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Embryo and Fetal Growth
- 1. GROWTH OF EMBRYO AND FOETUS AND ITS CLINICAL APPLICATION
- 2. Placenta ◦ Temporary organ joining mother and fetus ◦ Tranferring nutrients and taking away Co2. ◦ Discoid ◦ Deciduate ◦ Labrynthine ◦ Hemochoroidal
- 3. DEVELOPMENT
- 6. Functions of placenta ◦ Respiratory ◦ Excretory ◦ Nutritive ◦ Endocrine ◦ Barrier function ◦ Immunological function
- 7. Fetal membranes ◦ Outer chorion and inner amnion ◦ Functions of amnion: 1. Formation of liquor amnii 2. Prevent ascending of infection 3. Facilitate dilation of cervix during labor 4. Steroid hormonal metabolism
- 9. Color ◦ Normal –colorless to pale straw ◦ Abnormal- 1. Meconium stained – fetal distress 2. Golden- hemolysis 3. Greenish yellow- postmaturity 4. Dark- concealed accidental hemorrahge 5. Dark brown- intra uterine death.
- 10. Functions ◦ Shock absorber ◦ Temperature regulations ◦ Growth and free movement ◦ Forms hydrostatic wedge
- 11. Umblical cord
- 12. ◦ Embryo: 3rd week to 10th week ◦ Fetus: 8th week till delivery
- 13. Fetal physiology ◦ Length- crown heel measurement Upto 5 months LENGTH (cm) = (month)^2 After 5 months LENGTH (cm)= month ×5 ◦ Age: gestational age is taken from LMP ◦ Growth: cellular hyperplasia f/b hyperplasia plus hypertrophy f/b hypertrophy only fetus grows linearly till 37 weeks. Depends on : race,sex, parental height and weight, socioeconomic factor At term avg. Weight = 2.5 to 3.5
- 14. Nutrition ◦ Absorption f/b histotrophic transfer f/b hemtotrophic ◦ 2/3 calcium 3/5 proteins 4/5 iron Consumed in last three months.
- 15. Fetal blood ◦ Yolk sac- 14th day ◦ Liver – 10th week ◦ Spleen and bone marrow – near term ◦ Bone maroow only- after birth ◦ RBC count- 5-6 million/mm^3 ◦ Hamoglobin- HbF ( 75-80%) ◦ Cord blood level of iron, ferritin, Vit B12, folic acid are higher than maternal blood ◦ Ig G ( maternal) crosses 12 week onwards. ◦ Ig M ( diagnostic)
- 16. Skin ◦ 16th week- lanugo ◦ Sebaceous and sweat glands by 20weeks ◦ Vernix caseosa- secretion of sebaceous glands mixed with exfoliated epidermal cells ◦ Horny layer – after 20 weeks
- 17. Urinary system ◦ Nephrons- active by end of 1 St trimester ◦ Urine output – near term is 650ml/day
- 18. Gastrointestinal tract ◦ 10-12 weeks- fetus swallows amniotic fluid ◦ Meconium- 20 weeks ( Greenish blue due to billiverdin) ◦ At term distributed- indicating peristalsis ◦ Hypoxia- anal sphincter relaxed and meconium voided into liquor
- 19. Respiratory system ◦ Early months- solid lungs ◦ 24th week- lung surfactant ◦ Lecithin: sphingomyelin ratio= 2:1 signifies maturity
- 20. Endocrinology ◦ 10th week : ACTH,prolactin,TSH,gonadotropin. ◦ 12th week: vasopressin and oxytocin ◦ Hypertrophy of fetal adrenal reticular zone ◦ 11th week: thyroxine ◦ Ovaries remain inactive ◦ Whereas testicles mediate reproductive part development ◦ Fetal insulin- 12 the week