Engineers Who Kill Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of.docxYASHU40
Engineers Who Kill: Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of Public Safety
Author(s): Kenneth Kipnis
Source: Business & Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 1981), pp. 77-91
Published by: Philosophy Documentation Center
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27799733 .
Accessed: 29/03/2014 23:17
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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Philosophy Documentation Center is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Business &Professional Ethics Journal.
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Engineers Who Kill: Professional
Ethics and the Paramountcy of
Public Safety
Kenneth Kipnis
Thou shalt not kill.
Exodus, Chapter 20.
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public in the performance of their professional duties.
Engineers' Council for
Professional Development,
Code of Ethics.
The codes of ethics of a number of engineering professional societies1 begin with
language that states that engineers are required in their professional work to hold
paramount the safety of the public. It is not difficult to appreciate why those in
engineering should feel obligated to endorse such a statement nor is it hard to
understand why it is generally placed first in the codes. For whenever we drive a car,
or fly in an airplane, or take an elevator, or use a toaster, or cross a bridge, or do
The work upon which this paper was based was supported in part by the National
Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities under Grant
Number OSS-7906980. Some of the ideas here were developed during participation in
the National Project on Philosophy and Engineering Ethics (at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute), funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. For comments and
encouragement, I am indebted to Stephen H. Unger, David Davis, Sandra Ward, Robert
Bruder, Vivian Weil, Patricia Werhane, T. Paul Torda, Andrew G. Oldenquist, Victor
Paschkis, Edward E. Slowter, Win Nagley, Frank Tillman, Eliot Deutsch, Edward D.
Harter, Fred Bender, Deborah Johnson, and Sara Lyn Smith. Earlier versions of this
paper have been read at the American Society of Mechanical Eng ...
Engineers Who Kill Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of.docxYASHU40
Engineers Who Kill: Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of Public Safety
Author(s): Kenneth Kipnis
Source: Business & Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 1981), pp. 77-91
Published by: Philosophy Documentation Center
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27799733 .
Accessed: 29/03/2014 23:17
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Philosophy Documentation Center is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Business &Professional Ethics Journal.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 129.68.65.223 on Sat, 29 Mar 2014 23:17:20 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=pdc
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27799733?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Engineers Who Kill: Professional
Ethics and the Paramountcy of
Public Safety
Kenneth Kipnis
Thou shalt not kill.
Exodus, Chapter 20.
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public in the performance of their professional duties.
Engineers' Council for
Professional Development,
Code of Ethics.
The codes of ethics of a number of engineering professional societies1 begin with
language that states that engineers are required in their professional work to hold
paramount the safety of the public. It is not difficult to appreciate why those in
engineering should feel obligated to endorse such a statement nor is it hard to
understand why it is generally placed first in the codes. For whenever we drive a car,
or fly in an airplane, or take an elevator, or use a toaster, or cross a bridge, or do
The work upon which this paper was based was supported in part by the National
Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities under Grant
Number OSS-7906980. Some of the ideas here were developed during participation in
the National Project on Philosophy and Engineering Ethics (at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute), funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. For comments and
encouragement, I am indebted to Stephen H. Unger, David Davis, Sandra Ward, Robert
Bruder, Vivian Weil, Patricia Werhane, T. Paul Torda, Andrew G. Oldenquist, Victor
Paschkis, Edward E. Slowter, Win Nagley, Frank Tillman, Eliot Deutsch, Edward D.
Harter, Fred Bender, Deborah Johnson, and Sara Lyn Smith. Earlier versions of this
paper have been read at the American Society of Mechanical Eng ...
66.pdf67.pdf68.pdf69.pdf70.pdf71.pdf72.pdf73.pdf74.pdf75.pdf76.pdf77.pdf78.pdf79.pdf
Button1:
Week Two Health Care Financial Terms Worksheet
HCS/405 Version 6
1
University of Phoenix Material
Week Two Health Care Financial Terms Worksheet
Understanding health care financial terms is a prerequisite for both academic and professional success. This assignment is intended to ensure you understand some of the basic terms used in this course.
Complete the worksheet below according to the following guidelines:
· In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in health care management. You must define the term in your own words.
· In the space provided after each term’s definition, summarize a health care management scenario that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool to which the term refers. In the scenario, you may wish to consider the following:
Why the skill, concept, procedure, or tool is necessary for accurate record keeping, operational efficiency, excellent patient services, employee management, regulatory compliance, reducing costs, forecasting, and so forth
Successes enabled by an adequate understanding or appropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool
Risks or failures associated with an inadequate understanding or inappropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool
Save the completed worksheet as a Microsoft® Word document with your name in the file name.
Submit the file to your instructor.
Worksheet
Submitted By:
[Type your name here.]
Term
Definition
Scenario
Balance sheet
Statement of revenue and expense
Revenue cycle
Payer mix
Revenue
252.pdf253.pdf254.pdf255.pdf256.pdf257.pdf258.pdf259.pdf260.pdf261.pdf262.pdf263.pdf264.pdf
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: AN INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CONFUSION
John Ladd
My role as a philosopher is to act as a gadfly. If this were Athens in the fifth century B. c. you would probably throw me in prison for what I shall say, and I would be promptly condemned to death for attacking your idols. But you can't do that in this day and age; you can't even ask for your money back, since I am not being paid. All that you can do is to throw eggs at me or simply walk out!
My theme is stated in the title: it is that the whole notion of an organized professional ethics is an absurdity-intellectual and moral. Furthermore, I shall argue that there are few positive benefits to be derived from having a code and the possibility of mischievous side effects of adopting a code is substantial. Unfortunately, in the time allotted to me I can only summarize what I have to say on this topic.
1. To begin with, ethics itself is basically an open-ended, reflective and critical intellectual activity. It is essentially problematic and controversial, both as far as its principles are concerned and in its application. Ethics consists of issues to be examined, explored, discussed, deliberated, .
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AN INTELLECTUAL AND M.docxoreo10
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: AN INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CONFUSION
John Ladd
My role as a philosopher is to act as a gadfly. If this were Athens in the fifth century B. c. you would probably throw me in prison for what I shall say, and I would be promptly condemned to death for attacking your idols. But you can't do that in this day and age; you can't even ask for your money back, since I am not being paid. All that you can do is to throw eggs at me or simply walk out!
My theme is stated in the title: it is that the whole notion of an organized professional ethics is an absurdity-intellectual and moral. Furthermore, I shall argue that there are few positive benefits to be derived from having a code and the possibility of mischievous side effects of adopting a code is substantial. Unfortunately, in the time allotted to me I can only summarize what I have to say on this topic.
1. To begin with, ethics itself is basically an open-ended, reflective and critical intellectual activity. It is essentially problematic and controversial, both as far as its principles are concerned and in its application. Ethics consists of issues to be examined, explored, discussed, deliberated, and argued. Ethical principles can be established only as a result of deliberation and argumentation. These principles are not the kind of thing that can be settled by fiat, by agreement or by authority. To assume that they can be is to confuse ethics with law-making, rule making, policy-making and other kinds of decision making. It follows that, ethical principles, as such, cannot be established by associations, organizations, or by a consensus of their members. To speak of codifying ethics, therefore, makes no more sense than to speak of codifying medicine, anthropology or architecture.
2. Even if substantial agreement could be reached on ethical principles and they could be set out in a code, the attempt to impose such principles on others in the guise
Reprinted from Rosemary Chalk, Mark S. Frankel, and Sallie B. Chafer, eds., AAAS Professional Ethics Project: Professional Ethics Activities in the Scientific and Engineering Societies (Washington, D.C.: AAAS, 1980), pp. 154-59, with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
(1)
of ethics contradicts the notion of ethics itself, which presumes that persons are autonomous moral agents. In Kant's terms, such an attempt makes ethics- heteronymous; it confuses ethics with some kind of externally imposed set of rules such as a code of ethics which, indeed, is heteronymous. To put the point in more popular language: ethics must, by its very nature, be self-directed rather than other-directed.
3. Thus, in attaching disciplinary procedures, methods of adjudication and principles that one calls "ethical" one automatically converts them into legal rules or some other kind of authoritative rules of conduct such as the bylaws of an organization, ...
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AN INTELLECTUAL AND M.docxssusera34210
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: AN INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CONFUSION
John Ladd
My role as a philosopher is to act as a gadfly. If this were Athens in the fifth century B. c. you would probably throw me in prison for what I shall say, and I would be promptly condemned to death for attacking your idols. But you can't do that in this day and age; you can't even ask for your money back, since I am not being paid. All that you can do is to throw eggs at me or simply walk out!
My theme is stated in the title: it is that the whole notion of an organized professional ethics is an absurdity-intellectual and moral. Furthermore, I shall argue that there are few positive benefits to be derived from having a code and the possibility of mischievous side effects of adopting a code is substantial. Unfortunately, in the time allotted to me I can only summarize what I have to say on this topic.
1. To begin with, ethics itself is basically an open-ended, reflective and critical intellectual activity. It is essentially problematic and controversial, both as far as its principles are concerned and in its application. Ethics consists of issues to be examined, explored, discussed, deliberated, and argued. Ethical principles can be established only as a result of deliberation and argumentation. These principles are not the kind of thing that can be settled by fiat, by agreement or by authority. To assume that they can be is to confuse ethics with law-making, rule making, policy-making and other kinds of decision making. It follows that, ethical principles, as such, cannot be established by associations, organizations, or by a consensus of their members. To speak of codifying ethics, therefore, makes no more sense than to speak of codifying medicine, anthropology or architecture.
2. Even if substantial agreement could be reached on ethical principles and they could be set out in a code, the attempt to impose such principles on others in the guise
Reprinted from Rosemary Chalk, Mark S. Frankel, and Sallie B. Chafer, eds., AAAS Professional Ethics Project: Professional Ethics Activities in the Scientific and Engineering Societies (Washington, D.C.: AAAS, 1980), pp. 154-59, with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
(1)
of ethics contradicts the notion of ethics itself, which presumes that persons are autonomous moral agents. In Kant's terms, such an attempt makes ethics- heteronymous; it confuses ethics with some kind of externally imposed set of rules such as a code of ethics which, indeed, is heteronymous. To put the point in more popular language: ethics must, by its very nature, be self-directed rather than other-directed.
3. Thus, in attaching disciplinary procedures, methods of adjudication and principles that one calls "ethical" one automatically converts them into legal rules or some other kind of authoritative rules of conduct such as the bylaws of an organization, regulat ...
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
66.pdf67.pdf68.pdf69.pdf70.pdf71.pdf72.pdf73.pdf74.pdf75.pdf76.pdf77.pdf78.pdf79.pdf
Button1:
Week Two Health Care Financial Terms Worksheet
HCS/405 Version 6
1
University of Phoenix Material
Week Two Health Care Financial Terms Worksheet
Understanding health care financial terms is a prerequisite for both academic and professional success. This assignment is intended to ensure you understand some of the basic terms used in this course.
Complete the worksheet below according to the following guidelines:
· In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in health care management. You must define the term in your own words.
· In the space provided after each term’s definition, summarize a health care management scenario that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool to which the term refers. In the scenario, you may wish to consider the following:
Why the skill, concept, procedure, or tool is necessary for accurate record keeping, operational efficiency, excellent patient services, employee management, regulatory compliance, reducing costs, forecasting, and so forth
Successes enabled by an adequate understanding or appropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool
Risks or failures associated with an inadequate understanding or inappropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool
Save the completed worksheet as a Microsoft® Word document with your name in the file name.
Submit the file to your instructor.
Worksheet
Submitted By:
[Type your name here.]
Term
Definition
Scenario
Balance sheet
Statement of revenue and expense
Revenue cycle
Payer mix
Revenue
252.pdf253.pdf254.pdf255.pdf256.pdf257.pdf258.pdf259.pdf260.pdf261.pdf262.pdf263.pdf264.pdf
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: AN INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CONFUSION
John Ladd
My role as a philosopher is to act as a gadfly. If this were Athens in the fifth century B. c. you would probably throw me in prison for what I shall say, and I would be promptly condemned to death for attacking your idols. But you can't do that in this day and age; you can't even ask for your money back, since I am not being paid. All that you can do is to throw eggs at me or simply walk out!
My theme is stated in the title: it is that the whole notion of an organized professional ethics is an absurdity-intellectual and moral. Furthermore, I shall argue that there are few positive benefits to be derived from having a code and the possibility of mischievous side effects of adopting a code is substantial. Unfortunately, in the time allotted to me I can only summarize what I have to say on this topic.
1. To begin with, ethics itself is basically an open-ended, reflective and critical intellectual activity. It is essentially problematic and controversial, both as far as its principles are concerned and in its application. Ethics consists of issues to be examined, explored, discussed, deliberated, .
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AN INTELLECTUAL AND M.docxoreo10
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: AN INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CONFUSION
John Ladd
My role as a philosopher is to act as a gadfly. If this were Athens in the fifth century B. c. you would probably throw me in prison for what I shall say, and I would be promptly condemned to death for attacking your idols. But you can't do that in this day and age; you can't even ask for your money back, since I am not being paid. All that you can do is to throw eggs at me or simply walk out!
My theme is stated in the title: it is that the whole notion of an organized professional ethics is an absurdity-intellectual and moral. Furthermore, I shall argue that there are few positive benefits to be derived from having a code and the possibility of mischievous side effects of adopting a code is substantial. Unfortunately, in the time allotted to me I can only summarize what I have to say on this topic.
1. To begin with, ethics itself is basically an open-ended, reflective and critical intellectual activity. It is essentially problematic and controversial, both as far as its principles are concerned and in its application. Ethics consists of issues to be examined, explored, discussed, deliberated, and argued. Ethical principles can be established only as a result of deliberation and argumentation. These principles are not the kind of thing that can be settled by fiat, by agreement or by authority. To assume that they can be is to confuse ethics with law-making, rule making, policy-making and other kinds of decision making. It follows that, ethical principles, as such, cannot be established by associations, organizations, or by a consensus of their members. To speak of codifying ethics, therefore, makes no more sense than to speak of codifying medicine, anthropology or architecture.
2. Even if substantial agreement could be reached on ethical principles and they could be set out in a code, the attempt to impose such principles on others in the guise
Reprinted from Rosemary Chalk, Mark S. Frankel, and Sallie B. Chafer, eds., AAAS Professional Ethics Project: Professional Ethics Activities in the Scientific and Engineering Societies (Washington, D.C.: AAAS, 1980), pp. 154-59, with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
(1)
of ethics contradicts the notion of ethics itself, which presumes that persons are autonomous moral agents. In Kant's terms, such an attempt makes ethics- heteronymous; it confuses ethics with some kind of externally imposed set of rules such as a code of ethics which, indeed, is heteronymous. To put the point in more popular language: ethics must, by its very nature, be self-directed rather than other-directed.
3. Thus, in attaching disciplinary procedures, methods of adjudication and principles that one calls "ethical" one automatically converts them into legal rules or some other kind of authoritative rules of conduct such as the bylaws of an organization, ...
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AN INTELLECTUAL AND M.docxssusera34210
THE QUEST FOR A CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: AN INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CONFUSION
John Ladd
My role as a philosopher is to act as a gadfly. If this were Athens in the fifth century B. c. you would probably throw me in prison for what I shall say, and I would be promptly condemned to death for attacking your idols. But you can't do that in this day and age; you can't even ask for your money back, since I am not being paid. All that you can do is to throw eggs at me or simply walk out!
My theme is stated in the title: it is that the whole notion of an organized professional ethics is an absurdity-intellectual and moral. Furthermore, I shall argue that there are few positive benefits to be derived from having a code and the possibility of mischievous side effects of adopting a code is substantial. Unfortunately, in the time allotted to me I can only summarize what I have to say on this topic.
1. To begin with, ethics itself is basically an open-ended, reflective and critical intellectual activity. It is essentially problematic and controversial, both as far as its principles are concerned and in its application. Ethics consists of issues to be examined, explored, discussed, deliberated, and argued. Ethical principles can be established only as a result of deliberation and argumentation. These principles are not the kind of thing that can be settled by fiat, by agreement or by authority. To assume that they can be is to confuse ethics with law-making, rule making, policy-making and other kinds of decision making. It follows that, ethical principles, as such, cannot be established by associations, organizations, or by a consensus of their members. To speak of codifying ethics, therefore, makes no more sense than to speak of codifying medicine, anthropology or architecture.
2. Even if substantial agreement could be reached on ethical principles and they could be set out in a code, the attempt to impose such principles on others in the guise
Reprinted from Rosemary Chalk, Mark S. Frankel, and Sallie B. Chafer, eds., AAAS Professional Ethics Project: Professional Ethics Activities in the Scientific and Engineering Societies (Washington, D.C.: AAAS, 1980), pp. 154-59, with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
(1)
of ethics contradicts the notion of ethics itself, which presumes that persons are autonomous moral agents. In Kant's terms, such an attempt makes ethics- heteronymous; it confuses ethics with some kind of externally imposed set of rules such as a code of ethics which, indeed, is heteronymous. To put the point in more popular language: ethics must, by its very nature, be self-directed rather than other-directed.
3. Thus, in attaching disciplinary procedures, methods of adjudication and principles that one calls "ethical" one automatically converts them into legal rules or some other kind of authoritative rules of conduct such as the bylaws of an organization, regulat ...
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. 2
We have assumed that ethics is about finding
creative solutions to conflicts between
professional goals.
But how can we decide and which goals are
worth pursuing, whether professional or
personal?
3. What is Ethics?
Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have
a right to do and what is right to do.
-Potter Stewart
Associate Justice of the United
States Supreme Court, serving
from 1958 to 1981
4. 4
"If you are planning for a year, sow rice;
if you are planning for a decade, plant trees;
if you are planning for a lifetime, educate people." - Chinese proverb
Importance of Ethics?
5. What is Engineering Ethics?
Engineering ethics consists of the
responsibilities and rights that ought
to be endorsed by those engaged in
engineering, and also of desirable
ideals and personal commitments in
engineering.
Engineering ethics is the study of the
decisions, policies, and values that
are morally desirable in engineering
practice and research.
6. Three Types of Ethics or
Morality
Common morality is the set of moral beliefs shared by
almost everyone. When we think of ethics or morality, we
usually think of such precepts as that it is wrong to
murder, lie, cheat or steal, break promises, harm others
physically, and so forth.
Personal ethics or personal morality is the set of moral
beliefs that a person holds. For most of us, our personal
moral beliefs closely parallel the precepts of common
morality. We believe that murder, lying, cheating, and
stealing are wrong. However, our personal moral beliefs
may differ from common morality in some areas,
especially where common morality seems to be unclear or
in a state of change.
Professional Ethics
7. Professional Ethics
Professional ethics is the set of standards adopted by
professionals insofar as they view themselves acting as
professionals. Every profession has its professional ethics:
medicine, law, architecture, pharmacy, and so forth.
Engineering ethics is that set of ethical standards that
applies to the profession of engineering. There are several
important characteristics of professional ethics.
First, professional ethics is usually stated in a formal code.
In fact, there are usually several such codes, promulgated
by various components of the profession. Professional
societies usually have codes of ethics, referred to as ‘‘code
of professional responsibility,’’ ‘‘code of professional
conduct,’’. The American Medical Association has a code of
ethics, as does the American Bar Association. Many
engineering societies have a code of ethics, such as the
American Society of Civil Engineers or the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers.
8. Professional Ethics
The various codes of ethics do differ in some
important ways. In engineering, for example, some
of the codes have begun to make reference to the
environment, whereas others still do not.
Second, the professional codes of ethics of a given
profession focus on the issues that are important in
that profession. Professional codes in the legal
profession concern themselves with such questions
as perjury of clients and the unauthorized practice
of law. Perjury is not an issue that is relevant to
medicine or dentistry. In engineering, the code of
the Association for Computing Machinery sets out
regulations for privacy, intellectual property, and
copyrights and patents.
9. Professional Ethics
Third, when one is in a professional relationship, professional
ethics is supposed to take precedence over personal morality—
at least ordinarily. This characteristic of professional ethics has
an important advantage, but it can also produce complications.
The advantage is that a patient or client can justifiably have
certain expectations of a professional, even if the patient or
client has no knowledge of the personal morality of the
professional. When a patient enters a physician’s examining
room, she can expect the conversations there to be kept
confidential, even if she does not know anything about the
personal morality of the physician.
When a client or employer reveals details of a business
relationship to an engineer, he can expect the engineer to keep
these details confidential, even though he knows nothing about
the personal morality of the engineer. In both cases, these
expectations are based on knowledge of the professional ethics
of medicine and engineering, not on knowledge of the
professional’s personal morality.
10. Professional Ethics
Suppose a client asks a civil engineer to
design a project that the engineer, who has
strong personal environmental
commitments, believes imposes
unacceptable damage to a wetland.
Suppose this damage is not sufficient to be
clearly covered by his engineering code. In
this case, the engineer probably should
refer the client or employer to another
engineer who might do the work.
11. Professional Ethics & Personal Morality
Fourth, professional ethics sometimes differs from personal
morality in its degree of restriction of personal conduct.
Sometimes professional ethics is more restrictive than personal
morality, and sometimes it is less restrictive. Suppose engineer
Jane refuses to design military hardware because she believes
war is immoral. Engineering codes do not prohibit engineers
from designing military hardware, so this refusal is based on
personal ethics and not on professional ethics. Here, Jane’s
personal ethics is more restrictive than her professional ethics.
On the other hand, suppose civil engineer Mary refuses to
participate in the design of a project that she believes will be
contrary to the principles of sustainable development, which
are set out in the code of the American Society of Civil
Engineers. She may not personally believe these guidelines are
correct, but she might (correctly) believe she is obligated to
follow them in her professional work because they are stated in
her code of ethics. Here, Mary’s professional ethics is more
restrictive than her personal ethics.
12. Professional Ethics … negative
and positive dimension
Fifth, professional ethics, like ethics generally, has a
negative and a positive dimension. Being ethical has
two aspects: preventing and avoiding evil and doing or
promoting good. Let us call these two dimensions the
two ‘‘faces’’ of ethics: the negative face and the
positive face. On the one hand, we should not lie,
cheat, or steal, and in certain circumstances we may
have an obligation to see that others do not do so as
well. On the other hand, we have some general
obligation to promote human well-being. This general
obligation to avoid evil and do good is intensified and
made more specific when people occupy special roles
and have special relationships with others.