Ethics for the Digital Age
By Gry Hasselbalch on 2016-02-05
ANALYSIS: This January the European Data Protection Supervisor presented his new “Ethics Advisory Group”. A group of experts that will help him “reconsider the ethical dimension of the relationships between human rights, technology, markets and business models and their implications for the rights to privacy and data protection in the digital environment.” He is not the first European decision maker or thought leader to bring forward ethics as a guiding principle in the digital age. Over the last year digital ethics, and in particular data ethics, have become the “talk of the town” in Europe. Based on the realisation that laws have not followed pace with the development of digital technologies, technologists, academics, policymakers and businesses are today revisiting cultural values and moral systems when groping for a new ethical framework for the digital age.
Ethics of Technology
Technological developments have in history always at some point during their implementation into society forced us to revisit laws, but in particular also ethical value systems and limits. Time and again we are faced with the fact that technology is in fact not neutral, but contain in their very design ethical implications. The photograph was in its early stage of implementation in the late 19thand early 20th century, discussed as both art and reality. This discussion entered the court rooms and the legal rights over a photograph were determined. It was however not only legal rights that were defined, but a delineation of the very ethical implications of a technology (the camera, the photograph) that could reproduce the appearance of an individual with such accuracy. It was an examination of the particularly human consequences (distress and humiliation) of the capacities of this new technology. Defining a right and wrong and attempting to morally manage its implications for individuals.
What we experience these years is a pace of technological developments as never seen before. Not only did the World Wide Web and the capacities of digital technologies develop over just a few decades, but the digital evolution expanded into practically every area of life and society over an even shorter period of time. It only took a few years after Tim Berners Lee invented an open source information space interlinked by hyperlinks in 1989 before the first online businesses emerged and ordinary people started using internet services in the mid 1990s.
Evidently laws have not followed pace with the countless ethical implications of today’s rapid technological development. Now we are questioning the ethics of automatic systems designed to collect data on us en masse, algorithms designed to predict and profile us, technologies used to surveil us and manipulate us and not the least business models profiting from the most private details on individuals. The only way we can do this is by revisiting our values and morals, t ...
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2) The scandal highlighted the lack of accountability and regulation of tech companies and their use of personal user data. It prompted discussions around data privacy, rights, and the need for new regulations.
3) Experts argue that data protection is a structural problem and that new comprehensive global frameworks are needed to regulate data use and establish stronger privacy rules. The Cambridge Analytica scandal was a turning point that increased awareness of these important issues around data and privacy.
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[1] Brown and Marsden are working on a book about regulating code and internet governance.
[2] They propose developing a "prosumer law" approach that enhances competitive production of public goods like innovation, safety, and democratic rights.
[3] The presentation outlines several case studies that will be analyzed in the book, including data protection, copyright, filtering, social networks, and net neutrality.
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2) Ethical frameworks like the Golden Rule, Professional Responsibility Model, and Kant's Categorical Imperative that can guide cybersecurity professionals.
3) Case studies on ethical hacking versus cyber terrorism using examples like ransomware attacks and the Stuxnet worm.
4) Balancing national security concerns with individual privacy when it comes to government surveillance.
5) Promoting ethical behavior through cybersecurity culture, data privacy frameworks, educating professionals, and regulatory compliance.
6) Emerging technologies like quantum computing
The document discusses the debate between individual privacy rights and government surveillance efforts aimed at national security. It notes that while increased surveillance can help protect citizens from security threats like terrorism, it may infringe on citizens' privacy rights. The debate centers around finding a balance between these competing interests. The document also mentions how technology has led to more personal information being stored digitally, making it accessible to authorities, and how this issue deeply affects many people given modern technology usage.
The document discusses cyberlaw and cyberlegislation. As internet usage has grown, so have issues of cybercrime, leading countries to pass various computer and cyber-related laws. The document then provides an overview of different areas of intellectual property law, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and technology transfer. It also discusses privacy issues, freedom of expression, criminal activities online, and challenges regarding national cybersecurity and sovereignty over digital infrastructure.
This document summarizes key points from a discussion on regulating the internet. It discusses arguments for net neutrality and challenges to claims of a "data explosion" necessitating tiered internet access. It also analyzes cases involving Google, including its settlements with regulators, and argues for a "prosumer law" approach focused on search neutrality, interoperability and truthful advertising rather than large fines. Overall it advocates for evidence-based internet policymaking that considers complex realities rather than ideological positions.
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The assignment consist of a Case Study. I have attached the Case Study to be researched. Please answer all of the questions and be specific with all requirements for the Case Study such as the format, the amount of pages the paper is required to be written, the sources and references, etc... Please follow all directions that are highlighted in the attachment.
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Conduct research on an artist from any movement that you find interesting. Choose one of their works. Analyze the image using the four visual cues from your reading: color, form, depth, and movement. Explain how the artist makes use of these four cues.
In your deconstruction of the image, also explain how the physiology of the eye helps you to see the four cues.
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The assigment is to Research and find me resources on Portland Sta.docxSANSKAR20
The assigment is to Research and find me resources on "Portland State University's Administration Issue of
Urban Environment (Theft/Crime).
It’s important that you clarify symptoms and causes of these problems, develop and present some alternative solutions, choose one, and support your decision
Please provide at least 5 different sources about this topic.
I will be giving a ten minute presentation and will need to use this information for it and will be graded on the
logic/quality/substance of our argument
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Rubens and Poussin at
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and
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/p/poussin/biograph.html
Philosophers Debate Politics
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Hobbes: text at
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-contents.html
; summary at
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/
; also
http://jim.com/hobbes.htm
Locke: text at
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water deliveries to approximately
300,000 of that
state's residents has led to the introduction
of federal legislation aimed at preventing
the recurrence of such events.
Although improved protection of surface
water enjoys broad support, questions
have arisen as to who should oversee
and fijnd the additional regulatory
efforts called for in the bill.
On January 9 it was discovered that
thousands of gallons of chemicals used in
coal processing had leaked from storage
facilities at a tank farm located along the
Elk River in Charleston, West Virginia.
The chemicals entered the waterway approximately
1.5 mi upstream of a public
water supply intake, forcing officials
to recommend that residents of a ninecounty
area in and around Charleston
not use their drinking water. Lasting for
more than a week, this situation caused
considerable concern about health effects
and spurred calls for regulatory
protections.
On January 27 Senator Joe Manchin
(D-West Virginia) introduced the
Chemical Safety and Drinking Water
Protection Act of 2014 (S. 1961), legislation
that aims to protect surface water
from contamination from chemical
storage facilities. The bill would revise
the Safe Drinking Water Act to establish
state programs for overseeing and
inspecting chemical storage facilities
that are deemed to pose a risk to public
water sources. Within one year of enactment
of the legislation, states would
have to set requirements for chemical
storage facilities covered by the new
programs. These requirements would
address such topics as "acceptable standards
of good design, construction, or
maintenance," along with leak detection,
spill and overfill control, inventory
control, inspections of facility integrity.
and life-cycle maintenance, according to
the legislation.
Additional requirements would pertain
to emergency response and communication
plans, employee training and
safety plans, and the financial responsibility
of the owners of chemical storage
facilities. States would share with drinking
water providers the emergency response
plans fo.
The Apple Computer Company is one of the most innovative technology .docxSANSKAR20
The Apple Computer Company is one of the most innovative technology companies to emerge in the last three decades. Apple, Inc. is responsible for bringing to market such products as the Macintosh computer and laptop, the iPod and iTunes, and most recently, the iPhone. The success of the company can be traced primarily to a single individual, the co-founder, Steven Jobs.
First, review the following case study:
Steve Jobs and Apple, Inc.
Then, respond to the following:
Determine and explain what type of leader Steve Jobs was.
Explain how his vision and values were reflected in his leadership style.
Summarize the initial challenges he faced when starting Apple. Specifically, address Jobs’ strategy and implementation.
Identify and explain the drivers for change in the personal computer industry.
Discuss how Steve Jobs used partnerships and collaboration.
Analyze Jobs’ approach to continuous process improvement.
Determine what skills, ideas, and approaches might be useful in your own work/life situation.
Utilize at least two scholarly sources.
Write a 3–5-page report in Word format. Apply APA standards to the citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention
Make sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship through accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
.
The artist Georges Seurat is one of the worlds most fascinating art.docxSANSKAR20
The artist Georges Seurat is one of the world's most fascinating artists. His technique of pointillism was pivotal in inspiring future generations of painters to think about painting in both individualistic and non-conformist ways. This week�s reading references many artists from different movements (i.e. Pablo Picasso, Leonardo da Vinci).
Conduct research on an artist from any movement that you find interesting. Choose one of their works. Analyze the image using the four visual cues from your reading: color, form, depth, and movement. Explain how the artist makes use of these four cues.
In your deconstruction of the image, also explain how the physiology of the eye helps you to see the four cues.
This paper should be 2-3 pages long. Be sure to cite any resources using proper APA notation.
Part 2 not related to the above
.
The Article Attached A Bretton Woods for InnovationBy St.docxSANSKAR20
The Article Attached
A Bretton Woods for Innovation
By Stephen Ezell
double-space (3-4 pages); Times New Roman, 12 font
1. Title Page
2. Summary of the article; major findings and issues (2-3 pages)
3. Critique of the article; use references.
.
The analysis must includeExecutive summaryHistory and evolution.docxSANSKAR20
This document outlines the key elements to include in an analysis of a social media platform, including an executive summary, the history and evolution of the platform, its unique features, characteristics of its audience in terms of demographics and motivations, relevant marketing metrics to measure success, ideas for creating an engaging profile, examples of successful brands on the platform, and any other relevant information. The analysis should be 2 pages long with 1.5 line spacing.
The annotated bibliography for your course is now due. The annotated.docxSANSKAR20
The annotated bibliography for your course is now due. The annotated bibliography should be about a page and must contain at least three research sources.
Your annotated bibliography must be in APA format. For guidelines click the following link:
Annotated Bibliography
Example :
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
APA 6
th
Edition Guidelines: Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is the full citation of a source followed by notes and commentary
about a source. The word “annotate” means “critical or explanatory notes” and the word “bibliography” means “a list of sources”. Annotations are not the same as abstracts. Abstracts
are purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly/ academic journal articles. Annotations are meant to be critical in addition to being descriptive.
Format:
The format for an annotated bibliography is similar to that of a research paper. Use one-inch margins on all sides, double-space your entries, and arrange each entry in alphabetical order. Hanging Indents are required for citations in the bibliography, as shown below. The first line of the citation starts at the left margin and subsequent lines of the citation will be indented.
Example: Journal Article with DOI
Calkins, S., & Kelley, M. (2007, Fall). Evaluating internet and scholarly sources across the disciplines: Two case studies.
College Teaching
,
55
(4), 151-156. doi:10.1111/j.1747- 7379.2007.00759.x
This article discusses the problem of unintentional online plagiarism and many
students’ inability to evaluate, critique, synthesize, and credit online sources properly.
Two case studies from different disciplines, which were designed to foster critical evaluation of the Internet and scholarly sources, are discussed in detail. The CARS (Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, Support) checklist for evaluating research sources is also introduced and applied in these case studies. I found this article useful because much of the content of these case studies can be easily adapted to fit assignments in different academic disciplines. One information literacy assignment in one quarter at college is not enough. If students are expected to use the Internet in a responsible way, educators must provide guidelines and relevant experience that allows students to apply those guidelines in practical ways.
Updated 02/2010
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2
For annotated bibliographies, use standard APA format for the citations, then add a brief entry, including:
•
2 to 4 sentences to
summarize
the main idea(s) of the source.
o
What are the main arguments?
o
What is the point of this book/article?
o
What topics are covered?
•
1 or 2 sentences to
assess
and evaluate the source.
o
How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography?
o
Is this information reliable?
o
Is the source objective or biased?
•
1 or 2 sentences to
reflect
on the source.
o
Was this source helpful to you?
o
How can you use this source for your res.
The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) was designed to protect wo.docxSANSKAR20
The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) was designed to protect workers with disabilities against employer discrimination. As a group discuss the following:
In actual practice, how well does the Act achieve this goal? Explain. Support your answer with examples from recent court decisions.
Submit a summary of the your consensus.
.
The air they have of person who never knew how it felt to stand in .docxSANSKAR20
"The air they have of person who never knew how it felt to stand in the presence of superiors. ..their good temper and openhandedness the terrible significance of their eletion... he place himself where the future becomes present"
1. Some say whitman is the ultimate democrat, friend to all. Pleasant explain with examples
.
The agreement is for the tutor to write a Microsoft word doc of a .docxSANSKAR20
The agreement is for the tutor to write a
Microsoft word doc of a scene for 13-18 years old. Further instructions inside attachments below. Assignment due 9pm EST. 3hrs from post time.
The goal is to create characters and a voice that feel authentic to adolescence and would be appealing to adolescents to read.
For example, identity, coming-of-age, romantic relationships, work/school balance, and firsts (kiss, car, job, etc.) are a few of the relevant topics for this age group, although there are any number of topics you could use in your own version.
Instructions:
A “scene” would be about two pages of text, taking place in one location, where characters are present in that scene and interacting in some way. Some scenes may further character, most will probably further plot, some may further theme or emotion -- the crucial part is just to have dialogue and description and be sure to show rather than tell when appropriate.
.
The abstract is a 150-250 word summary of your Research Paper, and i.docxSANSKAR20
The abstract is a 150-250 word summary of your Research Paper, and it should be written only after you have finished writing the entire paper because how your abstract is worded largely depends on the development of your paper. Your abstract should be accurate, self-contained, concise and specific, non-evaluative, coherent, and readable.
.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Ethics for the Digital AgeBy Gry Hasselbalch on 2016-02-05AN.docx
1. Ethics for the Digital Age
By Gry Hasselbalch on 2016-02-05
ANALYSIS: This January the European Data Protection
Supervisor presented his new “Ethics Advisory Group”. A group
of experts that will help him “reconsider the ethical dimension
of the relationships between human rights, technology, markets
and business models and their implications for the rights to
privacy and data protection in the digital environment.” He is
not the first European decision maker or thought leader to bring
forward ethics as a guiding principle in the digital age. Over the
last year digital ethics, and in particular data ethics, have
become the “talk of the town” in Europe. Based on the
realisation that laws have not followed pace with the
development of digital technologies, technologists, academics,
policymakers and businesses are today revisiting cultural values
and moral systems when groping for a new ethical framework
for the digital age.
Ethics of Technology
Technological developments have in history always at some
point during their implementation into society forced us to
revisit laws, but in particular also ethical value systems and
limits. Time and again we are faced with the fact that
technology is in fact not neutral, but contain in their very
design ethical implications. The photograph was in its early
stage of implementation in the late 19thand early 20th century,
discussed as both art and reality. This discussion entered the
court rooms and the legal rights over a photograph were
determined. It was however not only legal rights that were
defined, but a delineation of the very ethical implications of a
2. technology (the camera, the photograph) that could reproduce
the appearance of an individual with such accuracy. It was an
examination of the particularly human consequences (distress
and humiliation) of the capacities of this new technology.
Defining a right and wrong and attempting to morally manage
its implications for individuals.
What we experience these years is a pace of technological
developments as never seen before. Not only did the World
Wide Web and the capacities of digital technologies develop
over just a few decades, but the digital evolution expanded into
practically every area of life and society over an even shorter
period of time. It only took a few years after Tim Berners Lee
invented an open source information space interlinked by
hyperlinks in 1989 before the first online businesses emerged
and ordinary people started using internet services in the mid
1990s.
Evidently laws have not followed pace with the countless
ethical implications of today’s rapid technological development.
Now we are questioning the ethics of automatic systems
designed to collect data on us en masse, algorithms designed to
predict and profile us, technologies used to surveil us and
manipulate us and not the least business models profiting from
the most private details on individuals. The only way we can do
this is by revisiting our values and morals, the ethical
foundations of our societies.
Privacy under attack
The right to privacy was originally defined in legal instruments
such as the European Convention of Human Rights as a
protection against state surveillance. But with the development
of an online market, social sphere and economy, surveillance
evolved. Today surveillance is “ordinary” embedded in the
interactions of every day life and performed by both state and
3. industry actors. One can argue that this evolution of
surveillance was in many ways made possible by the legal grey
zones left open to interpretation by the fast paced technological
development and exploited heavily by not only state actors but
also a data driven industry.
Laws are framed to include interpretations and exceptions that
permit data collection beyond the norm e.g. for purposes such
as law enforcement, public safety and security, Robin Wilton
from Internet Society writes in a paper on ethical data handling,
and he continues: “A major challenge is to ensure that such
carve-outs remain consistent with what is just and fair,
particularly since data use practices tend to evolve much faster
than the related laws and regulatory measures” .
But this checks and balance of fairness in data handling clearly
did not happen (as the Snowden revelations have illustrated).
Similarly business innovation in the digital age have evolved
within the legal grey zones of privacy rights and data protection
laws. Being innovative in the digital market means to be
innovative with user data. Innovation in a data driven economy
is data-inspired price setting, forecasting, market design,
marketing, user design, business decisions etc. Listen to this
panel debate between digital media venture capitalists at
Stanford from 2013. The start ups that these venture capitalists
reward with capital, innovate in legal grey zones and push the
legal limits of data protection laws and privacy rights. Privacy
is in digital business innovation an obstacle, something to be
reiterated later.
In sum our fundamental privacy rights have been under constant
attack from all sides over the last couple of decades. Until very
recently it’s been a silent attack that has gone by mostly
unnoticed by the average citizen who’ve even participated
actively to their own surveillance when engaging with digital
services and businesses. Unnoticed because they are built on
4. an opacitybuilt into the design of the online services and
products we use, and because the privacy and ethical
implications of business and state practices lack, as Robin
Wilson also argues a clear ethical problem to solve.
From Laws to Data Ethics
But tides are turning. Due to a number of geopolitically critical
events such as the Snowden revelations of a global surveillance
infrastructure, countless data leaks and hacks, not to mention
the consumers’ increasing sense of lack of control over their
digital identities, “online privacy” has now been transformed
into one of the most intensely debated topics with intricate
power relations among interest groups and global key players.
Most evidently shown in a number of pivotal legal judgements
such as the Right to be Forgotten ruling and the CJEUs
invalidations of respectively the Data Retention regulation in
2014 and the US Safe Harbour agreement in 2015.
Moreover, the European Data Protection Reform represented a
key battlefield for the renegotiation of roles and power relations
in the global information technologies community and the
economic interests of the different entities, the institutions of
the European Union, civil society organizations, the industry
and third country national interests.
All of these movements are exposing the limits of current laws
as to the protection of the right to online privacy. We see the
lack of remedies, enforcement, clashes of national laws, legal
approaches and jurisdictions, and in general too many legal grey
zones open to individual interestbased interpretations.
A New Digital Ethics
It is exactly at this point that we turn to a discussion about
ethics and in particular data ethics. These days Europe is
groping for the words to define an ethics for the digital age.
5. We’ve seen enough examples of the fact that in the
technological era “Not everything that is legal is ethical”.
This is not a new thing. We turn to ethics in transitional phases
where the formal agreements in society do not follow the
progress of society. We have turned to “data ethics” because it
is our privacy rights that are under fire and it is in particular the
ethical implications of businesses’ data innovation that is
exposed today.
When laws do not follow progress, we revisit our cultural value
systems. Ethics are not neutral, neither are laws and technology.
Digital Ethics is a moral management of the human implications
of digital developments. With ethics we determine “the right”
and “the wrong” with a view to shared cultural value systems
and social agreeements.
Evidently in these days, when European and US data protection
laws and cultural approaches clash, Europe revisits a
particularly European ethical value system based on “personal
dignity”. European leaders start “systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct”. They,
as Julia Powles and Carissa Veliz recently put it, begin a fight
to change in particular US technology companies’ “wrecking
ball” ethics by developing the industry’s “moral compass”.
Business ethics become data ethics
The world’s leading information technology research and
advisory company Gartner Inc have predicted that by 2018, 50
percent of business ethics violations will occur through
improper use of big data analytics. In combination with the
emergent focus on ethics, these numbers will add data ethics
to the list of criteria that deems a company ethical or not, trust
worthy or not, competitive on a social corporate responsibility
level or not. The companies that do that little thing more than
6. mere compliance with data protection laws. Have the highest
level of transparency in data handling processes, collect
minimum amounts of data, develop privacy considerate
organisational structures, privacy by design products etc.
Where lies the answer?
These days we see an emergence of stakeholders planting their
flag in the data ethical debate. All will claim they have created
the perfect solutions to the problems posed by the technological
challenges to the individual’s privacy rights. And we haven’t
seen the end of it. New laws will continue to be developed to
manage privacy (and ethical) implications of state and business
conduct. Technologists will present one privacy by design
solution after the other. We will see more and more new and old
companies presenting their products and services as the
solutions to the ethical dilemmas described in this article (we
describe these in our book “The Data Ethical Company ”
coming out at the end of this year).
Many of these will fail us as humans (and many have already
failed us gravely). Some of these might support us or even
empower us.
But not one will develop the perfect solution to the ethical
dilemmas that we are facing today. And we should not look for
perfect solutions. We need to see these as what they are and we
need to acknowledge the context they are evolving in. They are
experiments and we are in an age of experimentation where
laws, technology and not the least our limits as individuals are
tested and negotiated on a daily basis. It’s the sum of all the
efforts in the name of “ethics”, “privacy” and “human dignity”
that will pave the way into an ethical technological future.
Managerial Supervision Interview & Reflection Paper
7. Due Date: March 21, 2017 at 11:59 PM – No late submissions
will be accepted!
A supervisor is a manager at the first level of management,
which means that employees
reporting to the supervisor are not themselves managers.
Each student is to conduct an interview about managerial
supervision with a business professional in an industry of your
choice. You should contact the individual early in the semester,
so that you will have flexibility and time to schedule the
interview, conduct the interview, and allow sufficient time to
write the reflection paper by the due date.
IMPORTANT! When you contact the individual, please be
courteous and professional during the entire process. Explain
that you are completing an assignment for Industrial
Supervision and are interested in scheduling approximately
thirty minutes to meet and discuss their experiences as a
supervisor within their field. Be on time for your interview,
whether it is conducted in person or over the phone. Finally,
make sure to thank the individual after the interview, which
always helps in maintaining strong professional contacts. Send
a Thank You note as soon as the interview is complete.
After the interview, the student will submit two (2) documents:
· The first document will consist of actual interview
results/notes. In all likelihood, you will be taking notes by
hand and, thus, will have a handwritten document. You may
scan this document or take an image of it, perhaps with your
smart phone, and place it in the provided digital drop box space.
· Subsequently, each student must also submit a reflection
paper. This paper should synthesize what you have learned
from the interview. While the summary will not necessarily be
exhaustive, it should include key content from the interview
questions that you consider the most relevant as well as your
personal reactions to or thoughts on what was covered.
Both documents should be turned in by the due date shown
8. above.
The attached list of questions should be incorporated into the
interview. Feel free to modify the general questions to be
suitable for the industry, the professional you interview, and the
flow of the interview. However, please make sure that all
questions listed are addressed in some way. You may also add
your own questions/discussions.
The reflection paper must meet the following guidelines:
· At least two pages in length (body of the paper must be at
least two pages);
· No more than three pages in length;
· Double-spaced;
· Standard one inch margins on all sides;
· Times New Roman / 12 point font; and
· Correct spelling and grammar.
Interview Questions
Date & Time of Interview
Name & Title of Interviewee
Describe your present position and career progression for an
individual to hold this type of position.
Describe the organization and industry where you work, such as
number of employees, types of employment positions, services,
and products.
What are the most rewarding aspects of your job?
What are the most challenging aspects of your job?
What would a typical day be like for someone in your position?
9. What is the mission, vision, and values of the organization?
Does your company do strategic planning and are you involved
in the process in your position?
Could you summarize the general hiring process for vacancies?
How are employees recruited, trained, and retained?
How would you describe the culture of the company?
What characteristics do you consider important for the type of
job that you have?
What advice would you give an undergraduate student who
might be interested in this professional career or what type of
educational and community experiences would be relevant to
the job?