It includes an online learning on Basics Of Grammar.

1. … ..Le rn tous c rre t Eng h
a e o c lis
(c urs title #6 5 )
o e : 52

2. PARTS OF SPEECH
 Be rew g a a w a p rt o g m a w s uld
fo e o he d ith ny a f ra m r e ho
kno tha Eng h Gra m r c ns
w t lis m a o titute o 9p rtso
s f a f
s ec
p e h.
 The e9p rtso s e c w te c to s e k ap rfe t a
s a f p e h ill a h p a e c nd
c rre t Eng h.
o c lis
 So le ss rt..
t’ ta

3. 1. Te e
ns s
2. Verb
3. No un
4. P no
ro un
5. Ad rb
ve
6. Ad c
je tive
7. P p s ns
re o itio
8. C njunc nsa Inte c ns
o tio nd rje tio
9. Artic s
le

4. Tenses:
 Thew rdTe e isd rive fro aLa w rd
o ns s e d m tin o
“ m us m a tim .
Te p ” e ns e
 The a 3typ so te e :-
re re e f ns s
1.P s nt Te e
re e ns
2 a t Te e
.P s ns
3.FutureTe e
ns
The ethre te e a furthe d e intos d io :
s e ns s re r ivid d ub ivis ns

5. Different types of tenses:
 Present Tense:
 Simple present tense
 Present Continuous
 Present perfect
 Present Perfect Continuous
 Past Tense:
 Simple past tense
 Past continuous
 Past perfect
 Past perfect continuous
 Future Tense
 Future Tense has no specific subdivision.

6. Present Tense:
 Sim leTe e rm =s je t+1st fo o ve )
p ns (fo ula ub c rm f rb
Thisisw ut d ub them s im o nt te ein the
itho o t o t p rta ns
Eng h la ua ea w us it in ag a num e o ve
lis ng g nd e e re t b r f ry
d re s tio in o live . To e o g yo to ha
iffe nt itua ns ur s nc ura e u ve
alo k a theb lo tho ug d s rip n o thePresent
o t e w ro h e c tio f
Simple, I m t s y tha thiste eisre tive e s to
us a t ns la ly a y
und rs ndfo p o lele rningEng h, w h isa o w
e ta r ep a lis hic ls hy
it istheb s te etole rn firs OK, no it'stim to ha
e t ns a t. w e ve
alo k a theus so thiste e
o t e f ns :

7. Its use:
 Fa tsa g ne liza n
c nd e ra tio
 Ha itsa ro
b nd utine s
 P rm ne s tio
e a nt itua ns
 Sta ve s(e . b , ha , think, kno ) m re
te rb .g e ve w o
 Fixe / o ia a ng m nt tha w c n't c ng
d ffic l rra e e t e a ha e
e ., I e t.
.g a
Hee ts
a .
The g .
y o

8.  P s nt C ntinuo (fo ula e+ m in ve + ‘ ’ rm
re e o us rm =b a rb ing fo )
Weus the Present Continuous (Progressive) tense
e
w n ta
he lkinga o a tio tha a ha p ningat the
b ut c ns t re p e
moment (p s nt o te p ra a tivity) o w h w b
re e r m o ry c r hic ill e
d nein the future (futurea ng m nt). Tofo
o rra e e rm
s nte e in thiste e yo s uldkno the e
e nc s ns , u ho w s.

9. Its uses:
 P s nt o te p ra a tivitie
re e r m o ry c s
 Future(p rs na a ng m nts
e o l) rra e e
e ., Heise ting
.g a .
The a g ing
y re o .
Ia cm .
m o ing
Is re ma thefo so ‘e .
,a ,a re rm f b ’
W w d c sa o ve sla r.
e ill is us b ut rb te
P s nt c ntinuo isa oc lle p s nt p g s ive
re e o us ls a d re e ro re s .

10.  P s nt p rfe t(fo ula ve s+ 3 fo o ve )
re e e c rm =ha /ha rd
rm f rb
TheP s nt P rfe t isus dtoe re sa tio tha ha p ne a
re e e c e xp s c ns t p e d t
an indefinite time o tha b g n in thep s a c ntinuein the
r t ea a t nd o
p s nt. Thiste eisa ous dw n a a tivity ha a e c
re e ns ls e he n c s n ffe t
o thep s nt m m nt.
n re e o e
No : la r in thisa le Preset Perfect w b a b via da
te te rtic , ill e b re te s
PP.

11. Its uses:
 Ac nsw h ha p ne a a ind finite(unkno n) tim
tio hic p e d t n e w e
b fo no
e re w
 Ac nsin thep s w h ha a e c o thep s nt
tio a t hic ve n ffe t n re e
m m nt
o e
 Ac nsw h b g n in thep s a c ntinuein the
tio hic e a a t nd o
p s nt
re e
e ., I ha live he for 20 years.
,g ve d re
Shehas ne r s e m b the
ve e n y ro r.

12.  The isa the fo o p s nt te ew h I d no
re no r rm f re e ns hic id t
m ntio a it isle s us d
e n s at e .
P s nt p rfe t C ntinuo (fo ula ve sb e +
re e e c o us rm =ha /ha e n
‘ ’ rm
ing fo )
 W us the Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) to
e e
e re sa tio tha s rte in thep s and continue in
xp s c ns t ta d at
the present. Thiste eisa ous d tota a o a tio
ns ls e lk b ut c ns
w h b g n in thep s a ha re e
hic e a a t nd ve c ntly s p e .
to p d

13. Its uses:
 Ac nstha s rte in thep s a c ntinuein thep s nt
tio t ta d a t nd o re e
 Ac nstha ha re e
tio t ve c ntly s p e
to p d
e ., I ha b e w itings e6 m
.g ve e n a inc p .
Heha b e te
s e n llingm no to g the .
e t o re

14. Past Tense:-
 Sim leP s
p a t:
Weus thePast Simple to ta a o a tio tha
e lk b ut c ns t
ha p ne a as e ifictim in thep s Thea tio c n b
pe d t pc e a t. c ns a e
s rt o lo . The c n a ob afe a tio ha p ning
ho r ng re a ls e w c ns p e
o a r a the
ne fte no r.

15. Its uses:
 Eve in thep s tha a no finis d (e . I w nt to
nts a t t re w he .g e
s ho l) *
c o
 Situa n in thep s (the live ano a lifeuntil the
tio at y d rm l y
w n alo ry) **
o tte
*o n re rre to a s rt a tio in thep s
fte fe d s ho c ns at
** o n re rre toa lo a tio in thep s
fte fe d s ng c n at
 A s rie o a tio in thep s
e s f c ns at

16.  E.g Hedidn't le rn a Ita n w n hewas in Ita tw
., a ny lia he ly o
ye r a o (Us 2
a g e )
I wasn't a m g nd a w n yo came (Us 1)
t y ra m 's he u e
Hedidn't get a g o g d sw n heattended s ho l
ny o d ra e he c o
(Us 3
e )
No a itslike I a .
rm lly , te
The a .
y te

17.  P s c ntinuo (fo ula rm o b + ‘ ’ rmo
at o us rm =fo s f e ing fo f
ve )
rb
Weus the Past Continuous to ta a o p s a tio in
e lk b ut a t c ns
p g s . Thea tio c n a ob inte te b
ro re s c ns a ls e rrup d y
s m thing(I w se ting
o e a a ).
* a ,a ,w re a ,is a thefo so b .
m re e ,w s re rm f e

18. Its uses:
Ac nsin p g s
tio ro re s
Inte te a tio in p g s *
rrup d c ns ro re s
Ac nsin p g s a thes m tim in thep s
tio ro re s t a e e a t.
Irrita ntio
Tim /p liteq s n (re dm reb lo )
id o ue tio a o e w
*e ntstha w rein p g s w n a the e nt
ve t e ro re s he no r ve
ha p ne . W o n us when tolink the etw e nts
p e d e fte e s o ve .
E.g I w sg ing
., a o .
The w rec m .
y e o ing
Hew se tingw n I c lle him
a a he a d .

19.  P s p rfe t(fo ula d + 3 fo o ve )
a t e c rm =ha rd
rm f rb
The Past Perfect isquites p a us ful, w us it to
im le nd e e e
s wtha o a tio in thep s o c dbefore a the
ho t ne c n a t c urre no r
a tio in thep s
c n a t.
No a w us thisto s y a inc e w h a o c d
rm lly e e a n id nt hic d c urre
lo b c
ng a k.

20. Its uses:
 A c m le d a tio b fo a the a tivity in thep s
o p te c n e re no r c at
 Thirdc nd na s nte e (a a re o ds e c (b
o itio l e nc s ) nd p rte p e h )
(re d m rea theb tto thep g )
a o t o m ae
 Dis a fa tio w thep s
s tis c n ith at
 e ., Us 3isthes -c lle hyp the a p s W 're
.g e o a d o tic l a t. e
ta lkinga o thing tha ne r ha p ne .
b ut s t ve p e d
 I w h I had fixed m um e lla (b I d n't)
is y b re . ut id
 If o I had known thea w r to tha q s n. (b I
nly ns e t ue tio ut
d n't)
id

21.  No thefo
w urth o w h isa a le s us d isP s
ne hic g in a t e at
p rfe t c ntinuo (ha b e + ‘ ’ rmo ve )
e c o us d e n ing fo f rb
 ThePast Perfect Continuous (Progressive) isvery
s ila to theP s P rfe t. Ho e r, w us this
im r at e c w ve hile ing
te e w fo uso thed tio o a a tivity ra r tha
ns , e c n ura n f n c the n
there ult o it.
s f

22. Its uses:
 Dura n o ap s a tio uptoac rta p int in thep s
tio f a t c n e in o at
 Thirdc nd na s nte e (a a re o ds e c (b
o itio l e nc s ) nd p rte p e h )
 I had been runningfo a ho w n it s rte ra
r n ur he ta d ining (Us 1)
. e
Ma s ids had ne r been swimming s m h in o d y.
ry a he ve o uc ne a
(Us 2 )
e b
Ka p o w ig b c us s had been e tingto m h
thy ut n e ht e a e he a o uc
s a (Us 1)
ug r e

23. Future Tense:
 Futurity ise re s d b m ny w ys
xp s e y a a .
 Futurity in Eng h ise re s de r b us w rd tha
lis xp s e ithe y ing o s t
im ly futurea tio ("I g to Be ne w e o b
p c n o rlin xt e k.") r y
e p yinga a
m lo n uxilia c ns tio c m ine w the
ry o truc n o b d ith
m in ve w h re re e thetruea tio o thes nte e
a rb hic p s nts c n f e nc
(So e W e ia
urc : ikip d ).
 Them s c m o a
o t o m n uxilia ve sus d toe re sfuturity
ry rb e xp s
a will, can,s uld may, a must.
re ho , nd
 Ma a m ht
y nd ig

24.  Of the e "w isthem s ne l a it isthem s
s , ill" o t utra nd ot
c m o us d
o m nly e :
 Sim leFuture
p
 FutureC ntinuo
o us
 FutureP rfe t
e c
 FutureP rfe t C ntinuo
e c o us
 Ap rt fro tha the a s ve l o r c ns tio tha
a m t re re e ra the o truc ns t
c n e re sfuturity:
a xp s
 Go to
ing

25.  Am nga futurete e , theFuture Simple isthem s
o ll ns s ot
c m o It isus d in m ny s tio s h a m king
o m n. e a itua ns uc s a
p m e o p d tio .
ro is s r re ic ns
It us s
e :-
 P m e (Us 1)
ro is s e
 Unp nne a tio (s o ne usd c io ) (Us 2
la d c ns p nta o e is ns e )
 P d tio b s do e e nc o intuitio * (Us 3
re ic ns a e n xp rie e r n e )
 Ha its(o s teins nc , us lly ha itua (Us 4
b b tina ite e ua b l) e )

26.  * Us g ingto fo toe re sp d tio b s d o
e o rm xp s re ic ns a e n
o s rvingthep s nt s tio
be re e itua n.
 ** Yo p b b ha e o
u ro a ly ve nc unte dthew rd"g nna .
re o o "
Tha isthec ntra tio o "g ingto .
t o c n f o "
Keep in mind: "Go " isra r info a s b c re
nna the rm l o e a ful
w n us it!
he ing

27.  C utio
a n:
 Re e b r, yo s uld ne r us will to s y w t
mm e u ho ve e a ha
s m b d ha a a y a ng o d c e to d in the
o e o y s lre d rra e r e id d o
future:
 –Mikeism vingto Ne J rs y ne m nth (no "Mike
o w e e xt o t
w m ve
ill o ")
The a s ve l w ysto e re sfuturity.
re re e ra a xp s
Yo ll le rn a yo us it.
u’ a s u e

28.  W us theFuture Continuous (Progressive) to ind a
e e ic te
tha w w b in them d o d ings m thingin a
t e ill e id le f o o e
s e ifie tim in thefuture
pc d e .
Itsus s
e :-
 Futurea tio in p g s .
c ns ro re s
 Gue s sa o thep s nt o thefuture
s e b ut re e r .
 P liteq s nsa o s m b d inte ns
o ue tio b ut o e o y's ntio *.

29.  *Remember
 If yo w nt tole rn a o s m b d inte ns yo
u a a b ut o e o y's ntio , u
s uld ne r us theFutureSim le Us theFuture
ho ve e p . ing
Sim leim lie tha yo w nt to influe es m b d
p p s t u a nc o e o y's
d c io Que tio b c m m h m reo je tiveif
e is n. s ns e o e uc o b c
fo e in theFutureC ntinuo .
rm d o us
 W yo c m ho e (= I w nt yo toc m ho e
ill u o e m ? a u o e m)

30.  W us thiste etoe re sa a tio tha w b finis d
e e ns xp s n c n t ill e he
b fo s m p int in thefuture
e re o e o .
Itsus s
e :-
 C m o tim e re s nsus d in theFuture Perfect:
o m n e xp s io e
 Be re
fo
 By to o w o lo k/ne m nth
m rro /7 'c c xt o
 Until/till

31.  C m o tim e re s nsus d in theFuture Perfect
o m n e xp s io e
Continuous :
 By to o w/ 8o lo k
m rro 'c c
 Thisye r / m nth / w e
a o ek
 Ne ye r / m nth / w e
xt a o ek
 No thisisw t te e a .
w ha ns s re
 W ’ d c sa o yo q rie if a in d ta if w
e ll is us b ut ur ue s ny e ils e
c to
ha nline riya a hinib he @ g a o )
.(p d rs e ra m il.c m

32. VERB:
 A ve isaw rd w h e re s sam d o a tio
rb o hic xp s e o e f c n.
In o r w rd , itsisaw rd in thes nte ew h
the o s o e nc hic
s w tha s m thingisb ingd ne
ho s t o e e o .
Hee ts e ts‘ ave )
a .(‘a is rb
Yo likeyo m the
u ur o r.(he ‘ ’ ave )
re like is rb
Teb b iss e ing s e ing isave )
a y le p .(‘le p ’ rb

33. Types of verb:
 TRANSITIVE VERB:
A ve w h s w a a tio w h isa re s d fro a
rb hic ho s n c n hic d se m
s je t toa o je t.
ub c n b c
No , w t iss je t a o je t.
w ha ub c nd b c
In s p w rd , s je t isthep rs n o thingw a
im le o s ub c e o r e re
talkinga o a theo je t It d no ss m b d o
b ut nd b c e te o e o y r
s m thinginvo d in thes je t's"p rfo a e o the
o e lve ub c e rm nc " f
ve . Asa e m le thefo w s nte eisg n:
rb n xa p , llo ing e nc ive

34. In thes nte e"Bobby kicked the ball", "b ll" isthe
e nc a
o je t.
b c
"Bo b isthes je t, thed e o p rfo e w
b y" ub c o r r e rm r, hile
"kic isthea tio a "b ll" istheo je t invo din
k" c n, nd a b c lve
thea tio
c n.
He ‘ k’ thetra itiveve .
re kic is ns rb

35.  INTRANSITIVE VERB:
A ve w h isus din as nte ew noo je t is
rb hic e e nc ith b c
c lle a intra itiveve , p tty s p , is t it?
a d n ns rb re im le n’
Fe e m le :
w xa p s
Hes e sa thetim .(s e )
le p ll e le p
A b ll a a ro .(ro )
a lw ys lls lls

36.  AUXILIARY VERB:
It isa o c lle a ‘ lp ve ’
ls a d s he ing rb .
A ve w h he sa the ve in fo ingas nte eis
rb hic lp no r rb rm e nc
c lle a a
a d s uxilia ve .
ry rb
No the ea
w s uxilia ve sinc eb ,ha ,d ,e .
ry rb lud e ve o tc
Theauxilia ve sa a a o 2typ s
ry rb re g in f e:
PRIMARY a MODALS
nd

37. Auxiliary Verbs and its types:
Primary Auxiliary Verbs Its Forms
Be Am ,a ,w s e
,is re a ,w re
Have Ha ,Ha
s d
Do Do s
e ,Did

38. Modal Auxiliary Verbs Its Forms
Shall Should
Will Would
Cn
a C uld
o
May Might
Must Ha to
d
Oug (to
ht ) -no fo s
rm -
Ne d
e -no fo s
rm -
Dare -no fo s
rm -
Us d
e -no fo s
rm -

39. Modal auxiliary verbs (in
details)
Mo a a
d l uxilia ve sa us d a c rd to itsm a
ry rb re e c o ing e ning
to b e re s d
e xp s e .
 C n: a ility,p rm s n,re ue t,p s ility
a b e is io q s o ib
 C uld -s m a c n-
o : a e s a
 Sha Futurity,W
ll: illing s ,Sug e tio
ne s g s n,Ins te e
is nc
 Sho : Ob a n,Ad ia ility,ne e s
uld lig tio vis b c s ity,Exp c tio
e ta n
W W ill: illing s ,P d tio
ne s re ic n,Re ue t
q s
 W uld W
o : illing s ,Ha itua a tio in the
ne s b l c n
ps
a t,Wis s ro a
he ,P b ility

40.  Ma P rm s n,P s ib
y: e is io o s ility,W he ,P o e
is s urp s
 Mig -s m a m y-
ht: a e s a
 Must:Ne e s
c s ity,P hib n,Ob a n,P b b
ro itio lig tio ro a ility
‘ uld isthep s fo o ‘a . Sim rly,
Co ’ a t rm f c n’ ila
Is a
-W s
Are e
-W re
‘ uld isim o nt to no he a it’ thep s fo o
Co ’ p rta te re s s a t rm f
c n w h e re s sthea ility tha e te in thep s
a hic xp s e b t xis d a t.
e ., I c uld s imw n I w sin s ho l.
.g o w he a c o

41. Important points to note about
verbs when we speak:
 ‘ a isus d in info a re ue ts It m a , w us it in a
C n’ e rm l q s . e ns e e
typ o re ue t w m ketoo frie sa intim te .
e f q s e a ur nd nd a s
e ., C n I us yo p n?
.g a e ur e
 ‘ o ’ us d in fo a re ue ts It m a , w us it to
C uld is e rm l q s . e ns e e
re ue t hig s tusp o leo p fe s na s h a
q s h ta e p r ro s io ls uc s
te c rs a g rs tc
a he ,m na e ,e .
e ., C uldyo p a eg m yo p n?
.g o u le s ive e ur e

42.  ‘ ill’ nd‘ o ’ reus d in ne r fo a o
W a w uld a e ithe rm l r
info a re ue ts
rm l q s .
It m a , it’ us d tore ue t le skno n p rs nso
e ns s e q s s w e o r
s ng rs It isus din q s n fo .
tra e . e ue tio rm
e ., W yo g tothem e ?
.g ill u o e ting
W uldyo p a ere e t w t yo jus s id
o u le s p a ha u t a ?

43. 1 ,2 ,3 form of words :
st nd rd
 Ano r m s im o nt thingto kno in ve sisthe
the o t p rta w rb
fo so w rd (ve s
rm f o s rb ).
 E.g Le sta fe e m le .
., t’ ke w xa p s
Verbs 1st Form 2nd Form 3rd Form
Go Go Went Gone
Write Write Wrote Written
Draw Draw Drew Dra n
w
See See Saw Se n
e

44. Where are they used?
 Ge ra 1st fo sa us din s p p s nt s p .
ne lly rm re e im le re e im le
 2 fo sa us din p s s p .
nd
rm re e a t im le
 3 fo sa us d in p s p rfe t te e .
rd
rm re e a t e c ns s
 Le sta o e m le
t’ ke ne xa p :
I e t(1st fo )
a rm
I a (2 fo )
te nd rm
I ha e te rd fo )
ve a n(3 rm

45. NOUN:
 No isno
un thingb it d s rib sthena eo ap rs n,
ut e c e m f e o
p c , thing
la e .
 The a 5typ so no
re re e f un:
1.P p r No
ro e un
2 o m n No
.C m o un
3 o c
.C lle tiveNo un
4 te l No
.Ma ria un
5 s c No
.Ab tra t un

46. Proper Noun:
 A p p r no isthes e ia w rd (o na e tha w us
ro e un pc l o r m) t e e
fo ap rs n, p c o o a tio likeJ hn, Ma ,
r e o la e r rg niza n, o rie
Lo o Fra eo So A na eisano b ave
nd n, nc r ny. m un, ut ry
s e ia no - ap p r no P p r no ha s e ia
p c l un ro e un. ro e uns ve p c l
rule .
s
 Therule a a fo w :
s re s llo s

47. Rule 1:
 W always us aCa ita Le r fo thefirs le r o a
e e p l tte r t tte f
p p r no (na e Thisinc e na e o p o le
ro e un m ). lud s m s f e p ,
p c s c m a s d yso thew e a m nths Fo
la e , o p nie , a f e k nd o . r
e m le
xa p :
 The likeJo (not *The likejo
y hn. y hn.)
 I livein Eng nd
la .
 Shew rksfo So
o r ny.
 Thela t d y in Ja ry isaMo a
s a nua nd y.
 W s wTitanic in theOd o Cine a
ea en m.

48. Rule 2(proper nouns without
‘the’):
 W d no us "the w na e o p o le Fo e m le
e o t e " ith m s f e p . r xa p :
 firs na e Bill (not *theBill)
t ms
 W d no no a us "the w na e o c m a s
e o t rm lly e " ith m s f o p nie .
Fo e m le
r xa p :
 Re ult, Fo , So Eng hC .c m
na rd ny, lis lub o
 Ge ra Mo rs Air Fra e Britis Airw ys
ne l to , nc , h a
 W d no no a us "the fo s p , b nks ho lse
e o t rm lly e " r ho s a , te tc
na e a r afo e o o r p rs n (w -'so -s
m d fte und r r the e o ith r ).

49.  Exception! If ac untry na einc e
o m lud s
"Sta s
te ","King o ", "Re ub " e , w us "the
dm p lic tc e e ":
e ., TheUnite Sta s
.g d te
TheUnite King o
d dm
 W d no us "the w "P s e
e o t e " ith re id nt/Do to
c r/Mr e +
tc
Na e
m.
e ., TheP s e b no TheP s e Bus
.g re id nt ut t re id nt h.

50. Rule 3(Proper nouns with
‘the’):
 W no a us "the fo c untry na e tha inc e
e rm lly e " r o m s t lud
"Sta s
te ","King o ", "Re ub " e :
dm p lic tc
e ., TheUnite Sta s
.g d te
 W no a us "the fo na e o c na , rive , s a
e rm lly e " r m s f a ls rs e s
a o e ns
nd c a :
e ., TheSue C na
.g z a l
 W no a us "the fo plural na e o p o lea
e rm lly e " r m s f e p nd
p cs
la e :
e ., TheC
.g linto , TheHim la s
ns a ya

51.  W no a us "the fo na e m d w "o
e rm lly e " r m s a e ith f":
e ., TheTo e o Lo o
.g w r f nd n
TheLo o Sc o o Ec no ic
nd n ho l f o m s
TheSta o Lib rty
tue f e
TheTro ico Ca e
p f nc r

52. Common Nouns:
 All c m o no a d e intoc unta lea
o m n uns re ivid d o b nd
unc unta leno .
o b uns
 It isthena eo a p rs n , p c o thing
m f ny e o la e r .
 C unta le c n b c unte (m y b s ula a p l)
o b : a e o d a e ing r nd lura
 Unc unta le c nno b c unte
o b : a t e o d
e ., Ric ,Stud nts b ,Ro e
.g e e ,Ta le g r,Sing p re s a
a o (the e re
c unta le
o b )
Milk,Hair,W te
a r(unc unta leno )
o b uns

53. Collective Noun:
 C lle tiveno a re rre to ac lle tio o thing ,
o c uns re fe d o c n f s
p rs ns
e o .
 The ea a a p l.
s re lw ys lura
e ., A b h o g p s
.g unc f ra e
Thejury
Thep o leo Ind
ep f ia

54. Material Noun:
 The ere r toam te l o thinglikeGo , C p e , e .
s fe a ria r ld o p r tc
 The ea le s us d
s re a t e .
All the ea o m ntio d no c m und r ac te o
s b ve e ne uns o e e a g ry
c lle C nc teNo .
a d o re uns
No theo r c te o o no a Ab tra t No .
w the a g ry f uns re s c uns

55. Abstract Nouns:
 The ere r toa id a
s fe ny e ,inte c l,Te hno g tc
lle tua c lo y,e .
 Fe e m le a itsus a a b lo :
w xa p s nd e re s e w
I g vehimag a id a e )
a re t e .(id a
Heha a intuitio o a a c e
s n n f n c id nt.(intuition)

56. PRONOUN:
 P no isno
ro un thingb aw rdtha re la e ano o
ut o t p cs un r
s s
ub titute ano
s un.
 Fe e m le a :
w xa p s re
It,That,The y,He ,He
,His r,The ,The
m ir,You,Your,She tc
,e .
J hn p ysc ke w ll.
o la ric t e
Hep ysc ke w ll.
la ric t e

57. ADVERB:
 Ad rbisaw rd w h m d s a p rt o s e c
ve o hic o ifie ny a f p e h
e e t ano o p no
xc p un r ro un.
 An adverb c n m d ave , a a je tive a the
a o ify rb n d c , no r
a ve , ap s , o ac us . An a ve ind a sm nne
d rb hra e r la e d rb ic te a r,
tim , p c , c us , o d g ea a w rsq s nss h
e la e a e r e re nd ns e ue tio uc
a "ho ," "w n," "w re "ho m h“
s w he he ," w uc .

58. ADJECTIVE:
 An adjective m d sano o ap no b d s rib ,
o ifie un r ro un y e c ing
id ntifying o q ntifyingw rd . An a je tiveus lly
e , r ua o s d c ua
p c d stheno o thep no w h it m d s
re e e un r ro un hic o ifie .
 An a je tivec n b m d d b a a ve , o b ap s
d c a e o ifie y n d rb r y hra e
o c us func ninga a a ve .
r la e tio s n d rb
e ., Hed shisve leto fa t.(fa t)
.g rive hic o s s
Sheisto b a
o e utiful.(b a
e utiful)

59.  In thea o e m le , thew rd ‘ s d s rib sthe
b ve xa p s o fa t’ e c e
driving, tha istheve . In thes c nd s nte ethew rd
t rb e o e nc o
‘e utiful d s rib s ‘he , tha isthep no
ba ec e s ’ t ro un.
 Othe a je tive a As m d o io ,To ra
r d c s re ha e ,C ns us le nt,Ugly,
Am ze ,C nfus d ndlo m re
a d o e ,a ts o .
**Fo b tte c rific tio , c tc m o
r e r la a ns a h e nlinea t
p d rs
riya a hinib he @ g a o
e ra m il.c m
Tim : 11.3 p o a sGMT
e 0 m nw rd

60. PREPOSITIONS:
 A preposition linksno , p no a p s stoo r
uns ro uns nd hra e the
w rd in as nte e Thew rdo p s tha the
o s e nc . o r hra e t
p p s n intro uc sisc lle theo je t o the
re o itio d e a d b c f
p p s n.
re o itio
 A p p s n us lly ind a sthete p ra s a l o
re o itio ua ic te m o l, p tia r
lo ic l re tio hipo itso je t tothere t o thes nte e
g a la ns f b c s f e nc
a in thefo w e m le :
s llo ing xa p s
Theb o ison theta le Theb o isbeneath theta le
ok b . ok b .
Theb o isle ningagainst theta le Theb o isbeside
ok a b . ok
theta le Shehe theb o over theta le Shere d the
b . ld ok b . a
b o during c s .
ok la s

61. Few common mistakes:
 Ofte c nfus d p p s nsa :
n o e re o itio re
 In a Into ‘ d no sas teo re t o s teo b ing
nd : In’ e te ta f s r ta f e
ins es m thinga ‘ ’ e te m ve e ins e
id o e nd Into d no s o m nt id
s m thing
o e .
 Le stry tound rs nd w a e m le
t’ e ta ith n xa p :
1.Thefro isin thew ll.
g e
Thefro jum e intothew ll.
g pd e
2.Theb b isin thero m
ay o .
Theb b ra into thero m
ay n o .

62.  By a W ‘y’ us d tore r thed e o thea tio
nd ith: b is e fe or f c n
a ‘ ith’ us dto re r theins
nd w is e fe trum nt o e m nt w
e r le e ith
w h thea tio isd ne
hic c n o .
 Le ss ethee m le :
t’ e xa p s
1.Hew ss t d a b hiso n b d a s
a ho e d y w o y-g urd .
Hew ss t d a w ag
a ho e d ith un.
2.Thefie w sd b afa e
ld a ug y rm r.
Thefie w sd w a a .
ld a ug ith n xe

63.  Be e n a Am ng ‘e e n’ us d toc m a 2
tw e nd o : b tw e is e o p re
p rs nso thing a ‘m ng isus d c m a m retha
e o r s nd a o ’ e o p re o n
2p rs nso thing .
e o r s
 E.g W ista r b tw e J hn a Ro e
., ho lle e e n o nd g r?
W istheta s a o a o the ?
ho lle t m ng ll f m
Thetw b the s re thep p rty b tw e the s lve .
o ro rs ha d ro e e e n me s
Theb the s re thep p rty a o the s lve .
ro rs ha d ro e m ng m e s

64. CONJUNCTIONS:
 C njunc nsa thejo
o tio re ininngw rd .
o s
 I w g yo as p w y tore e b r it.
ill ive u im le a mm e
 J t re e b r FANBOYS
us m m e
F:For
A:And a w ll a
, s e s
N:Ne r/No
ithe r
B:But
O:Or,Either/Or
Y:Ye t
S:So

65. INTERJECTIONS:
 Interjection isab na efo alittlew rd Inte c ns
ig m r o . rje tio
a s rt e la a nslikeOh!, Um o Ah! The ha no
re ho xc m tio r y ve
re l g m a a va b w us the q
a ra m tic l lue ut e e m uiteo n, fte
us lly m rein s e kingtha in w
ua o pa n riting W n
. he
inte c nsa ins rte into as nte e the ha no
rje tio re e d e nc , y ve
g m a a c nne tio tothes nte e An inte c n is
ra m tic l o c n e nc . rje tio
s m tim sfo w db a e la a n m rk (!) w n
o e e llo e y n xc m tio a he
w n.
ritte
 E.g Eno h! Do t s e k a
., ug n’ p a nym reo .
W w Itsa a .
o ! m zing

66. ARTICLES:
 Artic sa a o kno n a ‘e rm s .
le re ls w s d te ine ’
 The a 2typ so a le :
re re e f rtic s
Ind finitea De
e nd finite
 Ind finiteinc e a, a
e lud s n.
 De finiteinc e The
lud s .
 Theind finitea le a c lle s b c us thep rs nso
e rtic s re a d o e a e e o r
thing it re rsa no d fine .
s fe re t e d
e ., I m t ab g a to a
.g e e g r d y.
 Ne tim w ta a o theb g a , w us The
xt e e lk b ut egr e e .
e ., I m t theb g a to a
.g e e g r d y.

67. VOICE CHANGES:
 Itsno o vo a vo etha w a ta
t ur c l ic t e re lkinga o
b ut.
 The ea theVo ein Gra m r w h a o 2typ s
s re ic m a hic re f e:
P s ivea Ac
as nd tive
 Active Voice
In s nte e w n in a tivevo e thes je t p rfo s
e nc s ritte c ic , ub c e rm
thea tio e re s din theve ; thes je t a ts
c n xp s e rb ub c c .
e ., Thed gb theb y.
.g o it o

68.  Passive Voice
 In s nte e w n in p s ivevo e thes je t re e s
e nc s ritte as ic , ub c c ive
thea tio e re s din theve ; thes je t isa te up n.
c n xp s e rb ub c c d o
Thea e p rfo ingthea tio m y a p a in a"b
g nt e rm c n a p er y
the. . ." p s o m y b o itte .
hra e r a e m d
e ., Theb y w sb n y thed g
.g o a itte o.
 If yo w nt toc ng ap s ive ic s nte eto a tive
u a ha e a s -vo e e nc c
vo e findthea e in a"b the p s , o c ns e
ic , g nt y ..." hra e r o id r
c re
a fully w o w t isp rfo ingthea tio e re s d
ho r ha e rm c n xp s e
in theve . Ma tha a e thes je t o thes nte e
rb ke t g nt ub c f e nc ,
a c ng theve a c rd ly.
nd ha e rb c o ing

69. CLAUSES:
 A c us isag m a a unit tha
la e ra m tic l t
inc e , a m
lud s t inim , ap d a a a e lic o
um re ic te nd n xp it r
im lie s je t, a e re s sap p s n.
p d ub c nd xp s e ro o itio
P a ere r theb lo link fo m rec rific tio o yo
le s fe e w r o la a ns r u
c n c nta t m o
a o c e nline .
http w .s rg
://w w il.o /ling tic /Glo s ryOfLing tic rm /W t
uis s sa uis Te s ha

70. Summary:
Thistuto l inc e :
ria lud s
 Te e
ns s
 Verb
 No un
 P no
ro un
 Ad rb
ve
 Ad c
je tive
 P p s ns
re o itio
 C njunc nsa Inte c ns
o tio nd rje tio
 Artic s
le

71.  C us s
la e
 Vo eC ng s
ic ha e
 Fe C m o Mis ke
w o mn ta s
 So s e , a w re d w o b s so Eng h
tud nts re e a y ith ur a ic f lis
Gra m r?
m a
 If yo ha a q s ns, yo c n a k m o
u ve ny ue tio u a s e nline at
11.3 p to 1.3 a a w e a in Ind n Tim Zo .
0 m 0 m ny e kd ys ia e ne
On w e nd , yo c n c tc m b tw e 10 m 0 m
e ke s u a a h e e e n p -1.3 a .

72. By, Priyad rs
a hini Be ra
he
Ma te in Bio c lo y
s rs te hno g
Ba a re
ng lo ,
INDIA.
**I a c m w m ne c urs o ANIMAL
m o ing ith y w o e n
BIOTEC HNOLOGY s o Info yo frie sto jo the
o n.. rm ur nd in
c urs … C e !!! 
o e he rs