The document discusses how decentralization has impacted community development in the Redfern Waterloo social housing precinct in Sydney, Australia. It analyzes two case studies: 1) the Tenant Representative Program, which aims to empower residents but suffers from low participation and awareness; and 2) the Waterloo Community Markets project, which faced delays due to conflicts between community organizations and unclear government regulations. The document concludes decentralization has hindered community development by creating competition between organizations, slowing service delivery, and limiting relationships between residents and authorities. It recommends fostering collaboration, building relationships, and implementing early and regular project evaluations to improve community development work.
This document provides a critical review of a paper by van Bortel and Mullins (2009) that analyzed the shift from vertical to horizontal network governance in urban regeneration projects. The review discusses how previous regeneration initiatives were top-down but have increasingly involved local councils, private sectors, and communities. While network governance has benefits like increased community consultation, it also has drawbacks such as potential power imbalances between actors. The review examines different perspectives on the influence and effectiveness of network versus hierarchical governance approaches.
This summary describes the work of the Asian Coalition for Community Action (ACCA), which supports community-driven slum upgrading in over 165 cities across 19 Asian nations. ACCA provides small grants for community organizations to fund local improvement projects, which helps build partnerships with local governments and establishes city-wide development funds controlled by community groups. This illustrates an alternative financing system where urban poor communities have decision-making power over funding and aims to demonstrate that slum upgrading can occur at large scale through community-led initiatives.
This study examines differences in public engagement preferences between urban and suburban residents in Lawrence, Kansas. It surveyed residents in Old West Lawrence, an urban neighborhood, and West Lawrence, a suburban neighborhood, that were matched for demographics. Preliminary trends suggest the urban residents prefer electronic and discussion-based engagement, while suburban residents prefer newspapers and surveys. While the city utilizes a range of engagement methods, it does not adequately advertise them, as shown by the low participation rates across the community.
The document summarizes a study on civic networks and neighborhood organizations in post-Katrina New Orleans. It finds that recovery has been faster in areas where neighborhood groups are more tightly clustered and connected. These clusters tend to align with natural boundaries like highways and waterways. The study also finds that neighborhood groups have strong ties to city council members but weaker ties to the mayor and city administration.
This paper examines the institutional and political constraints that
inhibit multilateral and bilateral donor agencies supporting poverty reduction
initiatives on the ground. These include the constraints related to their own structures
and the political systems in which they are embedded, and those related to
their relationships with recipient governments. The paper also considers how
current trends in development assistance towards greater donor harmonization
and the associated processes within Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), the
shift from project support to budget support, and the drive for greater “efficiency”
may further limit donors’ capacity to support pro-poor local initiatives. It also
discusses how these trends in development assistance are marginalizing support
for those aspects of development that require relatively little external funding but
also require that this funding be used carefully and strategically, engaging directly
with poor groups and their organizations, and enlarging their scope for influence
and action.
In this paper we deal with the relationship between external donors and village organizations (VOs) in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. We utilize a large dataset of village organizations in rural areas of Senegal and Burkina Faso. We argue that the kind of relationship established with northern donors may have effects on the governance mechanisms of the village organization. We investigate to what extent differences in the foundation of the VO and of the partnership with the external donor can partially explain outcomes and membership structures of the VO itself. Our results go in the direction of possible diverging effects of a donor intervention in the village organization, according to the degree of proactivity and initiative that the VO
displays.
Authors: Cecilia Navarra, University of Namur, CRED, Rempart de la Vierge, 8, 5000 Namur, Belgium. Elena Vallino, University of Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics, Lungo Dora Siena 100/A, 10153 Torino, Italy.
Planners play an important role in building socially sustainable communities through urban consolidation. Urban consolidation allows for more compact, higher-density development near transport and services, with claimed benefits like reduced environmental impact, improved access to opportunities, and more affordable housing. However, critics argue that it can reduce social capital and community cohesion. The social sustainability of urban consolidation depends on embracing change and integrating new and existing communities through quality design, infrastructure, and community participation in the planning process.
The document analyzes relationships between actors in Darfur from 2003 to 2009. It shows the central government had strong relationships providing financial support and weapons to rebels and hosting displaced persons. Meanwhile, its relationship with local communities was weak, allowing other actors like rebels, neighboring countries, and media to escalate the crisis by supporting rebels and exposing them through information and media. The conclusion is the weak relationship between the government and local community permitted other actors to intervene in a way that exacerbated the conflict.
This document provides a critical review of a paper by van Bortel and Mullins (2009) that analyzed the shift from vertical to horizontal network governance in urban regeneration projects. The review discusses how previous regeneration initiatives were top-down but have increasingly involved local councils, private sectors, and communities. While network governance has benefits like increased community consultation, it also has drawbacks such as potential power imbalances between actors. The review examines different perspectives on the influence and effectiveness of network versus hierarchical governance approaches.
This summary describes the work of the Asian Coalition for Community Action (ACCA), which supports community-driven slum upgrading in over 165 cities across 19 Asian nations. ACCA provides small grants for community organizations to fund local improvement projects, which helps build partnerships with local governments and establishes city-wide development funds controlled by community groups. This illustrates an alternative financing system where urban poor communities have decision-making power over funding and aims to demonstrate that slum upgrading can occur at large scale through community-led initiatives.
This study examines differences in public engagement preferences between urban and suburban residents in Lawrence, Kansas. It surveyed residents in Old West Lawrence, an urban neighborhood, and West Lawrence, a suburban neighborhood, that were matched for demographics. Preliminary trends suggest the urban residents prefer electronic and discussion-based engagement, while suburban residents prefer newspapers and surveys. While the city utilizes a range of engagement methods, it does not adequately advertise them, as shown by the low participation rates across the community.
The document summarizes a study on civic networks and neighborhood organizations in post-Katrina New Orleans. It finds that recovery has been faster in areas where neighborhood groups are more tightly clustered and connected. These clusters tend to align with natural boundaries like highways and waterways. The study also finds that neighborhood groups have strong ties to city council members but weaker ties to the mayor and city administration.
This paper examines the institutional and political constraints that
inhibit multilateral and bilateral donor agencies supporting poverty reduction
initiatives on the ground. These include the constraints related to their own structures
and the political systems in which they are embedded, and those related to
their relationships with recipient governments. The paper also considers how
current trends in development assistance towards greater donor harmonization
and the associated processes within Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), the
shift from project support to budget support, and the drive for greater “efficiency”
may further limit donors’ capacity to support pro-poor local initiatives. It also
discusses how these trends in development assistance are marginalizing support
for those aspects of development that require relatively little external funding but
also require that this funding be used carefully and strategically, engaging directly
with poor groups and their organizations, and enlarging their scope for influence
and action.
In this paper we deal with the relationship between external donors and village organizations (VOs) in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. We utilize a large dataset of village organizations in rural areas of Senegal and Burkina Faso. We argue that the kind of relationship established with northern donors may have effects on the governance mechanisms of the village organization. We investigate to what extent differences in the foundation of the VO and of the partnership with the external donor can partially explain outcomes and membership structures of the VO itself. Our results go in the direction of possible diverging effects of a donor intervention in the village organization, according to the degree of proactivity and initiative that the VO
displays.
Authors: Cecilia Navarra, University of Namur, CRED, Rempart de la Vierge, 8, 5000 Namur, Belgium. Elena Vallino, University of Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics, Lungo Dora Siena 100/A, 10153 Torino, Italy.
Planners play an important role in building socially sustainable communities through urban consolidation. Urban consolidation allows for more compact, higher-density development near transport and services, with claimed benefits like reduced environmental impact, improved access to opportunities, and more affordable housing. However, critics argue that it can reduce social capital and community cohesion. The social sustainability of urban consolidation depends on embracing change and integrating new and existing communities through quality design, infrastructure, and community participation in the planning process.
The document analyzes relationships between actors in Darfur from 2003 to 2009. It shows the central government had strong relationships providing financial support and weapons to rebels and hosting displaced persons. Meanwhile, its relationship with local communities was weak, allowing other actors like rebels, neighboring countries, and media to escalate the crisis by supporting rebels and exposing them through information and media. The conclusion is the weak relationship between the government and local community permitted other actors to intervene in a way that exacerbated the conflict.
The key themes that emerged from discussions about the socio-economic and political contexts for small community groups were:
1) Power and equality - There are concerns that certain groups are better able to engage in local decision-making than others, such as marginalized communities.
2) Individual citizens - The economic climate is reducing people's time, energy, and resources to participate in community activities. Transient populations also impact involvement.
3) Resources - Small groups struggle to access funds, especially in more affluent areas. Commissioning systems sometimes favor larger, established organizations.
4) Relationships - Relationships between communities, local government, and the formal sector are shifting, which impacts collaboration and support networks
The Women Mayors' Network (WoMN) project aims to establish a congress and support network for women politicians serving as mayors. The network will provide a database of members, technical assistance from professionals, a digital platform for members to connect, and a biennial award for projects promoting gender equality. Though women comprise a growing portion of the urban population globally, they are significantly underrepresented as local politicians. The network seeks to support women seeking and serving in mayoral positions by offering resources and opportunities to share experiences. It will be open to all women mayors and work to advocate for policies promoting gender equality and women's empowerment at the local level.
This document discusses various ways that governments are engaging citizens through online tools and technologies. It provides examples of different countries and organizations using the internet to facilitate citizen participation in government processes. Some key initiatives mentioned include the UK's e-petition system, Estonia's online civic engagement platform "My Better Estonia", Brazil's experiments with participatory lawmaking and budgeting, and the US government's use of social media and online town halls under the Obama administration. The document emphasizes that while technology enables new forms of engagement, in-person interactions remain important for civic participation.
This document discusses alternative models for achieving local government financial sustainability. It argues that the focus should be on sustainability of the communities local governments serve, not just the financial sustainability of councils themselves. Considering community sustainability has implications, like councils facilitating other institutions that support communities and reduce long-term burdens on councils. The document also distinguishes between a council's provision of services and production of services, with alternative models like California taking production out of council control through contracting.
This document discusses neighbourhood planning in North West England and the barriers encountered. It finds that while neighbourhood planning has the potential to empower communities, in practice it has primarily benefited more affluent rural areas. Unexpected barriers in deprived urban areas included a lack of support from local planning authorities and opposition from local politicians. More funding and education is needed to help neighbourhood planning reach its progressive potential in overcoming inequalities between places.
This document discusses neighborhoods and the importance of social capital and community engagement at the neighborhood level. It outlines several principles for supporting neighborhoods, including promoting neighbor relationships, stimulating participatory economic activity, accepting social diversity, and localizing decision-making. It also discusses challenges like engaging communities, building capacity, developing neighborhood leaders, and locating skills at the local level. The document emphasizes asset-based approaches and highlights the importance of community profiling, involvement, and building cohesive communities from the ground up.
The document provides recommendations from a citizen advisory committee to strengthen neighborhood associations in Gresham, Oregon. It recommends that neighborhood associations (1) develop citizen testimony skills, utilize early testimony, and create neighborhood impact plans; (2) that the neighborhood coalition continue addressing city-wide issues and monitor recommendations; and (3) that the city manager establish a 'Office of Neighborhoods' and provide support funding and that city council update codes to recognize the coalition's role. The recommendations aim to increase neighborhood involvement, leadership, and influence over local decisions.
The Communities in Transition Programme seeks to build relationships and promote local participation in community development and peacebuilding in areas experiencing weak community infrastructure and the legacy of conflict. It recognizes the difficulties these communities face and aims to address imbalance through long-term investment of time and resources to support areas of weak community infrastructure and community tension. The program focuses on ten disadvantaged areas, developing community capacity and participation, addressing issues of alienation, and influencing policymaking related to areas of weak community infrastructure and tensions.
“Domains of Deprivation Framework” for Mapping Slums, Informal Settlements, and other Deprived Areas in LMICs to improve urban planning and policy: A Scoping Review
Dealing with the ‘soft’ issues that undermine service delivery at all levels ...Peter Franks
Paper presented to the International Conference: "Constitutional Democracy: the role of Provincial/Regional and Local Government in making Governance more effective, accountable and innovative. School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, 19 - 21 August 2015.
Safety and Justice Challenge May Networking Meeting WorkshopEveryday Democracy
Cook County and Charleston County shared their experiences engaging communities in discussions around safety and justice challenges. Both counties used dialogue circles and surveys to gather input from over 1,000 community members total. Key takeaways included the need to address racial bias and disparities, improve perceptions of trust in law enforcement and the justice system, and support reentry for those returning from incarceration. Survey results showed people found value in participating and being heard. The counties are using this community input to inform strategic planning and identify priorities like increasing training, creating more engagement opportunities, and establishing partnerships to support reform.
This document discusses public participation in county governance in Kenya. It provides definitions and principles of public participation, outlines the benefits, key officers responsible for facilitating participation, and how citizens can prepare. It discusses the constitutional and legal framework for participation, the roles of the county assembly and its committees, and the continuum of participation levels from informing to empowering citizens. The overall aim is to strengthen understanding and implementation of public participation at the county level.
Applying Organisation Development principles to Effect Change-A Case Study (P...Madhavi Rajadhyaksha
1) Community based organizations (CBOs) work with local governments (Panchayati Raj Institutions or PRIs) to advance the interests of the poor, despite deficiencies in state laws and inadequate resources for both CBOs and PRIs.
2) The politics of representation and social inequities have impaired the ability of women and scheduled communities to actively participate in PRIs, hindering their ability to advocate for their interests.
3) While CBOs carve out an alternative space to focus on marginalized groups, they lack democratic processes and accountability to the entire community, raising concerns about patronage and not being representative of all.
Ushahidi introduction: Re-imagining Citizen Engagement
Webinar provided to the Urban Sustainability Director's Network (USDN)
By Heather Leson
February 24, 2012
The project aimed to apply social network analysis to improve family planning attitudes and use in Mali. Over 5 years, formative research was conducted to map social networks and identify influencers. Interventions targeted key actors to reduce barriers and strengthen support. Testing showed social barriers included perceived disapproval, limited discussion, and misinformation. Networks influenced attitudes, but men and providers had little involvement. The program engaged groups, leaders, and migrants to disseminate information and encourage dialogue.
In the spring of 2015, Nepal experienced two large earthquakes that killed nearly 9,000 people and left over 500,000 homeless. Disasters exacerbate existing social inequalities, as marginalized groups are less able to prepare for or cope with extreme events. The post-disaster period can be an opportunity for change, as power structures are weakened and humanitarian actors coordinate relief efforts. However, social media crisis data relies on crowdsourcing and may only further empower groups that are already digitally connected, as marginalized communities face barriers to accessing and contributing online crisis information. Efforts are needed to connect offline communities to the web and ensure marginalized voices are included in organizing relief responses.
This document summarizes a report on challenges to social service delivery in Zimbabwe's resettlement areas. It discusses research conducted in Midlands province, which found that schools and health facilities in resettlement communities are in poor condition and long distances from residents, who must walk to access them. Conflicts often arise due to competition for limited services. The rapid resettlement process resulted in little planning for basic infrastructure. While the government and others have made efforts to improve services, shortcomings remain that could increase tensions if not addressed. The goal of the analysis is to help authorities and organizations improve social services and promote community well-being in resettlement areas.
This paper outlines challenges to the provision of basic social services in resettlement areas in Zimbabwe, particularly adequate health facilities and schools. The paper discusses the process of resettlement, which took place rapidly and with little planning. Research was conducted in Midlands province in Vungu and Tongogara districts, in Kushinga, Lukhuluba and Zhaugwe wards. Data was collected through individual interviews, consultations and focus group discussions.
The key themes that emerged from discussions about the socio-economic and political contexts for small community groups were:
1) Power and equality - There are concerns that certain groups are better able to engage in local decision-making than others, such as marginalized communities.
2) Individual citizens - The economic climate is reducing people's time, energy, and resources to participate in community activities. Transient populations also impact involvement.
3) Resources - Small groups struggle to access funds, especially in more affluent areas. Commissioning systems sometimes favor larger, established organizations.
4) Relationships - Relationships between communities, local government, and the formal sector are shifting, which impacts collaboration and support networks
The Women Mayors' Network (WoMN) project aims to establish a congress and support network for women politicians serving as mayors. The network will provide a database of members, technical assistance from professionals, a digital platform for members to connect, and a biennial award for projects promoting gender equality. Though women comprise a growing portion of the urban population globally, they are significantly underrepresented as local politicians. The network seeks to support women seeking and serving in mayoral positions by offering resources and opportunities to share experiences. It will be open to all women mayors and work to advocate for policies promoting gender equality and women's empowerment at the local level.
This document discusses various ways that governments are engaging citizens through online tools and technologies. It provides examples of different countries and organizations using the internet to facilitate citizen participation in government processes. Some key initiatives mentioned include the UK's e-petition system, Estonia's online civic engagement platform "My Better Estonia", Brazil's experiments with participatory lawmaking and budgeting, and the US government's use of social media and online town halls under the Obama administration. The document emphasizes that while technology enables new forms of engagement, in-person interactions remain important for civic participation.
This document discusses alternative models for achieving local government financial sustainability. It argues that the focus should be on sustainability of the communities local governments serve, not just the financial sustainability of councils themselves. Considering community sustainability has implications, like councils facilitating other institutions that support communities and reduce long-term burdens on councils. The document also distinguishes between a council's provision of services and production of services, with alternative models like California taking production out of council control through contracting.
This document discusses neighbourhood planning in North West England and the barriers encountered. It finds that while neighbourhood planning has the potential to empower communities, in practice it has primarily benefited more affluent rural areas. Unexpected barriers in deprived urban areas included a lack of support from local planning authorities and opposition from local politicians. More funding and education is needed to help neighbourhood planning reach its progressive potential in overcoming inequalities between places.
This document discusses neighborhoods and the importance of social capital and community engagement at the neighborhood level. It outlines several principles for supporting neighborhoods, including promoting neighbor relationships, stimulating participatory economic activity, accepting social diversity, and localizing decision-making. It also discusses challenges like engaging communities, building capacity, developing neighborhood leaders, and locating skills at the local level. The document emphasizes asset-based approaches and highlights the importance of community profiling, involvement, and building cohesive communities from the ground up.
The document provides recommendations from a citizen advisory committee to strengthen neighborhood associations in Gresham, Oregon. It recommends that neighborhood associations (1) develop citizen testimony skills, utilize early testimony, and create neighborhood impact plans; (2) that the neighborhood coalition continue addressing city-wide issues and monitor recommendations; and (3) that the city manager establish a 'Office of Neighborhoods' and provide support funding and that city council update codes to recognize the coalition's role. The recommendations aim to increase neighborhood involvement, leadership, and influence over local decisions.
The Communities in Transition Programme seeks to build relationships and promote local participation in community development and peacebuilding in areas experiencing weak community infrastructure and the legacy of conflict. It recognizes the difficulties these communities face and aims to address imbalance through long-term investment of time and resources to support areas of weak community infrastructure and community tension. The program focuses on ten disadvantaged areas, developing community capacity and participation, addressing issues of alienation, and influencing policymaking related to areas of weak community infrastructure and tensions.
“Domains of Deprivation Framework” for Mapping Slums, Informal Settlements, and other Deprived Areas in LMICs to improve urban planning and policy: A Scoping Review
Dealing with the ‘soft’ issues that undermine service delivery at all levels ...Peter Franks
Paper presented to the International Conference: "Constitutional Democracy: the role of Provincial/Regional and Local Government in making Governance more effective, accountable and innovative. School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, 19 - 21 August 2015.
Safety and Justice Challenge May Networking Meeting WorkshopEveryday Democracy
Cook County and Charleston County shared their experiences engaging communities in discussions around safety and justice challenges. Both counties used dialogue circles and surveys to gather input from over 1,000 community members total. Key takeaways included the need to address racial bias and disparities, improve perceptions of trust in law enforcement and the justice system, and support reentry for those returning from incarceration. Survey results showed people found value in participating and being heard. The counties are using this community input to inform strategic planning and identify priorities like increasing training, creating more engagement opportunities, and establishing partnerships to support reform.
This document discusses public participation in county governance in Kenya. It provides definitions and principles of public participation, outlines the benefits, key officers responsible for facilitating participation, and how citizens can prepare. It discusses the constitutional and legal framework for participation, the roles of the county assembly and its committees, and the continuum of participation levels from informing to empowering citizens. The overall aim is to strengthen understanding and implementation of public participation at the county level.
Applying Organisation Development principles to Effect Change-A Case Study (P...Madhavi Rajadhyaksha
1) Community based organizations (CBOs) work with local governments (Panchayati Raj Institutions or PRIs) to advance the interests of the poor, despite deficiencies in state laws and inadequate resources for both CBOs and PRIs.
2) The politics of representation and social inequities have impaired the ability of women and scheduled communities to actively participate in PRIs, hindering their ability to advocate for their interests.
3) While CBOs carve out an alternative space to focus on marginalized groups, they lack democratic processes and accountability to the entire community, raising concerns about patronage and not being representative of all.
Ushahidi introduction: Re-imagining Citizen Engagement
Webinar provided to the Urban Sustainability Director's Network (USDN)
By Heather Leson
February 24, 2012
The project aimed to apply social network analysis to improve family planning attitudes and use in Mali. Over 5 years, formative research was conducted to map social networks and identify influencers. Interventions targeted key actors to reduce barriers and strengthen support. Testing showed social barriers included perceived disapproval, limited discussion, and misinformation. Networks influenced attitudes, but men and providers had little involvement. The program engaged groups, leaders, and migrants to disseminate information and encourage dialogue.
In the spring of 2015, Nepal experienced two large earthquakes that killed nearly 9,000 people and left over 500,000 homeless. Disasters exacerbate existing social inequalities, as marginalized groups are less able to prepare for or cope with extreme events. The post-disaster period can be an opportunity for change, as power structures are weakened and humanitarian actors coordinate relief efforts. However, social media crisis data relies on crowdsourcing and may only further empower groups that are already digitally connected, as marginalized communities face barriers to accessing and contributing online crisis information. Efforts are needed to connect offline communities to the web and ensure marginalized voices are included in organizing relief responses.
This document summarizes a report on challenges to social service delivery in Zimbabwe's resettlement areas. It discusses research conducted in Midlands province, which found that schools and health facilities in resettlement communities are in poor condition and long distances from residents, who must walk to access them. Conflicts often arise due to competition for limited services. The rapid resettlement process resulted in little planning for basic infrastructure. While the government and others have made efforts to improve services, shortcomings remain that could increase tensions if not addressed. The goal of the analysis is to help authorities and organizations improve social services and promote community well-being in resettlement areas.
This paper outlines challenges to the provision of basic social services in resettlement areas in Zimbabwe, particularly adequate health facilities and schools. The paper discusses the process of resettlement, which took place rapidly and with little planning. Research was conducted in Midlands province in Vungu and Tongogara districts, in Kushinga, Lukhuluba and Zhaugwe wards. Data was collected through individual interviews, consultations and focus group discussions.
The role of NGOs and civil society in development and poverty reductionPurbita Ditecha
Focusa2z Connects World [ http://focusa2z.com ] has collected one of the most essential research paper on the topic of charity donation titled "The role of NGOs and civil society in
development and poverty reduction"
Politics, informality and clientelism - exploring a pro-poor urban politicsDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses clientelism in urban politics in the global south and how organized groups of urban poor have sought to transform clientelist relationships. It begins by providing context on urban poverty, politics, and the prevalence of informal settlements. It then discusses definitions of clientelism and perspectives on it, noting it is typically characterized by an unequal exchange between political elites and urban poor communities for resources. The document explores four goals of organized urban poor groups: negotiating bureaucratic changes; managing conflict; mitigating vertical political relations; and transforming resource-based approaches. It argues these ultimately aim for greater legitimacy of the urban poor and increased political accountability.
Citizens of Wichita participated in 102 community meetings to discuss survey results and provide input on priorities and funding. Creating a reliable long-term water supply was the highest priority for funding. Improving streets and establishing passenger train service were also high priorities. Meeting needs of the homeless and encouraging economic development were discussed. Vision statements focused on job creation, cultural amenities, and ensuring opportunities for future generations.
Participatory development seeks to engage local populations in development projects to strengthen their influence over decisions and resources. It empowers groups to negotiate with institutions, improves efficiency and sustainability of programs, and checks government power. Effective participatory development requires identifying stakeholders like community groups, governments, NGOs and donors, and incorporating their input at all stages through methods ranging from information sharing to shared control. Examples from Philippines projects demonstrate how participatory planning at village, municipal and provincial levels built social capital and empowered communities.
The Rural Voices Network has completed the first phase of their project to understand rural Ontario better. They held 7 public forums across the province to gather citizen voices on challenges in rural communities. These findings will now form the basis for an online public survey to confirm and expand on barriers to rural civic engagement. The goal is to help governments and organizations improve how they serve rural areas.
This document discusses how social entrepreneurship can help structurally change rural areas. It reviews literature showing that social entrepreneurship has helped bring improvements to rural communities like new technologies for electricity access, water systems, and transportation infrastructure. Social entrepreneurship aims to enhance rural development by addressing issues like poverty, lack of education, unemployment, and income inequality faced by rural populations. It can help realize changes in rural people's attitudes and overall quality of life, not just economic outputs. The document examines the interactions between social entrepreneurs and rural communities to understand how social entrepreneurship impacts rural development.
This document provides an overview of a study examining human services nonprofits located in poor neighborhoods in Los Angeles County. The study found that these nonprofits tend to be small and under-resourced, relying primarily on private donations. They provide basic needs services, youth programs, and clinical care. However, 24% of census tracts have no established nonprofits, creating "service deserts" with high poverty and social vulnerabilities. Government funding cuts have further challenged these organizations' ability to meet community needs.
The document summarizes research on citizen-run online neighborhood networks in London. It finds that these sites help strengthen local identities, stimulate civic engagement and local democracy, and contribute to cooperation with local authorities. A survey of users found that participation increased feelings of belonging and empowerment. However, councils are cautious about engaging with the sites due to moderation concerns. The research aims to provide guidance to local councils on how to support these networks while maintaining their independence.
The document discusses targets- and rankings-based accountability mechanisms that are increasingly used to manage public services. It describes how performance indicators can be used internally or published and linked to explicit or implicit incentive schemes. Evidence shows that public services do respond to these incentives, but not always in intended or desirable ways due to issues with measurement, gaming, and conflicts between different accountability mechanisms. The implications are that more consideration needs to be given to both the design of performance indicators and how they interact with other accountability structures.
The Effects of Neighborhood Change on New York City Housing Authority ResidentsNYCOpportunity
In May 2015, CEO and Abt Associates released a report, examining how the socioeconomic makeup of neighborhoods surrounding New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) developments, and recent changes in that makeup, affect public housing residents’ quality of life.
The economic landscape surrounding many NYCHA developments – often first built in low-income neighborhoods - has changed over time. Researchers separated neighborhoods surrounding NYCHA developments into three classifications of persistently low, increasing, or persistently high income when compared to the NYC median over three decades.
Researchers found statistically significant differences in earnings for NYCHA residents living in different neighborhood types, unlikely to have been affected by resident selection bias. Annual household earnings average $4,500 higher for public housing residents in high-income neighborhoods as compared to persistently low-income neighborhoods. Earnings are $3,000 higher for those in increasing income neighborhoods.
The study engaged NYCHA residents as research partners in three in-depth case studies in Morris Heights, Long Island City, and Chelsea. The qualitative results complement the quantitative findings by describing residents’ personal experiences of neighborhood change, highlighting some of the ways this observed difference in incomes may be offset by higher costs for NYCHA residents in high income neighborhoods. In all three types of neighborhoods, residents expressed a need for more enrichment, skill-building, and employment opportunities, of the sort offered by CEO and NYC Young Men’s Initiative (YMI) programs. The report was conducted in partnership with the NYU Furman Center, BronxWorks, Hudson Guild, and Urban Upbound, and the New York City Housing Authority.
Governance is about the processes by which public policy decisions are made and implemented. ICT can become a catalyst to improve governance in towns and cities and help increase the levels of participation, efficiency and accountability in public urban policies, provided that the tools are appropriately used, accessible and affordable. This book examines how ICT enabled governance is applied to urban policy design and highlights case studies, tools, methodologies, all reflecting current challenges and potential for the use of ICT in governance processes in cities. See chapter: Dumb Phones, Smart Youth: Impact of ICT and Mobile Platforms on Youth Engagement in Local Governance
Focusing Development on Communities of Concern: Smart Growth and its Impact o...Urban Habitat
1) Local and regional planning have historically contributed to increasing racial and economic inequities rather than resolving them.
2) Achieving equitable development in the future requires a new approach that addresses historical challenges and centers the voices of impacted communities in the planning process.
3) Community organizations play a critical role in supporting residents to envision and plan for their neighborhoods.
The document discusses factors that affect recovery after natural disasters, using examples from Aceh, Indonesia after the 2004 tsunami. It finds that:
1) Massive aid can help rebuild physical capital like housing quickly but also introduces outside influences that change village life.
2) Aid was largely uncoordinated, with many NGOs competing and little oversight, affecting recovery trajectories across villages.
3) The type of aid agency, whether it was also the donor or just an implementer, affected the quality and sustainability of rebuilding efforts and level of community participation.
4) Introducing elections for village heads after the disaster shifted power from elites and was correlated with less community volunteerism in rebuilding
This document summarizes a needs assessment conducted in Ceiba, Puerto Rico after the closing of the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. The needs assessment was participatory, involving community leaders and organizations. It identified key needs in areas like youth activities, health facilities, safety from crime and drugs, education and skills training, and economic development. For the former naval base lands, residents proposed developing a hospital, educational facilities, and an amusement park. Recommendations included addressing drug problems, promoting recreational and cultural activities, training residents in skills like crafts and business, and exploring economic opportunities through tourism and local businesses. The assessment provides valuable information to help the community through the transition after the base closing.
This document summarizes a needs assessment conducted in Ceiba, Puerto Rico after the closing of the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. The needs assessment involved interviews with 450 households to understand issues in areas like youth, health, safety, housing, employment, and future use of the naval base lands. Key findings included a need for recreational activities for youth to address drug problems, health facilities like a hospital and emergency room, and job training in areas like crafts and agriculture. Recommendations centered on addressing drug issues, promoting community activities, developing businesses and job skills, and converting naval base facilities into a hospital, schools, and recreational areas. The participatory needs assessment process aimed to empower the community to direct the redevelopment of the local economy
This document discusses two organizations of the urban poor (OUPs) in Kisumu, Kenya: Neighborhood Planning Associations (NPAs) and Slum Dwellers Federations (SDFs). It analyzes their role in building social capital and solidarity among urban poor communities. NPAs were formed by NGOs, have even representation and are officially registered. SDFs are more flexible, empower marginalized members, and build short-term goals to create long-term cohesion. However, both groups still exclude the most vulnerable and depend on external support. The document questions whether OUPs can be truly sustainable and inclusive without addressing structural inequalities in society.
Can Organisations of the Urban Poor be Significant Actors in 'building' Socia...Caroline Cage
In 2005 Sattherthwaite and D’Cruz made the bold assertion that ‘Perhaps the most significant initiative today in urban areas of Africa and Asia in addressing poverty… is the work of organizations and federations formed and run by the urban poor or homeless’. With growing numbers of NGOs in urban areas, as well as pressure on governments to increase citizen involvement in decision-making, large-scale Organisations of the Urban Poor (OUPs) are becoming recognised as potentially important civil society actors in urban decision-making and implementation. Urban poor federations such as Slum Dwellers International (SDI) have spread rapidly through the developing world, while at the same time NGOs have begun supporting umbrella groups as longer-term representatives of the urban poor.
In Kisumu (one of the fastest growing cities in Kenya and focus of the 2007 post-election violence), both SDI and NGO supported groups are operating in several wards of the city, attempting to perform similar functions of representation and coordination in the community. However, there are differences both in their supporting organisations, and in the way the groups themselves are structured and function internally. For example, while NGO supported groups may be seen as less antagonistic, and therefore perhaps better able to connect to local state actors, they may also be more constrained by the same overarching structures of donor aid and financing that has been found to limit the NGOs which support them. So how representative are they? Do they increase solidarity? And how do they influence, or are they influenced by external actors? This paper presents early findings from research into the Horizontal and Vertical Social Capital of SDI and NGO supported umbrella groups in Kisumu in order to understand how effective these groups are in their intended role as bridges between external partners and the community.
This document discusses principles for how development should happen after 2015 based on participatory research with people experiencing poverty in 29 countries. It calls for a post-2015 framework that recognizes the rights and priorities of those in extreme poverty and marginalization. It emphasizes that change must occur through more democratic and accountable relationships between citizens and governments. Sustainable change requires addressing the multiple and intersecting inequalities that characterize extreme poverty, through a holistic people-centered approach. The document recommends basing the post-2015 framework on rights and meaningful participation of the poorest in policymaking to improve accountability.
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“How the decentralization of the social housing industry effects community development in
the Redfern Waterloo social housing precinct”
Abstract
With the upcoming redevelopment of the Redfern-Waterloo social housing precinct, the
relationships, networks and partnerships fostered by the residents is sure to be tested.
Decentralization of governance has often been seen as the best approach to assisting
community development, a tool of empowering residents and creating agency, however
observation of the community proceedings and interactions with local government challenges
this long standing view.
Introduction
The Redfern-Waterloo social housing community is about to face great change with the
redevelopment of the area. The redevelopment will involve the building of a new metro
station and high rise private and public housing. The exact number of public housing to be
rebuilt is yet to be confirmed by state government officials and it is the uncertainty of housing
that has residents concerned about their future in the area. Response to the news of
development varies from public outcry to grief stricken residents being hospitalized, scared
they will have to relocate from their community, which for some has been their home for up
to 40 years. It is fair to assume that more than ever the Redfern-Waterloo social housing
community has a great need for the services and assistance provided by community
development agencies. However, after a 14-week observation of the interactions between
state government, community development agencies and residents in the Redfern-Waterloo
social housing precinct it is evident that decentralization of the industry has obstructed the
processes of community development in the area. Decentralization of management is the
process of distributing authority by top management down the line to other bodies, this in
turn lessens the portfolio of top management to only major decision making. The aim of
decentralization is to make the operation and decision making processes of organization more
effective and efficient (Chand 2016). Although often hailed as the best approach to
community development, its role in developing the Redfern-Waterloo community has proven
rather to hinder the progress and implementation of projects for social housing residents
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Decentralization in the Redfern Waterloo social housing precinct
The decentralization of authority and management presents itself in the NSW government's
approach to public housing in the Redfern-Waterloo area. The system of housing itself is
complex and multifaceted, 79% of all public housing in NSW is run and owned by the state
government bodies (Gardiner 2013), but is operated by a series of sectors and external
agencies. Family and Community Services (FACS) is the overseeing state department for
social housing, responsible for tenancy applications, management of tenants and transitions
and casework (NSW Family and Community Services 2016), however The Land and
Housing Corporation (LAHC), a department under FACS, is responsible for the land and
physical structures of public housing. Although there seems to be two core government
bodies responsible for the majority of social housing, it is once again divided into different
levels and staff. FACS portfolios are divided by location, the Redfern-Waterloo social
housing precinct is part of the South Sydney district (NSW Family and Community Services
2016). The services provided by FACS also form separate departments, for example
disability services is part of the Ageing, Disability and Home Care service, although still a
NSW state government body it is its own separate entity. External from the state government
departments there is a string of Non-Government Organizations (NGO), who rely on grants
and funding to provide community development services.
The management of social housing in Redfern and Waterloo has also been outsourced to the
private sector. Private contractors tend to the common area, cleaning, grounds and building
maintenance. However, there is not just one contractor responsible for the maintenance of all
buildings and residencies. Residents of Marton, Turanga and Solander residential towers
often commented on the discrepancies between the cleaning rates and standards of each floor
and common area but were unsure who to contact, whether it be the contractor itself or
LAHC. The way social housing is maintained and operated highlights a continuing theme
with decentralization, that especially in this context, which is how it can inhibit the ease of
communication and access between resident and government body.
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Findings: The effects of decentralization in the Redfern-Waterloo social housing
precinct
The formation of community is a process that is often contested, traditionally, communities
were thought to be based on geography, forming due to sharing a common location and
building relationships with their neighbors (Chaskin 2004). Although this view is present in
the evolution of the Redfern-Waterloo community, it is also evident that the relationships
formed are also based on something greater than location, a shared experience of life in the
social housing system. The Redfern-Waterloo social housing community is one that is
culturally and linguistically diverse, out of this communities based on shared cultural
identities have formed, this formation of communities based on ideology and experiences
highlights modern perspectives of community, that there are more influential factors than
geography (Chaskin 2004). It is the aim of community development workers to foster and
assist these networks and relationships in any way possible.
Community development is the process of community members and other stakeholders
coming together to take collective action to develop strategies to problems and develop
networks to strengthen community wellbeing (Bhattacharyya 2009, Smith & Frank 1999).
Therefore, the role of community development practitioners to facilitate these processes,
through projects, meets and greets and community forums. However, the end goal is for
community members to take over these roles, that members will take responsibility for the
welfare of their community (Bhattacharyya 2009). It is often argued that decentralization is a
beneficial approach to development, that ultimately it increases community participation,
representation and service delivery (Ahmed & Abu Talib 2015), although, actions of the
government in this time have highlighted two key ways in which decentralization impedes
the so very needed community development work in this area. The way in which
decentralization impedes community development is explored through the following case
studies, firstly the Redfern and Waterloo Tenant Representative Program and secondly the
Waterloo Neighborhood Markets.
Case study one: Tenant Representative Program
One of the core principles of community development is to get the community involved in
decisions that affect them (Bhattacharyya 2009), which in the context of social housing in
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Redfern and Waterloo is empowering residents to stand up and be a voice for their
community in the face of redevelopment. This process has been made the responsibility of
community development workers and residents. The Neighborhood Advisory Boards (NAB)
were established in 1995 by Housing New South Wales (White 2014). The aim of the NAB
was to hold community meetings to discuss the matters of social housing, these meetings are
now attended by representatives from local council, police, and community development
agencies and the elected tenant representatives (White 2014). The Redfern-Waterloo social
housing area has been divided into precincts and each precinct elects a tenant representative
to speak on their behalf at the NAB bi-monthly meetings on any concern they may have. This
program is facilitated by supported by FACS funded tenant participation resource support
workers.
Initial research of the Tenant Representative Program emphasized a program that was
committed and effective in increasing community participation and representation, in contrast
discussion with community members from Waterloo generated a different image, many
members were unaware of the NABs and Tenant Representatives and many were unsure of
who their actual representative was.
“We do not know what it is they do, what is their role? What do they need to do? we
would like to know this, we would like to understand this…we would like to know
what it is the representative needs to do” (Waterloo Resident, August 2016)
Observation of the tenant representative elections reiterated the sentiments of residents.
Attendance of the Waterloo elections was minimal, despite there being 2,536 social housing
properties in Waterloo (UrbanGrowth NSW 2011) the highest attendance for the day was 15
people at the People’s Precinct Election; other precincts either had one or two attendees
inclusive of the tenant representative. Other issues that were made evident was the
dissatisfaction with tenant representatives, again sharing similar concerns with Marton Tower
residents, that they were not clear on what or who they were voting for or what their role was,
one woman was angered by the lack of engagement by her tenant representative stated;
“There is such disengagement in this area…reps are not engaging their neighbors,
checking on their neighbors seeing if they’re okay…it’s not working to the best
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capacity it could be, it’s not working…community spirit is going to die next year”
(Waterloo Resident, September 2016)
Due to minimal participation, tenant representative candidates were lacking, three out of six
precincts did not meet the required two tenant representatives but despite this, representatives
were still elected. Other issues included lack of explanation about the program from
facilitators, backlash from residents, no interpreters for culturally and linguistically diverse
community members, and lack of interaction between nominees and voters, which clearly
impacts the desired participatory nature of the program.
The comments made by community members and the issues observed highlighted that the
program is failing in meeting its aims, due to the minimal participation and awareness of
elections and proceedings, it can be judged that representatives are not a fair and accurate
representation of the community. Although a product of a decentralized government, this
program directly challenges two of its key perceived benefits of decentralization, being
increased participation and representation. Initial observation may lead to the assumption that
this is a failing of the program facilitators, that they are not conducting and evaluating the
program properly. Increased investigation into the literature and facilitation highlighted that
workers are just following the command given to them, as when asked questions about the
proceedings they too seem confused about the exact rules or who to contact. This is
furthermore highlighted by the facilitator’s criticisms who comment on the lack of resources
and information given to them. The failings of this program underline the another issue
decentralization causes for community development, which is its impact on the speed and
efficacy of service delivery
Case study two: Waterloo Community Markets
Community markets have often been a useful tool in increasing social relationships and
networking in communities, the organizing and selling of goods and services on the
community level is often seen as a sustainable and effective way to increase agency and
resilience in difficult times (Orzanne & Orzanne 2016). The Waterloo community markets
are a project facilitated by the University of New South Wales Community Development
Project (UNSWCDP), addressing the UNSWCDP’s objectives of encouraging community
participation and assisting in responses to community priorities (UNSWSCDP 2016). In
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attempt to reach objectives the facilitation of the markets is also supported by community
volunteers, each stallholder is also a member of the Redfern-Waterloo social housing
precinct.
The project involves residents holding their own stall to sell items, items range from
secondhand goods to artworks made by residents. The markets have 10 stalls and operate
Friday mornings, with stall holder fees funding the upkeep and associated costs. Markets are
attended by social housing residents, members of the community and workers such as
tradesman and retail staff. The markets thus far have proved as a good mechanism for
increasing the integration of social housing residents in the wider community, which is
important when trying to reduce the stigma surrounding social housing (Young et al. 2013).
The development of these markets seems straightforward, a simple process of picking a
time, acquiring a space and providing equipment for stalls. Observation of the development
of this project showed that it was a far more complex and arduous process, involving frequent
negotiations with all stakeholders, often with conditions for the implementation being
changed after meetings. The need for additional discourse and conversation extended the
implementation period, slowing down service delivery, impacting the enthusiasm of stall
holders who were beginning to think the project would not eventuate. Observations
highlighted two key reasons for the longer time frame of this project, the competition created
between community development practitioners and increased amount of stakeholders and
government bodies to consult on proceedings.
Participation in the organization of the Waterloo Markets highlighted the conflict between
NGOs working in the area. The organizing body often faced backlash from other practitioners
criticizing the logistics and management of the project, that it would directly impact the
success of another community organization. The present opinions highlighted a greater issue;
the existence of competition between NGOs rather than partnership and collaboration, which
is one of UNSWCDP’s core objectives (UNSWCDP 2016). The reason for conflict between
NGOs may be explained by competition for funding, as all are funded by FACS, funding can
be determined by performance and the success of another organization may be deemed as a
direct threat to the success and funding of another. The politics of local NGOs had
detrimental effects on the implementation process of the project, criticisms of opposing
organizations were echoed by government individuals, requiring further negotiation and
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consultation, therefore further slowing the implementation of the project. The inability of
NGOs to positively engage with each other further impacted the credibility of involved
organizations, generating negative public perceptions, which could lead to community
backlash further on.
NGOs working directly with social housing residents receive on grants and funding from
FACS for their projects (UNSWCDP 2016), therefore to get funding for a specific project it
as to first meet all the requirements and conditions set by FACS. In a decentralized context
like Redfern-Waterloo, figures who need direct consultation are often increased and unclear.
Investigation into the development process of the market project highlighted occurrences
when one authority figure would advise of that certain regulations and fees needed to be paid,
but consultation of others would give conflicting requirements. This was also present when
gaining approval for use of certain facilities at the site, with individuals from FACS and
LAHC giving opposing views, but to gain clarification on a conflicting decision was also
difficult due to the lack of awareness of contactable authority figures specific to the Redfern-
Waterloo district. Like the conflict that arises between practitioners, the lack of explicit and
clear direction slows down the delivery and implementation of beneficial projects and
programs, which has consequences such as declining participation as confidence in an idea or
project falls. This effects the overall running of an organization as without participation from
residents the need for the organization will be questioned.
Concluding remarks and recommendations for improving community development in a
decentralized setting
The decentralization of government has made it challenging to practice participatory and
sustainable community development projects, however as the likelihood of state and federal
governments shifting away from this management system is highly improbable, there is a
need for practitioners to adjust their approach to development. From the case studies above
the need for three key changes can be ascertained. Partnerships and collaboration with NGOs
and other key stakeholders is important when creating innovative development projects
(Scriven & Sanghvi 2016), this is being overlooked in the context of Redfern-Waterloo, as
NGOs very much operate separate from each other. Greater partnerships between local NGOs
will not only increase resources but also knowledge and knowhow of the shared context.
Contextual awareness and experience is one of the most valuable tools in developing
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sustainable development (Anderson 1999), developing more aware and informed projects has
the potential to increase engagement and participation, a problem area in both
aforementioned cases studies. Collaboration between NGOs can take the form of partnering
on a specific project together or using another as part of the evaluation process, however, the
preexisting politics should not be overlooked (Hughes & Hutchinson 2012) but discussed to
ensure clear and open communication to avoid further conflict.
Alongside greater collaboration of NGOs, it is evident that relationships between
government bodies and residents need to be fostered, discussion with residents highlighted
that there was limited interaction between FACS workers and residents. It was clear that there
was a lack of knowledge of contactable FACS staff and services, there also seemed to be
minimal awareness of local developments. Creating greater familiarity with local authority
assists with building transparency and accountability of housing services (Connelly 2011),
this may also assist in generating awareness of local residents about the upcoming
redevelopment, in turn easing stress and tension between the two bodies. This process has the
potential to increase community engagement and make community members as part of the
solution to problems therefore leading to better informed responses (Lawson 2015). Building
of relationships can take place through holding forums with community members and
authority figures, drop in sessions at local events organized by community development
agencies, or through literature published on who to contact at specific times subjective to
each resident.
The faults of the Tenant Representative Program highlighted the need for greater reflection
and evaluation of projects and policies. An earlier evaluation of the Tenant Representative
Program would have found and addressed the associated issues before they developed into
community wide problems. Early and regular evaluation of projects can determine whether it
is meeting the intended outcomes and whether the project is resource and time efficient
(Renger et al. 2015). To address this, it could be advised that practitioners implement a
mandatory evaluation process to their development design, for example six weeks after
implementation of the project team leaders would request evaluation reports and
recommendations on the project. Keeping a consistent evaluation mechanism across all
projects would also heighten the perceived credibility to organizations, as it emphasizes that
they are concerned about their projects outcomes (Lawson 2015). Inclusion of evaluation
processes has the potential to foster partnerships with other local NGOs, as they can be used
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as an external and objective evaluator, providing feedback, insight and recommendations that
may be overlooked during a self-assessment (Boudreau et al. 2013). In this context
Evaluation is not just essential for the organization’s growth and management but also to
ensure that it is meeting the needs of the community to its best abilities and establishing
beneficial and sustainable development works. More collaborative and sustainable
development practices will assist in undoing the negative implications of decentralization.
Improving the way in which agencies develop and implement projects will be essential not
only for their own success but key in the pursuit of fostering community wellbeing in a
community on the edge of mass redevelopment.
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