Epoxy Resins Technology Handbook (3rd Edition)

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1.SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF EPOXY RESIN
Introduction
Structure of Epoxides
Epoxipation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Catalytic Oxidation of Ethylene and Higher Olefins
Epoxidation by Peroxy Acids and Their Esters
Preparation of Peroxy Acids
In Situ Epoxidation
The Epoxidation Mechanism
Unsaturated Materials
Epoxidation by Inorganic Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation with Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Hydroperoxides
Epoxidation with Chromic Acid and Chromyl Compounds

Biological Epoxidation
Dehydrohalogenation of Substituted
Hydroxyl Compounds
The Epoxidation Mechanism
Halohydrin Formation
Epoxides from Epichlorohydrin
Glycidyl Ethers
Glycidyl Esters
Nitrogen-Containing Epoxides
Thioglycidyl Epoxides
Silicon-Containing Epoxides
Organophosphorus Epoxides
Halogen-Containing Epoxides
Epoxides from Hydroxy Sulfonates or
Halogenated Acetates

Epoxides from Glycols
Epoxidation by Condensation
Darzens Glycidic Ester Condensations
Epoxides from Ylids
Epoxides from Halogenated Ketones and Nickel Carbonyl
Epoxides from the Reaction of Diazomethane with
Aldehydes or Ketones
Epoxides Containing Unsaturation
Conclusions
2.MANUFACTURE OF EPOXY RESINS
Raw Materials
Manufacture
Plant Location

Machinery Needed
Profit
3.EPOXIDE-CURING REACTIONS
The Effect of Epoxide Structure on Reactivity with Curing Agents
The Mechanism of the Curing Reaction
Polyaddition Reactions
Polyamines
Polyamides
Polyureas
Polyurethanes
Polyisocyanates
Polymercaptans
Polyhydric Alcohols

Polyphenols
Polycarboxylic Acids
Polybasic Acid Anhydrides
Silanes and Silanols
Others
Polymerization
Anionic Catalysts
Cationic Catalysts
4.THE DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
EPOXY RESINS
Basic Parameters
The Glassy Transition and Dynamic Mechanical Dispersion
Temperature and Frequency Interdependence

Experimental
Results and Discussion
Standard Measurements
Dynamic Measurements
Comparison of Results
Treatment by Reduced Variables
Conclusions
5.PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESINS
Solubility and Surface Properties
Network Structure and Physical Properties
Aging and Chemorheology
Bisphenol a Epoxy Homopolymers and Copolymers
Thermal Transition Effects

Dynamic Mechanical Response
Relaxation and Fracture Properties
Properties Compared with Elastomers and Thermoplastics
6.EPOXY RESIN ADHESIVES
Introduction
Theories of Adhesion and Aohesive-joint Strength
Wetting and Spreading Phenomena
Boundary-Layer Theory
Surface-Attachment Theory of Adhesive-Joint Strengths
Stress Distribution in Adhesive Joints
Rheological Aspects of Adhesives
Unified Interpretation of Adhesive-Joint Strengths
Physical and Mechanical Aspects of Epoxy-Resin Adhesives

Dynamic Mechanical Techniques
Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy Adhesives
During Joint Formation
Strength of Adhesive Materials
Chemical Aspects of Epoxy-based
Adhesives
Curing Agents for Bisphenol A Epoxy
Adhesives
Modifiers for Bisphenol A Epoxy
Adhesives
Adhesives Based on Other Epoxy
Materials
Technological Properties of Epoxy-
adhesive Systems

Cure and Thermal Softening Behavior of
Epoxy Adhesives
Stress and Environmental Durability of
Adhesive Joints
Applications of Epoxy Adhesives
Future Prospects
7.EPOXY RESIN COATINGS
Classification of Epoxy-Resin Coatings
Epoxy Resins Commonly Used in Coatings
Epoxy-Resin Esters
Esters Produced from Solid Epoxy Resins
General Remarks
Formulation Latitude

Esters Produced from Liquid Epoxy
Resins
Precatalyzed Liquid Epoxy Resin for the
Production of Solid Epoxy Resins and
Epoxy-Resin Esters
Cooking Procedure
“Two-Step” Liquid-Epoxy-Resin Route to
Epoxy-Resin Esters
Cooking Procedure
Solid-Epoxy-Resin Solution Coatings
Cold-Cured Epoxy-Resin Systems
Polyamine Curing Agents
Polyamine-Adduct Curing Agents
Polyamide-Resin Curing Agents

Polyamide-Adduct Curing Agents
Tertiary Amine Curing Agents
Industrial Maintenance Coatings Based on
Cold-Cured Epoxy-Resin Systems
High-Film-Build Cold-Cured Epoxy-Resin
Coatings
Application Instructions
Manufacturing Instructions
Epoxy Baking Finishes
Epoxy-Phenolic Coating Systems
Epoxy-Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Coating
Systems
Epoxy-Thermosetting Acrylic Coating
Systems

Liquid Epoxy Resins in Solventless and
Super-High-Solids Systems
Special Application Equipment and
Formulation for Solventless Systems
Application
Ketimine Curing Agents
Application
Curing Characteristics
Powder Coatings
Application Equipment
Epoxy-Resin Powder-Coating Formulations
Fusion-Produced Epoxy-Resin Powders

Properties and Applications
Thermoplastic Epoxy Resins
Zinc-Rich and General Purpose Shop Primers
Thermoplastic-Epoxy-Resin Crosslinked
Systems
Water-Reducible Epoxy Resin Coatings
Water-Reducible Epoxy-Ester Baking Finishes

Water-Reducible Polyamide-Cured Epoxy-Resin Coatings
Water-Reducible Epoxy-Resin Coatings for Electrodeposition
General Remarks
Maleinization Step After Complete Esterification of the Epoxy Resin with Organic Acids
Cooking Procedure
8.EPOXY COATING GIVE INTO WATER
9.ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS :
SEALANTS AND FOAMS
Electronic and Electrical Applications

Introduction
Casting
Potting
Encapsulation
Coatings
Sealing
Molding
Formulation of the Resin System
Internal Stresses
Rapid Cures
Flexibilizing Epoxy Resins
Fillers
Reactive Diluents
Cycloaliphatic Epoxides

High-Temperature Epoxy-Resin Systems
Flame-Retardant Epoxy Resins
Colorless Epoxy Resins
Epoxy Formulations
Molding
Molding Compounds
Molding Technology
Liquid-Injection Molding
Pellets and Preforms
Epoxy Sealants
Epoxy Foams
Gas-Blown Foams
Syntactic Foams
One-Package Foams

Epoxy-Foam Applications
Epoxy Strippers
Handling of Epoxy Casting Systems
10. ANALYSIS OF EPOXIDES AND
EPOXY RESINS
Uncured Epoxy Resins
Qualitative Tests
Detection of Free Epoxy Groups
Determination of Epoxy Group—Lithium-
Chloride Test
Reagents
Procedure

Determination of Epoxy Group—Periodic Acid
Test
Reagents
Procedure
Determination of Epoxy Group—Pyrolysis
Test
Reagents
Procedure
Determination of Epoxy Group—Lepidine Test
Reagents
Procedure
Detection of the Bisphenol A Skeleton
Determination of Bisphenol A Epoxy Resins—
Mercuric Oxide and Nitric Acid Tests

Reagents
Procedure
Determination of Bisphenol A Epoxy Resins
in Coatings—Nitric Acid Test Reagents
Reagent
Procedure
Determination of Bisphenol A Epoxy
Resins—Filter-Paper Test
Reagents
Procedure
Determination of Bisphenol A Epoxy
Resin—Formaldehyde Test
Reagents
Procedure

Determination of Bisphenol A Epoxy Resins—
Phenylenediamine Test
Reagent
Procedure
Detection of Epoxy Resins Based on 4,4-’-
Diamino-diphenylmethane
Determination of Epoxy Resins Based on
4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane
Reagents
Procedure
Detection of Other Epoxy Resins
Quantitative Tests of the Epoxy Group
Hydrohalogenation Methods

Estimation of Epoxy Group—Hydrochloric
Acid in Dioxane, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, or
Dimethylformamide
Reagents
Procedure
Calculations
Estimation of the Epoxy Group—Pyridinium
Chloride in Pyridine
Reagents
Procedure
Hydrohalogenation by Direct Titration
Estimation of Epoxy Group
Reagents
Procedure

Calculation
Chlorine
Esterification Equivalent Weight
Estimation of Esterification Equivalent
Weight
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Infrared Spectroscopy
Technique
Epoxide Absorption Bands
Epoxy Resins
Quantitative Estimation
Following the Degree of Cure

Other Physical Methods
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
Electron Spin and Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Methods
Gas Chromatography
Paper Chromatography
Thin-Layer and Gel-Permeation
Chromatography
Handling Properties
Molecular Weight
Softening Point
Viscosity
Color
Blends and Compounds

Hardeners and Accelerators
Organic Acid Anhydrides
Determination of Acid and Anhydride
Content
Reagents
Procedure
Calculations
Amines
Determination of Amine Number
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
The Curing Process

Curing Characteristics of Epoxy Resin-
Hardener Systems
Determining the Degree of Cure
Analysis of Cured Epoxy Resins
11.THE TOXICOLOGY OF EPOXY
RESINS
Introduction
Experimental Method
Materials
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Irritation

Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Irritation
Sensitization
Medical Experience with Epoxy Resins
Comment
12.BIS SPECIFICATIONS
13.INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS (ISO)
14.PLANT LAYOUT AND PROCESS FLOW CHART & DIAGRAM
15.PHOTOGRAPHS OF MACHINERY WITH SUPPLIER’S
CONTACT DETAILS

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