Etruscan midterm

Editor's Notes

1. Biconical UrnVillanovan Periodash urn-Only one handle—symbolic gesture to help vase from being moved -Lopsided—made prior to potter’s wheel-Decorated with geometric designs on bowl and shoulder-meander (mazelike); symbolized eternal life, continuity; incised with incision, using line dust-Swastikas as decoration, representing prosperity and long life
2. Hut Urnmid eighth century BCFrom VulciModeled after temporal dwellingsFunctional:Little door can actually openHole on roof to let out smokeOval shape with domed roofLittle door can actually openWalls are decorated with repousse, geometric figures and duck headsRoof demonstrates thatching technique, to protect the house during rainApotropaic devices
3. FibulaeUsed to pin clothingGood way to differentiate gender of person in tombMen: serpentineWomen: sanguisuga
4. Bronze Belt BuckleVillanovanBenacci Tomb in BolognaWhen bronze was increasing in useDemostrates Villanovan art—concentration on the form and decoration of furnishings Ornamentation is of geometric design, representing eternity/continuityBelonged to a man
5. One of the objects that distinguishes the sexes of tombsIndicative of profession and zones (artisan)Used to guard and protect
6. Bronze tintannabelumOrientalizing period Bologna(Tomb of the Gold Object)Four scenes depict various phase of wool processingOne side two high-ranking ladies are preparing looms for lady of the houseWeaving on loom was the highest ranking jobAssistant keeps threads tautReveals fashionIngenious contstruction and elaborate decoration attest to technical skillUniformity between figures, chairs, costumesStyles and garments of typical for Orientalizing art of northern Etruria
7. Piacenza liverc. 100 BCVulciScript indicates writer is from Northern EtruriaInscribed with the names of 42 Etruscan godsEach section has a name of deityProbably an instructional model used by a haruspexEdge divided into 16 sections, with a deity in each sectionShows that livers of sacrificed animals were regarded as microcosm of heavenWhich gods lived in each quadrants; good versus bad gods
8. Bronze Mirror with KalchasLate fifth centuryVulciReference to a famous Greek seer, consulting a liverGoat livers and sheep livers were used by haruspicesDemonstrates proper way to read a liver: left foot on a rock and right foot on angle; had to face southFigure is winged, and lacks apex (traditional hat) indicating he is mythic
9. Bronze Mirror with Turan, Atunis, and the OrnatricesDemonstrates conflation of Greek mythological traditionsGoddess of love and young hunter Adonis; surrounded by two ornatricesOrnatrix: personifications of oils and anointments that were regarded as necessary to prepare dead bodies for the afterlife Specific myth concentrates on death and ressurection
10. Bucchero Ink WellOrientalizing Period (650-625)Regallini-Galassi Tombimportant woman (queen?) Larthia;Placed in tomb for use in the next worldIndicated she knew how to read and writeThought to be a template of the Etruscan alphabet
11. Zagreb Mummy Textin Croatia, 12 ft. linen mummy wrappings covered in Etruscan textlargest single Etruscan text1200 readable words in 12 columns Liturgical calendar of sacrifices and prayers to gods on specific datesFocused on ritual of god of the seanoted that two different types of ink were used—black for text, red to separate sections and underline words
12. Pyrgi Gold Tablets500 BCOriginally attached to temple walls (nails survived)Excavation of temples, in port city in 1964Near the opening of the temple of UniDedicated to Uni, and goddess of DawnTwo tablets in Etruscan, one in Phoenician Turned out to be a loose translationEtruscan divided into 16 lines, Dedication by the king of Ceverti to Uni to thank her for getting the people through a plagueUni is being tied to Phoenician goddess, Astarte (procreative goddess)
13. Al-Mina “lyre player” seals800-750miniature thought to have been made as currency by Elboans200 or 300 have been found, trail of crumbs around Mediterraneanonly made in Al-Mina, traded all around
14. Regallini-Gelassi Gold Fibula650 BCLarthia cache Ceremonial pieceIncorporates early Etruscan motifs with newly introduced traditions from Near EastLions in the center, SyrianReprousse techniqueVillanovan floret pattern around the outsideTombs made of gold threads; chevron patternThree dimensional ducksIncreased detaillightening bolt patternsraised ducks floating in pond
15. Orientalizing periodCart used as transportation of bodiesQueen Larthia’s body likely to have been laid insideWheels reconstructed, but thought to be very large
16. Bronze CraterMixing bowl, for wines and waterHallowed throughout the centerTop is detachable Evidence of burning on the inside (mulling)Protomes, in the form of griffinsApotropaic devices, to ward of spirits
17. Bocchoris Urnc. 714SituiaPossibly from EgyptBlue Green color—molmade faience washCartouche—signature seal made up of hieroglyphs; gives name of pharaoh from 24th dynasty name BokenranfRuled between 720 and714 BC; Made during his reignMajor war between Egypt and Nubia; war scenes on back; worship and agriculture
18. Ostrich EggOrientalizing Period (650 BC)Bocchoris TombOnly found in Sub Saharan AfricaBelieved to have represented long life, prosperityCultural diffusion One of the main foods in the Banquet of Eternity
19. Monteschuido Urn650 BCFound in Apazzo, which is an isolated area in Northern EtruriaSimple design, due to isolationBiconicalImpasto clayOnly one handleRaised decorationFigures partaking in banquet of eternityCrater/Food being servedFigures are seated, rather than lying downCombines traditional Villanovan elements with new, eastern incorporationAnthropomorphized figuresLion leg tables (eastern trait)Swastikas
20. Canopic UrnChuisiUnique to ChuisiFound by GemplerModeled after Egyptian canopic urns, where they would place organsMeant to contain the soulWould be decorated and dressedMade in three parts: urn proper, top, and effigy on throneIndividualized emotion/characterInconsistency of materials
21. Murlo cowboyArchaicPalace of Murloonly place that outfit has been found anywhere in Etruscan artOverall stance has Egyptian roots, beard and stanceAcroteria figure—freely molded, no actual model usedSat directly upon ridge pulpit
22. MurloTerracota Revetment PanelArchaicPalace of Murlo (thought to be meeting place of Etruscan rulers)Panels found along outside of inner courtyardMeant to glorify aristocrats who ruled thereDepicts various events Entertainment, arrival of certain people, banquet
23. Vulci centaurArchaicMade from dark tufa found in VulciWould have been placed in tomb entrance as guardian