A comprehensive and detailed guide to Seo Footprints. Learn about the proven method to find and use SEO Footprints to help rank better in Search Engine like Google and Bing. If you know how to find Seo footprints, then you have hit the goldmine and building backlinks become so much easier.
A comprehensive and detailed guide to Seo Footprints. Learn about the proven method to find and use SEO Footprints to help rank better in Search Engine like Google and Bing. If you know how to find Seo footprints, then you have hit the goldmine and building backlinks become so much easier.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. Penyebab Disparitas Pendapatan Regional
• Kuznets (1955) postulated that income inequality in a
region is related to the region’s level of economic
development. As a region develops, income inequality will
increase as income becomes concentrated in the hands of
owner/capitalists.
• Amos (1988) extended Kuznet, who suggested that at
some threshold level of development, income begins to be
more widely distributed to other members of society,
leading to a decrease in income inequality as development
progresses.
• Kuznets hypothesis implies that for a developed economy,
the coefficient on the per capita income term will be
negative. However, if the most advanced economies begin
to experience forces that increase income inequality, the
coefficient of per capita income squared will be positive.
3. Pendapatan perkapita riil dan disparitas
sebagai fungsi dari waktu
Pendapatan per kapita riil Index disparitas
Hipotesis U
Terbalik
Kuznets
Waktu Waktu
Pendapatan
4. General Entropy dan Ketidakmerataan
• Semua pengukuran tentang ketidakmerataan (inequality)
bertolak dari konsep General Entropy (GE).
• Syarat dalam GE yang harus dipenuhi untuk mengukur
ketidak merataan adalah:
• Mean independence if all incomes were doubled, the measure
would not change.
• Population size independence If the population were to change,
the measure of inequality should not change, ceteris paribus.
• Symmetry If you and I swap incomes, there should be no
change in the measure of inequality.
• Pigou-Dalton Transfer sensitivity the transfer of income from
rich to poor reduces measured inequality
• Decomposability inequality may be broken down by population
groups or income sources or in other dimensions
5. Generalized Entropy dan Ketidakmerataan Regional
• Indeks Gini memenuhi empat syarat pertama, namun dekomposisi
unsur dalam koefisien Gini sulit dilakukan. Koefisien Gini bertolak dari
konsep GE, namun terbatas hanya pada ketidakmerataan individu.
• Untuk konteks regional, perlu dilakukan pengukuran dengan metode
lain seperti Index Covariance (Indeks Williamson), Indeks Spesialisasi,
Indeks Entropy, Theil inequality (memenuhi seluruh asumsi dalam
pengukuran inequality), dan metode lainnya
• Dimana, y adalah income rata-rata. Nilai GE berkisar 0 - ∞. Nilai 0
menunjukkan distribusi merata, makin tinggi GE, makin tinggi
ketidakmerataan
• Parameter α pada GE menggambarkan bobot perbedaan tiap kelompok
dari distribusi pendapatan.
• Jika nilai α rendah maka GE akan sensitif terhadap perubahan yang
terjadi pada kelompok bawah dari distribusi . Demikian juga jika bobot
alfa tinggi, akan sentitif terhadap perubahan pada kelompok teratas dari
distribusi. Umumnya α berkisar 0-1
6. Relevansi Pengukuran Ketidakmerataan
• Pengukuran inequality antara digunakan untuk menjawab
pertanyaan apakah misalnya desentralisasi fiskal membuat
income per kapita tiap daerah semakin konvergen, cenderung
lebih merata, dsb.
• Secara konseptual, melalui desentralisasi fiskal, pemberian
wewenang fiskal kepada daerah seharusnya dapat mendorong
pemanfaatan sumber daya daerah secara oprimal
• Desentralisasi fiskal mempunyai efek regresif, yang tidak dimiliki
ketika peranan Pemerintah Pusat terlalu besar sehingga daerah
tidak leluasa bergerak
• Tak terbatas pada aspek desentralisasi fiskal, misalnya apakah
faktor pendidikan atau pembangunan infrastruktur di berbagai
daerah ikut mendorong pertumbuhan atau pembangunan
ekonomi daerah yang lebih merata
8. Koefisien Gini
• Misalkan kita mempuyai 250 juta (100%) penduduk yang
terbagi menurut kelompok pendapatan, mulai 40% kelompok
pendapatan paling rendah, 40% berpendapatan menengah,
dan 20% berpendapatan paling tinggi.
• Jika masing-masing kelompok mempunyai income yang sama,
misalnya 40% penduduk berpendidikan paling rendah,
bersama dengan 40% berpendidikan menengah dan 20%
berpendikan tinggi mempunyai income yang sama, maka
koefisien Gini sama dengan 0 kurva Lorenz berhimpit
dengan garis diagonal.
• Secara ekstrim jika income masing kelompok berbeda sangat
tinggi , misalnya hanya bagian kecil dari kelompok 20%
berpendidikan tinggi yang menikmati 100% income, maka
koefisien gini sama dengan 1 kurva Lorenz membentuk
segitiga berhimpit dengan garis horizontal dan vertikal,
membentuk segitiga dengan garis diagonal
• Semakin kecil koefien Gini, luas bidang yang dibentuk kurva
Lorenz dengan garis diagonal semakin kecil.
9. Koefisien Gini dan Kurva Lorenz
Secara
discreet
Gini index as (half of) the average income difference for all
pairs of individuals divided by the average income in society.
10. KOEFISIEN GINI PRAKTIS UNTUK ENERGI
• Konsumsi listrik di Indonesia belum terdistribusi merata. Golongan menengah kaya
(2200 VA - > 6600 VA) cenderung menggunakan listrik berlebihan, sementara
golongan miskin (450 VA) belum mendapatkan listrik dengan cukup. Kemampuan
golongan miskin baru sebatas untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar seperti
penerangan. Tarif listrik terlalu murah sehingga golongan menengah kaya
cenderung menggunakan listrik tidak sesuai kebutuhan.
• Bagaimana disparitas konsumsi listrik menurut pelanggan di Indonesia
dibandingkan dengan negara lain?
G e
= 1 − ∑ (Y i +1 + Y i ).( X i +1 − X i )
i
dimana:
Xi = jumlah pelanggan listrik menurut kelompok i (persentase
terhadap populasi pelanggan
Yi = Persentase konsumsi listrik menurut kelompok pelanggan,
dengan Yi diurutkan dari konsumsi terendah ke tertinggi
11. KOEFISIEN GINI LISTRIK 2003
Xi Yi Yi+1 Xi+1
2200 - >6600 VA 0,039 0,174 0,398 0,341
900 - 1300 VA 0,341 0,398 0,428 0,620
450 VA 0,620 0,428 0 0
(Yi+1)+Yi (Xi+1)-Xi ((Yi+1)+Yi)*((Xi+1)-Xi)
2200 - 6600 VA 0,572 0,301 0,172
900 - 1300 VA 0,826 0,279 0,231
450 VA 0,428 (0,620) (0,266)
∑ ((Yi+1)+Yi)*((Xi+1)-Xi) 0,138
GE= 1-(∑ ((Yi+1)+Yi)*((Xi+1)-Xi)) 0,862
12. KOEFISIEN GINI LISTRIK 2010
Xi Xi+1 Yi Yi+1
2200 – >6600 VA 0,049 0,431 0,193 0,451
900 – 1300 VA 0,431 0,521 0,451 0,356
450 VA 0,521 0 0,356 0
Yi+1 + Yi Xi+1 – Xi (Yi+1 +Yi)*(Xi+1 – Xi)
2200 – >6600 VA 0,644 0,382 0,246
900 – 1300 VA 0,807 0,090 0,073
450 VA 0,356 (0,521) (0,186)
∑ (Yi+1 + Yi)*(Xi+1 – Xi) 0,133
Ge= 1-(∑ (Yi+1 + Yi)*(Xi+1 – Xi)) 0,867
13. KOEFISIEN GINI LISTRIK INDONESIA
• Jika dilihat dari koefisien Gini, konsumsi listrik di
Indonesia cenderung tidak merata baik untuk tahun 2003
maupun untuk tahun 2010.
• Koefisien Gini tahun 2003 sebesar 0,862 sedangkan
tahun 2010 sebesar 0,867. Hal ini mencerminkan bahwa
selama 7 tahun terakhir tidak ada pemerataan konsumsi
listrik yang cukup berarti.
• Namun hal ini masih sangat bias karena hanya
menggunakan data pelanggan yang tersambung dengan
jaringan PLN. Sedangkan pelanggan listrik lainnya,
terutama diluar jaringan (off grid), seperti pelanggan mikro
hidro dan pengguna solar home system, tidak terhitung.
13
14. KOEFISIEN GINI KONSUMSI LISTRIK INDONESIA DIBANDING
NEGARA LAIN
• Dari sisi penawaran, Indonesia masih menghadapi
kendala terbatas nya kapasitas pembangkit listrik
sehingga belum sepenuhnya mampu melayani
permintaan rumah tangga perusahaan, industri, dan
lainnya. Rasio elektrifikasi pada tahun 2010 kurang lebih
62%.
• Dari sisi permintaan, bagian terbesar konsumsi listrik
adalah oleh rumah tangga, disusul oleh industri
• Pemerataan konsumsi listrik tertinggi adalah di Norwegia
yang tercermin dari angka koefisien Gini yang rendah
(0,19). Kenya merupakan negara yang dapat dikatakan
sangat tidak merata konsumsi listriknya, dengan koefisien
Gini yang jauh lebih tinggi (0,87).
14
15. KURVA LORENZ KONSUMSI LISTRIK DI INDONESIA, 2010
%
100
81
36
%
52 100
450 VA = 52% 900 – 1300VA = 43% 2200 – > 6600 VA
16. GINI KOEFISIEN KONSUMSI LISTRIK DAN PENDAPATAN
%
100
GINI Koefisien
Pendapatan = 0,33
80
40
GINI Koefisien
Konsumsi Listrik =
0,867 %
40 80 100
40 40 20
17. Koefisien Gini Konsumsi Listrik di Beberapa Negara
100
Norway (0,19)
80
USA (0,37)
El Salvador (0,6)
Konsumsi Listrik Kumulatif (%)
Thailand (0,61)
60 Kenya (0,87)
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Populasi Kumulatif (%)
18. Indeks Disparitas Williamson
(Weighted Coeffient Variation)
With α=2 the GE measure becomes 1/2 the squared coefficient of
variation, CV:
Prinsipnya sama dengan formula pengukuran indeks disparitas
oleh Williamsion
Pi = jumlah penduduk di daerah ke-i
n
1 P P = jumlah penduduk nasional
CVw =
Y
∑
i=1
(Yi −Y ) i
2
P
Yi = pendapatan per kapita di daerah ke-i
Y = pendapatan per kapita nasional
n = banyaknya daerah
19. Ketidakmerataan (Dispersi) dengan Entropy
• Indeks entropy diturunkan menggunakan konsep teori informasi
(information theory). Indeks entropi dinyatakan sebagai:
N N
E = ∑i ln p i
− p ∑p i =1
i=1 i=1
pi = variabel sektor i atau kegiatan ekonomi i sebagai
share terhadap total N sektor
• Indeks entropy akan menangkap informasi apakah konsentrasi
kegiatan ekonomi regional cenderung makin terkonsentrasi
(homogen) atau tersebar dari waktu ke waktu
Tahun Kab A Kab B Kab C Kab D Jumlah Rata-rata SD
1990 4 8 2 6 20 5 2.582
2000 3 5 5 7 20 5 1.633
Entropy 1990 = (4/20) ln(4/20) + (8/20) ln (8/20) Entropy 2000 = (3/20) ln(3/20) + (5/20) ln(5/20)
+ (2/20) ln(2/20) + (6/20) ln(6/20) + (5/20) ln(5/20) + (7/20) ln (7/20)
= -0.322 – 0.367 – 0.230 – 0.361 = -0.285 – 0.347 – 0.347 – 0.367
= 1.280 = 1.345
20. Ketidakmerataan Theil T dan
Theil L
• Indeks Theil T Yij Yij / Y
T = ∑∑
log
n /n
i j Y ij
• Indeks Theil L n ij n ij / n
L =∑
∑n
log
j
Y / Y
i ij
Yij = total pengeluaran rumah tangga kelas-j di dalam grup ke-i
Y = total pengeluaran seluruh rumah tangga
nij = banyaknya rumah tangga pengeluaran kelas-j di dalam grup ke-i
21. Dekomposisi Theil: Between (B)
dan Within (W)
Yi Yi Yi / Y
T = ∑ Ti + ∑ log(
n /n = Tw + T B
i Y i Y i
ni ni ni / n
L = ∑ Li + ∑ log(
Y /Y = Lw + L B
i n i n i
Yij Yij / Yi nij nij / ni
Ti = ∑ log
Y n /n
Li = ∑
n
log
Y /Y
j i ij i j i ij i
25. KONVERGENSI REGIONAL
• Konvergensi menunjukkan terjadinya penurunan perbedaan
pendapatan per kapita di berbagai region income per
kapita di berbagai region mendekati income rata-rata seluruh
region SIGMA CONVERGENCE
• Ketika dalam proses konvergensi, jika region tertinggal atau
region miskin tumbuh lebih cepat dibandingkan region yang
lebih dahulu maju atau makmur BETA CONVERGENCE
• BETA CONVERGENCE menunjukkan bahwa income per kapita
daerah miskin akan dapat mengejar (cathing up) income per
kapita daerah yang lebih dahulu maju, yang pada suatu
ketika income per kapita akan sama.
Β negarif/ (-) Indikasi konvergensi: pertumbuhan income perkapita
selama k tahun berkolesai negatif
26. Beberapa Faktor Penyebab Konvergensi
• Pengaruh limpahan teknologi (knowledge spillovers) karena
masuknya investasi yang membawa innovasi dan teknologi
ke daerah
• Penyerapan informasi dan teknologi melalui perusahaan-
perusahan ke daerah adalah bagian dari proses yang disebut
sebagai diffusi innovasi dan adopsi teknologi
• Ketidakmampuan daerah menyerap transfer teknologi
mengakibatkan tidak terjadi spillover terhadap daerah
bersangkutan
• Barro and Sala i Martin (1990): pola konvergensi di tiap
negara ataupun daerah berbeda. Pada umumnya tingkat
konvergensi di Eropa berkisar 2% per tahun
27. Absolute dan Conditional Convergence
• Konvergensi Absolut: konvergensi yang
terjadi antara pendapatan per kapita daerah
miskin dengan daerah kaya tanpa pengaruh
faktor yang lebih spesifik sebagai faktor
pendorong
• Conditiona Convergence: konvergensi yang
terjadi antara pendapatan per kapita daerah
miskin dan daerah kaya, yang dipengaruhi
oleh faktor-faktor lain, tidak semata-mata
karena faktor income per kapita.