Effect of Dew and Raindrops on Electric Field around EHV Transmission LinesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper analyses the change of electric field in the proximity of 500 kV extra high voltage
(EHV) transmission lines, in the presence of raindrops and dew. The computations were carried out using
MatLab software by solving the electrostatic equations. The analysis depicts that the spatial distribution of
the electric field strength varies with water drop content along the lateral distance along the transmiss ion
line. The peak electric field reduces with the water drop content, whereas the electric field remains the
same at around 36 m from the transmission line. Then onwards the field strength increases with the water
drop content. At long distances the field strength is not affected by the water drops. Such variation is highly
important to analyse the adverse effects on the insulators used in HV applications. The results are of high
significance to a country such as Indonesia where the precipitation levels are generally high in most parts
of the country.
The Effect of High Zeta Potentials on the Flow Hydrodynamics in Parallel-Plat...CSCJournals
This paper investigates the effect of the EDL at the solid-liquid interface on the liquid flow through a micro-channel formed by two parallel plates. The complete Poisson-Boltzmann equation (without the frequently used linear approximation) was solved analytically in order to determine the EDL field near the solid-liquid interface. The momentum equation was solved analytically taking into consideration the electrical body force resulting from the EDL field. Effects of the channel size and the strength of the zeta-potential on the electrostatic potential, the streaming potential, the velocity profile, the volume flow rate, and the apparent viscosity are presented and discussed. Results of the present analysis, which are based on the complete Poisson-Boltzmann equation, are compared with a simplified analysis that used a linear approximation of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation.
Effect of Dew and Raindrops on Electric Field around EHV Transmission LinesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper analyses the change of electric field in the proximity of 500 kV extra high voltage
(EHV) transmission lines, in the presence of raindrops and dew. The computations were carried out using
MatLab software by solving the electrostatic equations. The analysis depicts that the spatial distribution of
the electric field strength varies with water drop content along the lateral distance along the transmiss ion
line. The peak electric field reduces with the water drop content, whereas the electric field remains the
same at around 36 m from the transmission line. Then onwards the field strength increases with the water
drop content. At long distances the field strength is not affected by the water drops. Such variation is highly
important to analyse the adverse effects on the insulators used in HV applications. The results are of high
significance to a country such as Indonesia where the precipitation levels are generally high in most parts
of the country.
The Effect of High Zeta Potentials on the Flow Hydrodynamics in Parallel-Plat...CSCJournals
This paper investigates the effect of the EDL at the solid-liquid interface on the liquid flow through a micro-channel formed by two parallel plates. The complete Poisson-Boltzmann equation (without the frequently used linear approximation) was solved analytically in order to determine the EDL field near the solid-liquid interface. The momentum equation was solved analytically taking into consideration the electrical body force resulting from the EDL field. Effects of the channel size and the strength of the zeta-potential on the electrostatic potential, the streaming potential, the velocity profile, the volume flow rate, and the apparent viscosity are presented and discussed. Results of the present analysis, which are based on the complete Poisson-Boltzmann equation, are compared with a simplified analysis that used a linear approximation of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Conductance is an ability of a material to allow the passage of current or fluid or temperature through different materials. It is opposite of resistance through a path, higher the conductivity of material lower is its resistance. It is most commonly used with electrical circuits, though it is also used in fluid and thermals. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Conductance:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/electrical-engineering/conductance.aspx
Residence time distribution studies in flow through tubular electrochemical r...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Capacitance-voltage Profiling Techniques for Characterization of Semiconduct...eeiej_journal
A new capacitance-voltage profiling technique of semiconductor junctions is proposed for characterisation of semiconductor materials and devices. The measurement technique is simple, non-destructive and it has a greater accuracy compared with the classical C-V method of J. Hilibrand and R. D. Gold, developed in 1960.
On the equality of electric power fractal dimension and capillary pressure fr...Khalid Al-Khidir
On the equality of electric power fractal dimension and capillary pressure fractal dimension for characterizing shajara reservoirs of the permo carboniferous shajara formation
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Conductance is an ability of a material to allow the passage of current or fluid or temperature through different materials. It is opposite of resistance through a path, higher the conductivity of material lower is its resistance. It is most commonly used with electrical circuits, though it is also used in fluid and thermals. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Conductance:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/electrical-engineering/conductance.aspx
Residence time distribution studies in flow through tubular electrochemical r...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Capacitance-voltage Profiling Techniques for Characterization of Semiconduct...eeiej_journal
A new capacitance-voltage profiling technique of semiconductor junctions is proposed for characterisation of semiconductor materials and devices. The measurement technique is simple, non-destructive and it has a greater accuracy compared with the classical C-V method of J. Hilibrand and R. D. Gold, developed in 1960.
On the equality of electric power fractal dimension and capillary pressure fr...Khalid Al-Khidir
On the equality of electric power fractal dimension and capillary pressure fractal dimension for characterizing shajara reservoirs of the permo carboniferous shajara formation
Transverse relaxation time fractal dimension of nuclear magnetic resonance fo...Khalid Al-Khidir
Transverse relaxation time fractal dimension of nuclear magnetic resonance for characterizing shajara reservoirs of the permo carboniferous shajara formation, saudi arabia
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure FractalKhalid Al-Khidir
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure Fractal Dimensions for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
Electric potential gradient fractal dimensions for characterizing shajara res...Khalid Al-Khidir
Electric potential gradient fractal dimensions for characterizing shajara reservoirs of the shajara formation of the permo carboniferous unayzah group, saudi arabia
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Electric power fractal dimension for characterizing shajara reservoirs of the permo carboniferous shajara formation,
1. Name of The Journal K smos Publishers
Research Article Cu Res Petro Envi Bio: CRPEB-101
Electric Power Fractal Dimension for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs
of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
1. Keywords
Capillary pressure fractal dimension; Electric
power fractal dimension Shajara Formation;
Shajara Reservoirs
Name of The Journal…Current Research in Petroleum &
Environmental Biotechnology
Khalid Elyas Mohamed Elameen Alkhidir*
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi
Arabia
*
Corresponding Author: Khalid Elyas Mohamed Elameen Alkhidir, Department of Petroleum and Natural
Gas Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Tel: +966114679118; Email:
kalkhidir@ksu.edu.sa
Citation: Alkhidir KEME (2018) Electric Power Fractal Dimension for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of
the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia. Cu Res Petro Envi Bio: CRPEB-101.
Abstract
The quality and assessment of a reservoir can be documented in details by the application of electric
power. This research aims to calculate fractal dimension from the relationship among electric power, maximum
electric power and wetting phase saturation and to confirm it by the fractal dimension derived from the
relationship among capillary pressure and wetting phase saturation. In this research, porosity was measured
on real collected sandstone samples and permeability was calculated theoretically from capillary pressure
profile measured by mercury intrusion techniques. Two equations for calculating the fractal dimensions have
been employed. The first one describes the functional relationship between wetting phase saturation, electric
power, maximum electric power and fractal dimension. The second equation implies to the wetting phase
saturation as a function of capillary pressure and the fractal dimension. Two procedures for obtaining the
fractal dimension have been utilized. The first procedure was done by plotting the logarithm of the ratio
between electric power and maximum electric power versus logarithm wetting phase saturation. The slope of
the first procedure is positive = 3- Df (fractal dimension). The second procedure for obtaining the fractal
dimension was concluded by plotting logarithm of capillary pressure versus the logarithm of wetting phase
saturation. The slope of the second procedure is negative = Df -3. On the basis of the obtained results of the
fabricated stratigraphic column and the attained values of the fractal dimension, the sandstones of the Shajara
reservoirs of the Shajara Formation were divided here into three units. These Units from bottom to top are:
Lower Shajara Electric Power Fractal dimension Unit, Middle Shajara Electric Power Fractal Dimension
Unit, and Upper Shajara Electric power Fractal Dimension Unit.
2. Citation: Alkhidir KEME (2018) Electric Power Fractal Dimension for Characterizing Shajara
Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia. Cu Res Petro Envi Bio:
CRPEB-101.
2 Vol. 2018, Issue- 01
2.Introduction
The wetting phase saturation can be described as
function of capillary pressure and fractal dimension
was demonstrated by [1]. The Purcell model was
found to be the best fit to the experimental data of the
wetting phase relative permeability for the cases as
long as the measured capillary pressure curve had the
same residual saturation as the relative permeability
curve was described by [2]. A theoretical model to
correlate capillary pressure and resistivity index
based on the fractal scaling theory was reported by
[3]. The fractal dimension resulting from longer
transverse NMR relaxation times and lower capillary
pressure reflects the volume dimension of larger
pores was described by [4]. The fractal dimension
derived from the short NMR relaxation times is
similar to the fractal dimension of the internal surface
was described by [4]. The fractal dimensions can be
used to represent the complexity degree and
heterogeneity of pore structure, and the coexistence
of dissolution pores and large intergranular pores of
Donghetang sandstones contributes to a
heterogeneous pore throat distribution and a high
value of fractal dimension was reported by [5].The
relationship among capillary pressure (PC), nuclear
magnetic transverse relaxation time (T2) and
resistivity index (I) was studied by [6].An increase of
bubble pressure fractal dimension and pressure head
fractal dimension and decreasing pore size
distribution index and fitting parameters m * n due to
possibility of having interconnected channels was
confirmed by [7]. An increase of fractal dimension
with increasing arithmetic, geometric relaxation time
of induced polarization, permeability and grain size
was investigated by [8-10].An increase of seismo
electric and resistivity fractal dimensions with
increasing permeability and grain size was described
by [11,12].
3. Material and Method
Samples were collected from the surface type
section of the Shajara reservoirs of the Permo-
carboniferous Shajara formation at latitude 26° 52′
17.4″, longitude 43 ° 36′ 18″. Porosity was measured
and permeability was derived from the measured
capillary pressure data.
The electric power can be scaled as
𝐒𝐰 = [
𝐏
𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱
]
[𝟑−𝐃𝐟]
𝟏
Where Sw the water saturation, P the electric
power in watt, Pmax the maximum electric power in
watt, and Df the fractal dimension.
Equation 1 can be proofed from
𝐉 = 𝛔 ∗ 𝐄 𝟐
Where J the electric current density in ampere /square
meter, σ the electric conductivity in Siemens / meter.
and E the electric field volt / meter.
But the electric conductivity σ can be scaled as
𝛔 = [
𝟐 ∗ 𝚺
𝐫
] 𝟑
Where Σ the surface conductance in Siemens, and r
the grain radius in meter. Whereas the electric field E
can be scaled as
𝐄 = [
𝐕
𝐋
] 𝟒
Where V the electric potential in volt, and L the
distance in meter. Insert Equation 3 and Equation 4
into Equation 2
𝐉 = [
𝟐 ∗ 𝚺 ∗ 𝐕
𝐫 ∗ 𝐋
] 𝟓
The electric potential V can be scaled as
𝐕 = [
𝐔
𝐐
] 𝟔
Where U the electric potential energy in Joule, and
Q the electric charge in Coulomb. Insert equation 6
into Equation 5
𝐉 = [
𝟐 ∗ 𝚺 ∗ 𝐔
𝐫 ∗ 𝐋 ∗ 𝐐
] 𝟕
The electric potential energy U can be scaled as
𝐔 = 𝐏 ∗ 𝐭 𝟖
3. Citation: Alkhidir KEME (2018) Electric Power Fractal Dimension for Characterizing Shajara
Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia. Cu Res Petro Envi Bio:
CRPEB-101.
3 Vol. 2018, Issue- 01
Where P the electric power in watt and t the time
in second.
Insert equation 8 into Equation 7
𝐉 = [
𝟐 ∗ 𝚺 ∗ 𝐏 ∗ 𝐭
𝐫 ∗ 𝐋 ∗ 𝐐
] 𝟗
Equation 9 after rearrange of grain radius r will
become
𝐫 = [
𝟐 ∗ 𝚺 ∗ 𝐏 ∗ 𝐭
𝐉 ∗ 𝐋 ∗ 𝐐
] 𝟏𝟎
The maximum grain radiusrmax can be scaled as
𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐱 = [
𝟐 ∗ 𝚺 ∗ 𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱 ∗ 𝐭
𝐉 ∗ 𝐋 ∗ 𝐐
] 𝟏𝟏
Divide Equation 10 by Equation 11
[
𝐫
𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐱
] = [
𝟐 ∗𝚺 ∗ 𝐏 ∗ 𝐭
𝐉 ∗ 𝐋 ∗ 𝐐
𝟐 ∗𝚺 ∗ 𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱 ∗ 𝐭
𝐉 ∗ 𝐋 ∗ 𝐐
] 𝟏𝟐
Equation 12 after simplification will become
[
𝐫
𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐱
] = [
𝐏
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
] 𝟏𝟑
Take the logarithm of Equation 13
𝐥𝐨𝐠 [
𝐫
𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐱
] = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [
𝐏
𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱
] 𝟏𝟒
𝐁𝐮𝐭, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [
𝐫
𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐱
] =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐒𝐰
[𝟑 − 𝐃𝐟]
𝟏𝟓
Insert equation 15 into Equation 14
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐒𝐰
[𝟑 − 𝐃𝐟]
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [
𝐏
𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱
] 𝟏𝟔
Equation 16 after log removal will become
𝐒𝐰 = [
𝐏
𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱
]
[𝟑−𝐃𝐟]
𝟏𝟕
Equation 17 the proof of equation 1 which relates the
water saturation Sw, the electric power P, the
maximum electric power Pmax , and the fractal
dimension Df.
The capillary pressure can be scaled as
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐒𝐰 = (𝐃𝐟 − 𝟑) ∗ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐏𝐜 + 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝟏𝟖
Where Sw the water saturation, Pc the capillary
pressure and Df the fractal dimension.
4. Result and Discussion
Based on field observation the Shajara
Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara
Formation were divided into three units as described
in Figure 1.These units from bottom to top are:
Lower Shajara Reservoir, Middle Shajara reservoir,
and Upper Shajara Reservoir. Their acquired results
of the electric power fractal dimension and capillary
pressure fractal dimension are displayed in Table 1.
Based on the attained results it was found that the
electric power fractal dimension is equal to the
capillary pressure fractal dimension. The maximum
value of the fractal dimension was found to be 2.7872
assigned to sample SJ13 from the Upper Shajara
Reservoir as verify in Table1. Whereas the minimum
value 2.4379 of the fractal dimension was reported
from sample SJ3 from the Lower Shajara reservoir as
displayed in Table1. The electric power fractal
dimension and capillary pressure fractal dimension
were observed to increase with increasing
permeability as proofed in Table1 owing to the
possibility of having interconnected channels.
The Lower Shajara reservoir was denoted by six
sandstone samples (Figure 1), four of which labeled
as SJ1, SJ2, SJ3 and SJ4 as confirmed in Table 1
were selected for capillary pressure measurement.
Their positive slopes of the first procedure and
negative slopes of the second procedure are
delineated in (Table 1).Their electric power fractal
dimension and capillary pressure fractal dimension
values are proofed in Table 1. As we proceed from
sample SJ2 to SJ3 a pronounced reduction in
permeability due to compaction was reported from
4. Citation: Alkhidir KEME (2018) Electric Power Fractal Dimension for Characterizing Shajara
Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia. Cu Res Petro Envi Bio:
CRPEB-101.
4 Vol. 2018, Issue- 01
1955 md to 56 md which reflects decrease in electric
power fractal dimension and capillary pressure fractal
dimension from 2.7748 to 2.4379 as specified in
Table 1. Again, an increase in grain size and
permeability was recorded from sample SJ4 whose
electric power fractal dimension and capillary
pressure fractal dimension was found to be 2.6843 as
described in (Table 1).
In contrast, the Middle Shajara reservoir which is
separated from the Lower Shajara reservoir by an
unconformity surface as shown in (Figure 1). It was
designated by four samples (Figure. 1), three of
which named as SJ7, SJ8, and SJ9 as illustrated in
Table 1 were picked for capillary pressure
measurement. Their positive slopes of the first
procedure and negative slopes of the second
procedure are shown in Table 1. Their electric power
fractal dimensions and capillary pressure fractal
dimensions show similarities as delineated in Table
1.Their fractal dimensions are higher than those of
samples SJ3 and SJ4 from the Lower Shajara
Reservoir due to an increase in their permeability as
explained in (Table 1).
Formation Reservoir Sample Φ % k
(md)
Positive slope of
the first
procedure
Slope=3-Df
Negative slope
of the second
procedure
Slope=Df-3
Electric power
fractal
dimension
Capillary
pressure
fractal
dimension
Permo-Carboniferous
ShajaraFormation
Upper
Shajara
Reservoir
SJ13 25 973 0.2128 -0.2128 2.7872 2.7872
SJ12 28 1440 0.2141 -0.2141 2.7859 2.7859
SJ11 36 1197 0.2414 -0.2414 2.7586 2.7586
Middle
Shajara
Reservoir
SJ9 31 1394 0.2214 -0.2214 2.7786 2.7786
SJ8 32 1344 0.2248 -0.2248 2.7752 2.7752
SJ7 35 1472 0.2317 -0.2317 2.7683 2.7683
Lower
Shajara
Reservoir
SJ4 30 176 0.3157 -0.3157 2.6843 2.6843
SJ3 34 56 0.5621 -0.5621 2.4379 2.4379
SJ2 35 1955 0.2252 -0.2252 2.7748 2.7748
SJ1 29 1680 0.2141 -0.2141 2.7859 2.7859
Table 1: Petro physical model showing the three
Shajara Reservoir Units with their corresponding
values of electric power fractal dimension and
capillary pressure fractal dimension.
On the other hand, the Upper Shajara reservoir is
separated from the Middle Shajara reservoir by
yellow green mudstone as revealed in Figure 1. It is
defined by three samples so called SJ11, SJ12, SJ13
as explained in Table 1.Their positive slopes of the
first procedure and negative slopes of the second
procedure are displayed in Table 1.Moreover, their
electric power fractal dimension and capillary
pressure fractal dimension are also higher than those
of sample SJ3 and SJ4 from the Lower Shajara
Reservoir due to an increase in their permeability as
clarified in (Table 1).
Overall a plot of electric power fractal dimension
versus capillary pressure fractal dimension as shown
in Figure 2 reveals three permeable zones of varying
Petrophysical properties. Such variation in fractal
dimension can account for heterogeneity which is a
key parameter in reservoir quality assessment. This
heterogeneity was also revealed by plotting positive
slope of the first procedure versus negative slope of
the second procedure as described in (Figure 3). Figure 1: Surface type section of the Shajara
reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara
5. Citation: Alkhidir KEME (2018) Electric Power Fractal Dimension for Characterizing Shajara
Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia. Cu Res Petro Envi Bio:
CRPEB-101.
5 Vol. 2018, Issue- 01
Formation at latitude 26° 52' 17.4", longitude 43° 36'
18".
Figure 2: Electric power fractal dimension versus
capillary pressure fractal dimension.
Figure 3: Positive slope of the first procedure versus
negative slope of the second procedure.
5. Conclusion
The sandstones of the Shajara Reservoirs of the
Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation were
divided here into three units based on electric
power fractal dimension.
The Units from bottom to top are: Lower Shajara
Electric Power Fractal dimension Unit, Middle
Shajara Electric Power Fractal Dimension Unit,
and Upper Shajara Electric power Fractal
Dimension Unit.
These units were also proved by capillary
pressure fractal dimension.
The fractal dimension was found to increase with
increasing grain size and permeability.
6. Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank King Saud
University, College of Engineering, Department of
Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Research Centre at College
of Engineering, and King Abdullah Institute for
Research and Consulting Studies for their supports.
References
1. Toledo GT, Navy RA, Davis HT, Scriven LE
(1994) Capillary pressure, water relative
permeability, electrical conductivity and
capillary dispersion coefficient of fractal porous
media at low wetting phase saturation. SPE
advanced technology Series 2: 136-141.
2. Li K, Horne RN (2002) Experimental
verification of methods to calculate relative
permeability using capillary pressure data. SPE
76757, Proceedings of the 2002 SPE Western
Region Meeting/AAPG Pacific Section Joint
Meeting held in Anchorage, Alaska.
3. Li K, Willams W (2007) Determination of
capillary Pressure function from resistivity data.
Transp. Porous Media 67: 1-15.
4. Zhang Z, Weller A (2014) Fractal Dimension of
Pore-Space Geometry of Eocene sandstone
formation. Geophysics 79: D377-D387.
5. Wang Z, Pan M, Shi Y, Liu L, Xiong F, Qin Z
(2018) Fractal analysis of Donghetangs and
stones using NMR measurements. Energy &
Fuels 32: 2973-2982.
6. Guo Y-h, Pan B-z, Zhang L-h, Fang C-h (2018)
Research and application of the relationship
between transverse relaxation time and resistivity
index in tight sandstone reservoir. J Petrol Sci
Eng 160: 597-604.
7. AlKhidir KEME (2017) Pressure head fractal
dimension for characterizing Shajara Reservoirs
of the Shajara Formation of the Permo-
Carboniferous Unayzah Group, Saudi Arabia.
Arch Pet Environ Biotechnol: 1-7.
8. Alkhidir KEME (2018) Arithmetic relaxation
time of induced polarization fractal dimension
for characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the
Shajara Formation. Nanosci Nanotechnol 1:1-8.
9. Alkhidir KEME (2018) Geometric relaxation
time of induced polarization fractal dimensionfor
characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Shajara
formation of the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah
Group-Permo. Int J Pet Res 2: 105-108.
10. Alkhidir KEME (2018) Geometric relaxation
time of induced polarization fractal dimensionfor
characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of The Shajara