environment nationwide in cooperation with various socio civicgroups, government & non-govt organizations supported by media groups
The document discusses Christian eschatology and beliefs about Jerusalem. It describes how Jerusalem is seen as important in biblical scripture and writings in Judaism and Christianity. Christians believe Jesus will return to lead people into the heavenly city of New Jerusalem after ruling the world from Jerusalem for 1000 years. In the New Jerusalem, life will be illuminated by God's presence instead of the sun or moon.
The document discusses Jerusalem under Islamic rule. It began with the conquest of Jerusalem by Umar Khattab's forces. Later, the Dome of the Rock was built in 688 CE under Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. After being captured by the Egyptian Mamluks and then the Ottoman Empire, the British ruled Jerusalem until 1948 when the city was divided between Israel and Jordan after the war.
The Gambia is known for its excellent music and dancing. The population is over 90% Muslim and most ethnic groups in The Gambia are also present in neighboring Senegal. The Gambia has a multi-party democratic political system and an economy dependent on agriculture, fishing, and tourism, especially during the dry winter season.
Arabic is the official language of Oman, but English and other languages are also widely spoken. Oman has an absolute monarchy, with the Sultan serving as both head of state and head of government. Around 75% of residents practice Ibadhi Islam, with smaller numbers of other religious groups present. Oman has a hot desert climate and relies on oil exports as well as tourism and other industries for its economy.
- Mauritania has two main ethnic groups, the black Africans and Arab-Berbers, with the majority of the population being Sunni Muslims.
- The official language is Hassaniya Arabic but other languages spoken include Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof, and French.
- The economy depends on agriculture, livestock, and mining with major exports being iron ore and oil discovered in 2001.
Lebanese Arabic is the most commonly spoken language, while formal Arabic is used in publications. English and French are also used, with French preferred among intellectuals. Lebanon has a parliamentary democracy with requirements for religious representation in top government positions. The main religions are Christianity and Islam, with family law governed by religious authorities. Lebanon has a Mediterranean climate and mountainous terrain, with Beirut as the capital, and a developing economy focused on services, agriculture, and tourism.
Kuwait's official language is Arabic with English as the second language. It is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament that is the oldest in the Persian Gulf region. The majority of Kuwaitis are Muslim, and Islam is the state religion, though other faiths exist in the country. Kuwait has a GDP of $167.9 billion largely due to its oil and petrochemical industries, making it one of the richest countries in the world.
The document discusses Kosovo, summarizing that the native language is Albanian and Serbian is also an official language, the largest political parties are centre-right, Islam and Christianity are the main religions with no official religion, and the economy aims for free trade with development in trade, retail, and construction since 1999.
Chad has over 100 languages spoken within its borders. French and Arabic are the official languages, though Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca due to Arab traders. Chad has a presidential republic political system with executive power held by the government and legislative power shared between government and parliament. The population is religiously diverse, with a majority of Muslims following a moderate Sufi sect and Roman Catholics as the largest Christian group. Chad's geography spans from savanna in the south to the Sahara Desert in the north, with N'Djamena as the capital city. Agriculture, particularly livestock herding and formerly cotton, dominates Chad's economy.
The United Arab Emirates has a diverse multicultural society influenced by Islamic and Arab culture. Islam is the official religion, and there are mosques scattered around the country that call Muslims to prayer five times daily. The UAE is a federation of seven emirates governed as absolute monarchies, with the ruler of Abu Dhabi serving as president and the ruler of Dubai as prime minister. While Islam is the largest religion, Christianity and other faiths are also practiced by non-nationals living in the UAE. The country has a hot, dry climate, and Abu Dhabi serves as the capital city.
Turkmen is the official language of Turkmenistan, though Russian is still widely spoken in cities. Turkmenistan has a single-party system led by a president who is both head of state and head of government. Islam is the dominant religion among Turkmen people, while Orthodox Christianity is common among ethnic Russians. The country lies within Central Asia and over 80% of its land is covered by the Karakum Desert. Turkmenistan has significant natural gas and oil reserves and is a net exporter of electricity.
Kyrgyzstan is a Central Asian country that has retained Russian as an official language along with the Turkic Kyrgyz language. It has a parliamentary republic government with an executive branch led by a prime minister. Islam is the dominant religion though the country is secular, and its geography varies from temperate northern foothills to polar mountain climates, with agriculture and mining important to its economy.
The Comoros archipelago consists of four main islands located off the eastern coast of Africa. The most widely spoken language is Comorian, though French and Arabic are also official languages. Sunni Islam is the dominant religion, representing 98% of the population. The capital and largest city is Moroni, located on the island of Ngazidja. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, forms the basis of the weak economy, with the country ranking as one of the poorest in the world.
Tajikistan's official language is Tajik, though Russian is commonly used in business. It has a presidential republic political system where the president is head of state and government. Sunni Islam is the official religion, though Tajikistan considers itself secular. Tajikistan is a landlocked, mountainous country located in Central Asia. The main sources of income are aluminum production, cotton growing, and remittances from migrant workers as Tajikistan has a largely agrarian economy.
English is the official language of Sierra Leone, though Krio is spoken by 97% of the population and unites the various ethnic groups. Sierra Leone has a multi-party political system with a directly elected president and unicameral legislature. The majority religion is Islam at 71.3% of the population, with the two largest ethnic groups being the Temne and Mende. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa and has a tropical climate with rainy and dry seasons. The economy relies heavily on mining, especially diamonds and rutile.
The document summarizes key facts about Libya. It states that Arabic is the main language spoken in Libya, while Tamazight is spoken by 20% of the population. Libya has a dual government structure without a formal constitution that combines socialist and Islamic theories and rejects democracy. Islam is the predominant religion, practiced by 97% of residents. Libya has a hot, dry climate and Tripoli is its capital city. The economy depends primarily on oil revenues, with agriculture as the second largest sector.
Jordan - A Middle Eastern and Gulf Countryhilalplaza
The official language of Jordan is Arabic, though English is also widely spoken, especially in commerce and banking. Jordan has a constitutional monarchy form of government, with executive power held by the King, who signs and executes laws. The majority of Jordan's population is Sunni Muslim, though there is also a significant Shi'a minority. Jordan lies between latitudes 29 and 34 degrees north, with major cities including the capital Amman in the northwest and Aqaba in the south. Jordan has a limited economy based around phosphate mining and has scarce water resources.
The official language of Burkina Faso is French, though there are several native African languages spoken including Mossi, Fula, Pulaar, and Dioula. Burkina Faso has a presidential republic political system with executive power held by the government and legislative power shared between the government and parliament, with an independent judiciary. Islam and Christianity are commonly practiced alongside indigenous religious beliefs. Burkina Faso is a landlocked country bordering six others with tropical climate and Ouagadougou as its capital city. Agriculture dominates the economy though mining also occurs.
Qatar has an emirate-type government with Islamic law dominating family and personal matters. Islam is the predominant religion, with 80% of citizens being Muslim. The Qatari peninsula is smaller than Connecticut and much of it consists of low, barren plains. Qatar's economy relies heavily on oil and natural gas exports, which account for over half of GDP and the majority of export earnings and government revenues.
Djibouti's culture is predominantly influenced by Islam, with most artistic traditions passed down orally through songs. Architecture shows Ottoman and French influences through plasterwork and calligraphy. Politically, Djibouti has a semi-presidential system with one dominant party in power. Islam is the dominant religion, observed by 94% of residents, though all faiths are constitutionally equal. Djibouti lies in Northeast Africa on the Gulf of Aden, bordering Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The nation has little industry and relies heavily on foreign assistance and its role as a regional transit and refueling port to support its economy.
The document discusses Christian eschatology and beliefs about Jerusalem. It describes how Jerusalem is seen as important in biblical scripture and writings in Judaism and Christianity. Christians believe Jesus will return to lead people into the heavenly city of New Jerusalem after ruling the world from Jerusalem for 1000 years. In the New Jerusalem, life will be illuminated by God's presence instead of the sun or moon.
The document discusses Jerusalem under Islamic rule. It began with the conquest of Jerusalem by Umar Khattab's forces. Later, the Dome of the Rock was built in 688 CE under Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. After being captured by the Egyptian Mamluks and then the Ottoman Empire, the British ruled Jerusalem until 1948 when the city was divided between Israel and Jordan after the war.
The Gambia is known for its excellent music and dancing. The population is over 90% Muslim and most ethnic groups in The Gambia are also present in neighboring Senegal. The Gambia has a multi-party democratic political system and an economy dependent on agriculture, fishing, and tourism, especially during the dry winter season.
Arabic is the official language of Oman, but English and other languages are also widely spoken. Oman has an absolute monarchy, with the Sultan serving as both head of state and head of government. Around 75% of residents practice Ibadhi Islam, with smaller numbers of other religious groups present. Oman has a hot desert climate and relies on oil exports as well as tourism and other industries for its economy.
- Mauritania has two main ethnic groups, the black Africans and Arab-Berbers, with the majority of the population being Sunni Muslims.
- The official language is Hassaniya Arabic but other languages spoken include Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof, and French.
- The economy depends on agriculture, livestock, and mining with major exports being iron ore and oil discovered in 2001.
Lebanese Arabic is the most commonly spoken language, while formal Arabic is used in publications. English and French are also used, with French preferred among intellectuals. Lebanon has a parliamentary democracy with requirements for religious representation in top government positions. The main religions are Christianity and Islam, with family law governed by religious authorities. Lebanon has a Mediterranean climate and mountainous terrain, with Beirut as the capital, and a developing economy focused on services, agriculture, and tourism.
Kuwait's official language is Arabic with English as the second language. It is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament that is the oldest in the Persian Gulf region. The majority of Kuwaitis are Muslim, and Islam is the state religion, though other faiths exist in the country. Kuwait has a GDP of $167.9 billion largely due to its oil and petrochemical industries, making it one of the richest countries in the world.
The document discusses Kosovo, summarizing that the native language is Albanian and Serbian is also an official language, the largest political parties are centre-right, Islam and Christianity are the main religions with no official religion, and the economy aims for free trade with development in trade, retail, and construction since 1999.
Chad has over 100 languages spoken within its borders. French and Arabic are the official languages, though Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca due to Arab traders. Chad has a presidential republic political system with executive power held by the government and legislative power shared between government and parliament. The population is religiously diverse, with a majority of Muslims following a moderate Sufi sect and Roman Catholics as the largest Christian group. Chad's geography spans from savanna in the south to the Sahara Desert in the north, with N'Djamena as the capital city. Agriculture, particularly livestock herding and formerly cotton, dominates Chad's economy.
The United Arab Emirates has a diverse multicultural society influenced by Islamic and Arab culture. Islam is the official religion, and there are mosques scattered around the country that call Muslims to prayer five times daily. The UAE is a federation of seven emirates governed as absolute monarchies, with the ruler of Abu Dhabi serving as president and the ruler of Dubai as prime minister. While Islam is the largest religion, Christianity and other faiths are also practiced by non-nationals living in the UAE. The country has a hot, dry climate, and Abu Dhabi serves as the capital city.
Turkmen is the official language of Turkmenistan, though Russian is still widely spoken in cities. Turkmenistan has a single-party system led by a president who is both head of state and head of government. Islam is the dominant religion among Turkmen people, while Orthodox Christianity is common among ethnic Russians. The country lies within Central Asia and over 80% of its land is covered by the Karakum Desert. Turkmenistan has significant natural gas and oil reserves and is a net exporter of electricity.
Kyrgyzstan is a Central Asian country that has retained Russian as an official language along with the Turkic Kyrgyz language. It has a parliamentary republic government with an executive branch led by a prime minister. Islam is the dominant religion though the country is secular, and its geography varies from temperate northern foothills to polar mountain climates, with agriculture and mining important to its economy.
The Comoros archipelago consists of four main islands located off the eastern coast of Africa. The most widely spoken language is Comorian, though French and Arabic are also official languages. Sunni Islam is the dominant religion, representing 98% of the population. The capital and largest city is Moroni, located on the island of Ngazidja. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, forms the basis of the weak economy, with the country ranking as one of the poorest in the world.
Tajikistan's official language is Tajik, though Russian is commonly used in business. It has a presidential republic political system where the president is head of state and government. Sunni Islam is the official religion, though Tajikistan considers itself secular. Tajikistan is a landlocked, mountainous country located in Central Asia. The main sources of income are aluminum production, cotton growing, and remittances from migrant workers as Tajikistan has a largely agrarian economy.
English is the official language of Sierra Leone, though Krio is spoken by 97% of the population and unites the various ethnic groups. Sierra Leone has a multi-party political system with a directly elected president and unicameral legislature. The majority religion is Islam at 71.3% of the population, with the two largest ethnic groups being the Temne and Mende. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa and has a tropical climate with rainy and dry seasons. The economy relies heavily on mining, especially diamonds and rutile.
The document summarizes key facts about Libya. It states that Arabic is the main language spoken in Libya, while Tamazight is spoken by 20% of the population. Libya has a dual government structure without a formal constitution that combines socialist and Islamic theories and rejects democracy. Islam is the predominant religion, practiced by 97% of residents. Libya has a hot, dry climate and Tripoli is its capital city. The economy depends primarily on oil revenues, with agriculture as the second largest sector.
Jordan - A Middle Eastern and Gulf Countryhilalplaza
The official language of Jordan is Arabic, though English is also widely spoken, especially in commerce and banking. Jordan has a constitutional monarchy form of government, with executive power held by the King, who signs and executes laws. The majority of Jordan's population is Sunni Muslim, though there is also a significant Shi'a minority. Jordan lies between latitudes 29 and 34 degrees north, with major cities including the capital Amman in the northwest and Aqaba in the south. Jordan has a limited economy based around phosphate mining and has scarce water resources.
The official language of Burkina Faso is French, though there are several native African languages spoken including Mossi, Fula, Pulaar, and Dioula. Burkina Faso has a presidential republic political system with executive power held by the government and legislative power shared between the government and parliament, with an independent judiciary. Islam and Christianity are commonly practiced alongside indigenous religious beliefs. Burkina Faso is a landlocked country bordering six others with tropical climate and Ouagadougou as its capital city. Agriculture dominates the economy though mining also occurs.
Qatar has an emirate-type government with Islamic law dominating family and personal matters. Islam is the predominant religion, with 80% of citizens being Muslim. The Qatari peninsula is smaller than Connecticut and much of it consists of low, barren plains. Qatar's economy relies heavily on oil and natural gas exports, which account for over half of GDP and the majority of export earnings and government revenues.
Djibouti's culture is predominantly influenced by Islam, with most artistic traditions passed down orally through songs. Architecture shows Ottoman and French influences through plasterwork and calligraphy. Politically, Djibouti has a semi-presidential system with one dominant party in power. Islam is the dominant religion, observed by 94% of residents, though all faiths are constitutionally equal. Djibouti lies in Northeast Africa on the Gulf of Aden, bordering Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The nation has little industry and relies heavily on foreign assistance and its role as a regional transit and refueling port to support its economy.
2. The primary objective of the series of Crusades that were launched on Jerusalem and lasted for nearly two hundred years was to recover the Holy Land from the growing influence of Islam. This article discusses the events leading to third crusade. Events Leading to the 3rd Crusade
3. The term “crusade” is actually a broad concept of war that is applied, not only against the Muslims, but all wars undertaken in pursuance of a vow. Events Leading to the 3rd Crusade
4. After the failure of the 2nd crusade, Damascus and Syria came totally under the control of Nur ad-Din Zangi. Zangi, also took control of Egypt by defeating the Fatimid Dynasty that was ruling Egypt. Events Leading to the 3rd Crusade
5. Sultan ala-ad-Din, as he was called later, had participated in many battles and was considered to be worthy enough to continue the war against the Crusaders. Events Leading to the 3rd Crusade
6. Sultan ala-ad-Din was known to be a strict Sunni Muslim and many Muslims until today consider him to be the personification of the word ‘chivalry’. Events Leading to the 3rd Crusade
7. His victory in the Battle of Hattin was known to be a turning point in history and was marked by the removal of Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem from Palestine. Events Leading to the 3rd Crusade
8. Visit www.HilalPlaza.com To Get the “ Jerusalem is OURs” – The Centuries Old Christian, Islamic, and Jewish struggle for the "Holy Lands" E-BOOK