Enhancing the durability, usability, and effectiveness of structures is crucial in modern civil engineering. The aim of the study is to investigate how the properties of cement are altered by the addition of glass fibre (monofilament). In the study, the effectiveness of mortars with different amounts of glass fibre added (at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by weight of cement) is compared.
Effect of Fibres on the Compressive Strength of Hollow Concrete Blocksijtsrd
Concrete is the most often utilised material in building. Cementitious material improvement is critical since it is the most versatile material used in building. The two key established drawbacks of ordinary concrete are destructive behaviour combining brittle failure and inadequate tensile strength. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of adding various types of fibres to hollow concrete blocks. Polypropylene, steel, glass, nylon, and coconut fibres were employed in various proportions in the current work. The inquiry programs major goal is to determine the optimal fibre content as well as the impact of fibre addition on the compressive strength of hollow concrete blocks. After that, the compressive strength of the hollow concrete block samples was measured. The hollow concrete block samples were tested for compressive strength after 28 days of curing period and a notable increase in compressive strength is observed for all the percentage addition of fibres when compared with the hollow concrete block without fibres. Ms. Anshu Arya "Effect of Fibres on the Compressive Strength of Hollow Concrete Blocks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49243.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49243/effect-of-fibres-on-the-compressive-strength-of-hollow-concrete-blocks/ms-anshu-arya
Glass Fibre Concrete: Investigation on Strength and Fire Resistant PropertiesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Over the decades, there has been a significant increase in the use of fibres in concrete for improving
its properties such as tensile strength and ductility. The fibre concrete is also used in retrofitting existing
concrete structures. Among many different types of fibres available today, glass fibre is a recent introduction in
the field of concrete technology. Glass fibre has the advantages of having higher tensile strength and fire
resistant properties, thus reducing the loss of damage during fire accident of concrete structures. In this
investigation glass fibres of 450 mm length are added to the concrete by volume fraction of up to 1% to
determine its strength and fire resistant characteristics. Comparison of the strength and fire-resistance
performance of conventional concrete and glass fibre concrete was made. The paper presents the details of the
experimental investigations and the conclusions drawn there from
Effect of Fibres on the Compressive Strength of Hollow Concrete Blocksijtsrd
Concrete is the most often utilised material in building. Cementitious material improvement is critical since it is the most versatile material used in building. The two key established drawbacks of ordinary concrete are destructive behaviour combining brittle failure and inadequate tensile strength. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of adding various types of fibres to hollow concrete blocks. Polypropylene, steel, glass, nylon, and coconut fibres were employed in various proportions in the current work. The inquiry programs major goal is to determine the optimal fibre content as well as the impact of fibre addition on the compressive strength of hollow concrete blocks. After that, the compressive strength of the hollow concrete block samples was measured. The hollow concrete block samples were tested for compressive strength after 28 days of curing period and a notable increase in compressive strength is observed for all the percentage addition of fibres when compared with the hollow concrete block without fibres. Ms. Anshu Arya "Effect of Fibres on the Compressive Strength of Hollow Concrete Blocks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49243.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49243/effect-of-fibres-on-the-compressive-strength-of-hollow-concrete-blocks/ms-anshu-arya
Glass Fibre Concrete: Investigation on Strength and Fire Resistant PropertiesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Over the decades, there has been a significant increase in the use of fibres in concrete for improving
its properties such as tensile strength and ductility. The fibre concrete is also used in retrofitting existing
concrete structures. Among many different types of fibres available today, glass fibre is a recent introduction in
the field of concrete technology. Glass fibre has the advantages of having higher tensile strength and fire
resistant properties, thus reducing the loss of damage during fire accident of concrete structures. In this
investigation glass fibres of 450 mm length are added to the concrete by volume fraction of up to 1% to
determine its strength and fire resistant characteristics. Comparison of the strength and fire-resistance
performance of conventional concrete and glass fibre concrete was made. The paper presents the details of the
experimental investigations and the conclusions drawn there from
Experimental study on flexible concrete by using polyurethane fiberijtsrd
In this paper the properties of conventional concrete have been developed. Conventional concrete has the property of high brittleness and less flexural strength. This is a undesirable characteristics is mother of development of Flexible concrete to improve this deficiency. The Polyurethane fiber has the ability to impart considerably flexibility in concrete. For this purpose concrete cube, cylinders and beams experimentally tested. By the mixture of traditional concrete ingredients and special polyurethane fibers addition with water super plasticizers for good workability purpose. The test results have proved to be increased flexibility of the concrete. Dinesh W. Gawatre | Ajay G. Gaund | Dipali S. Dhondge | Amol U. Gandhale | Shubham Fartade"Experimental study on flexible concrete by using polyurethane fiber" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14158.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/14158/experimental-study-on-flexible-concrete-by-using-polyurethane-fiber/dinesh-w-gawatre
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
Properties of Concrete using Plastic Scrap a Reviewijtsrd
The plain cement concrete has very low tensile strength, restricted pliability, and little protection from breaking. Inward miniaturized scale breaks are innately present in the concrete and its poor rigidity is because of the proliferation of such small cracks, in the long run prompting fragile disappointment of the concrete. The most generally acknowledged solution for this flexural shortcoming of cement is the regular fortification with high quality steel. Regardless of the way that these procedures offer flexibility to people, they however dont grow the trademark unbending nature of solid itself. In like manner the help putting and profitable compaction of RCC is amazingly troublesome if the solid is of low workability especially by virtue of overpowering solid M 30 . In plain concrete and near feeble materials, assistant parts scaled down scale breaks become even before stacking, particularly on account of drying shrinkage or distinctive purposes behind volume change. The width of these breaks on occasion outperforms a few microns, yet their two estimations may be of higher enormity. Mahendra Yadav | Pratiksha Malviya ""Properties of Concrete using Plastic Scrap a Review"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25193.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25193/properties-of-concrete-using-plastic-scrap-a-review/mahendra-yadav
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GLASS FIBRE CONCRETEIjripublishers Ijri
Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete is recent introduction in the field of concrete technology. The present day world is
witnessing the construction of very challenging and difficult Civil Engineering Structures. Concrete being the most
important and widely used material is called upon to possess very high strength and sufficient workability properties.
Concrete the most widely used construction material has several desirable properties like high compressive strength,
stiffness, durability under usual environmental factors. At the same time concrete is brittle and weak in tension. Efforts
are being made in the field of concrete technology to develop high performance concretes by using fibres and other admixtures
in concrete up to certain proportions. To improve the concrete properties, the system was named alkali resistance
glass fibre reinforced concrete in the present view the alkali resistance glass fibre has been used. In the present
experimental investigation the alkali resistance Glass Fibres has been used to study the effect on compressive strength
on M30 grades of concrete.
dding fibers to concrete helps enhance its tensile strength and ductility. Synthetic fibres
are preferable to steel ones which suffer from corrosion that reduces their functionality with time.
More consideration is given to synthetic fibres as they can be sourced from waste plastics and their
incorporation in concrete is considered a new recycling pathway
UNRAVELLING THE MENTAL HEALTH LANDSCAPE: EXPLORING DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ...indexPub
Introduction: The prevalence of depression and its correlates in Bangladeshi rural university students have been rarely investigated. We draw a literature review, a cross-sectional study and analysis of the rural students’ depression natures and mechanisms that influence their academic performance and health and well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted during the period august 2019 to January 2020 in a university. We employed Beck Depression Inventory scale to collect data from 200 undergraduate and graduate students. Data were analysed using chi-square association test and ordinal logistic regression. Results: We discovered that mild to severe depression affected 60% of rural students [mild (16%), borderline (10%), moderate (12%), severe (11.5%), and extreme (10.5%)]. Family expectations, smoking, bad academic achievement, inability to enroll in a particular program, and inadequate household finances were significant risk factors for depression. When it comes to depression, male students scored noticeably higher than female pupils. The decreased depression was linked to both strong household economics and intellectual achievement. Conclusions: The intricate interactions among the risk factors influence the character and processes of depression in rural students.
IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ON SUCCESSION PLANNINGindexPub
Motivation: HR in an organization faces various challenges in business environment, such as Building Capabilities, Improving Productivity, Building Performance Culture, Talent Management, Succession Planning for Key Leadership and Critical Roles, Developing Accountability and Ownership, Human Capital Management and transforming HR function into developmental Role from the legacy driven HR, etc. Succession Planning is the process of identifying and developing individuals, who have potential to hold the key leadership position in an Organization, whereas Performance Management includes assessing and improving upon the performance of an employee to meet the organizational goals. There are several Management Practices, which are adopted widely in Industry to make a successful Succession Planning. Workforce and Talent Management is one of them. The health of an organization majorly depends on the proper placement of people, which is a combined outcome of Talent Identification, Talent Development and Talent Retention. Performance Management plays a vital role in Talent Identification. It also has an impact on Talent Development and Talent Retention. The key idea of succession planning suggests that the right person to be placed at the right position at the right time. Succession planning is becoming a challenge these days in the corporate world. Organizations are often not found prepared with their successors to occupy the key positions as and when required. The positions are either kept vacant for a substantial period or more than one role is assigned to a single person. Identifying the right talent for the key positions from outside the organization and recruiting them is a much more difficult task at the eleventh hour. This has a significant impact on organizational health and in turn to organizational sustainability. Organizations must last longer than people. Role of organization continues even when the people move out. Employees must superannuate after attaining a certain age. Also, organizations must have a contingency plan for sudden vacancy arises out of attrition, health hazards and death of employee. Succession planning is the strategy to ensure that a suitable person is made available during exigencies. Employees are developed for taking on higher responsibilities and for the new roles that may emerge in future. The placement of Key Leadership positions can be executed either by inviting the talent from outside or developing the talent in-house. The latter is always in demand keeping in view the core values of the organization and the impact on loyalty and organizational culture in a long run. It is preferable to develop the in-house talent pool to reduce dependency on recruitment of experienced people from outside for the critical roles. It brings the talent acquisition cost low and contributes as a motivating factor for the team as well. The acceptability of a person placed at Top / Key Leadership Positions is high when these are occupied
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Experimental study on flexible concrete by using polyurethane fiberijtsrd
In this paper the properties of conventional concrete have been developed. Conventional concrete has the property of high brittleness and less flexural strength. This is a undesirable characteristics is mother of development of Flexible concrete to improve this deficiency. The Polyurethane fiber has the ability to impart considerably flexibility in concrete. For this purpose concrete cube, cylinders and beams experimentally tested. By the mixture of traditional concrete ingredients and special polyurethane fibers addition with water super plasticizers for good workability purpose. The test results have proved to be increased flexibility of the concrete. Dinesh W. Gawatre | Ajay G. Gaund | Dipali S. Dhondge | Amol U. Gandhale | Shubham Fartade"Experimental study on flexible concrete by using polyurethane fiber" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14158.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/14158/experimental-study-on-flexible-concrete-by-using-polyurethane-fiber/dinesh-w-gawatre
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
Properties of Concrete using Plastic Scrap a Reviewijtsrd
The plain cement concrete has very low tensile strength, restricted pliability, and little protection from breaking. Inward miniaturized scale breaks are innately present in the concrete and its poor rigidity is because of the proliferation of such small cracks, in the long run prompting fragile disappointment of the concrete. The most generally acknowledged solution for this flexural shortcoming of cement is the regular fortification with high quality steel. Regardless of the way that these procedures offer flexibility to people, they however dont grow the trademark unbending nature of solid itself. In like manner the help putting and profitable compaction of RCC is amazingly troublesome if the solid is of low workability especially by virtue of overpowering solid M 30 . In plain concrete and near feeble materials, assistant parts scaled down scale breaks become even before stacking, particularly on account of drying shrinkage or distinctive purposes behind volume change. The width of these breaks on occasion outperforms a few microns, yet their two estimations may be of higher enormity. Mahendra Yadav | Pratiksha Malviya ""Properties of Concrete using Plastic Scrap a Review"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25193.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25193/properties-of-concrete-using-plastic-scrap-a-review/mahendra-yadav
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GLASS FIBRE CONCRETEIjripublishers Ijri
Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete is recent introduction in the field of concrete technology. The present day world is
witnessing the construction of very challenging and difficult Civil Engineering Structures. Concrete being the most
important and widely used material is called upon to possess very high strength and sufficient workability properties.
Concrete the most widely used construction material has several desirable properties like high compressive strength,
stiffness, durability under usual environmental factors. At the same time concrete is brittle and weak in tension. Efforts
are being made in the field of concrete technology to develop high performance concretes by using fibres and other admixtures
in concrete up to certain proportions. To improve the concrete properties, the system was named alkali resistance
glass fibre reinforced concrete in the present view the alkali resistance glass fibre has been used. In the present
experimental investigation the alkali resistance Glass Fibres has been used to study the effect on compressive strength
on M30 grades of concrete.
dding fibers to concrete helps enhance its tensile strength and ductility. Synthetic fibres
are preferable to steel ones which suffer from corrosion that reduces their functionality with time.
More consideration is given to synthetic fibres as they can be sourced from waste plastics and their
incorporation in concrete is considered a new recycling pathway
UNRAVELLING THE MENTAL HEALTH LANDSCAPE: EXPLORING DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ...indexPub
Introduction: The prevalence of depression and its correlates in Bangladeshi rural university students have been rarely investigated. We draw a literature review, a cross-sectional study and analysis of the rural students’ depression natures and mechanisms that influence their academic performance and health and well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted during the period august 2019 to January 2020 in a university. We employed Beck Depression Inventory scale to collect data from 200 undergraduate and graduate students. Data were analysed using chi-square association test and ordinal logistic regression. Results: We discovered that mild to severe depression affected 60% of rural students [mild (16%), borderline (10%), moderate (12%), severe (11.5%), and extreme (10.5%)]. Family expectations, smoking, bad academic achievement, inability to enroll in a particular program, and inadequate household finances were significant risk factors for depression. When it comes to depression, male students scored noticeably higher than female pupils. The decreased depression was linked to both strong household economics and intellectual achievement. Conclusions: The intricate interactions among the risk factors influence the character and processes of depression in rural students.
IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ON SUCCESSION PLANNINGindexPub
Motivation: HR in an organization faces various challenges in business environment, such as Building Capabilities, Improving Productivity, Building Performance Culture, Talent Management, Succession Planning for Key Leadership and Critical Roles, Developing Accountability and Ownership, Human Capital Management and transforming HR function into developmental Role from the legacy driven HR, etc. Succession Planning is the process of identifying and developing individuals, who have potential to hold the key leadership position in an Organization, whereas Performance Management includes assessing and improving upon the performance of an employee to meet the organizational goals. There are several Management Practices, which are adopted widely in Industry to make a successful Succession Planning. Workforce and Talent Management is one of them. The health of an organization majorly depends on the proper placement of people, which is a combined outcome of Talent Identification, Talent Development and Talent Retention. Performance Management plays a vital role in Talent Identification. It also has an impact on Talent Development and Talent Retention. The key idea of succession planning suggests that the right person to be placed at the right position at the right time. Succession planning is becoming a challenge these days in the corporate world. Organizations are often not found prepared with their successors to occupy the key positions as and when required. The positions are either kept vacant for a substantial period or more than one role is assigned to a single person. Identifying the right talent for the key positions from outside the organization and recruiting them is a much more difficult task at the eleventh hour. This has a significant impact on organizational health and in turn to organizational sustainability. Organizations must last longer than people. Role of organization continues even when the people move out. Employees must superannuate after attaining a certain age. Also, organizations must have a contingency plan for sudden vacancy arises out of attrition, health hazards and death of employee. Succession planning is the strategy to ensure that a suitable person is made available during exigencies. Employees are developed for taking on higher responsibilities and for the new roles that may emerge in future. The placement of Key Leadership positions can be executed either by inviting the talent from outside or developing the talent in-house. The latter is always in demand keeping in view the core values of the organization and the impact on loyalty and organizational culture in a long run. It is preferable to develop the in-house talent pool to reduce dependency on recruitment of experienced people from outside for the critical roles. It brings the talent acquisition cost low and contributes as a motivating factor for the team as well. The acceptability of a person placed at Top / Key Leadership Positions is high when these are occupied
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In this research were used two questionnaires Empathy Formative questionnaire and Friendship Quality Scale. The aim of this study is to see the relationship between empathy and friendship quality among adolescent, to find out if there are gender differences in empathy and friendship quality, and to see if there are any differences between younger and older students on examined variables. This research was done with 65 high school students. Age of the students were 15 to 17 years old. Results show that there is a correlation between empathy and friendship quality. The results of t test show that there are not significant differences between females and males on variable empathy. Girls and boys have significant difference in friendship quality in Kosovo. There are no significant differences between older students and younger students in the level of empathy and also there are no significant differences between older students and younger students in the level of friendship quality.
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The society with diverse structural and ideological influences, assumes its role in relation to behavior, attitude, belief and relations. The impact can be seen in every society globally, however the western nations have adjusted their social policies to suit these transformations, whereas nations in developing phase have failed to establish suitable systems. In Kosovo, the allocation of funds for mental health services remains insufficient, even though mental health disorders account for 12.3% of overall illnesses and 30.8% of work incapacities! The objective of this study is to examine the impact of society on the decline and recovery of individuals with schizophrenia. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a descriptive-analytical. A study was conducted in four municipalities of Kosovo, using individuals with schizophrenia from psychiatric institutions as subjects along with their caregivers/family members . The research found that social factors greatly contribute to the worsening of schizophrenia patients' condition. The presence of schizophrenia is evident through a higher likelihood of having a low level of education, high unemployment rates, and engaging in harmful behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use, as well as physical inactivity. Significant correlations have been observed in the subscales of positive and negative symptoms using the Self-Report PNS-Q questionnaires. It is crucial for individuals with schizophrenia to have a carefully designed strategy in place, developed in partnership with professionals from various relevant fields such as social protection, psychiatric medical services, education, and social integration plans.
RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE) AS MEDIATION OF BANK'S CAPITAL ADEQUATION RATIO (CAR)indexPub
Banks need to maintain their performance and the level of Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR). This study wants to see the variables that affect the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) and see ROE as a variable that mediates the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) at Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). The research method used multiple regression analysis, t-test, Anova test and Coefficient of Determination and the research period for 14 years from 2009 to 2022, by using SPSS Software version 26. The conclusion of the study, only the BOPO variable has a significant effect on the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) and the ROE variable as a variable that can mediate the CAR variable at Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). Keywords: Capital Adequasi Ratio, Bank Financial Ratio.
INNOVATIVE DESIGN FOR KIDS MASTERY IMPROVEMENT OF LANGUAGE FEATURES IN A STORYindexPub
One of the hardest things for people learning English as a third language is still reading and writing. Because they are still not good enough at language features, they often make big mistakes and assumptions that aren't true. To make learning more fun and useful, visual symbols were made for seven different kinds of language traits. It looks at the Vipicoll form a lot. Visual Symbols media, Picture and picture, and the Collaborative approach are all creatively put together in Vipicoll. This research used Reeve's design method. Research develops Vipicoll learning model, employing interviews, literature reviews, and questionnaires for iterative improvement and validation. Researchers identify problems, create Vipicoll, iteratively refine through trials, forming an effective English Language Education model. Study assesses individual English thinking development, emphasizing interpretive framework, relation, function, and unique visual symbols. From this research, it was found that using Vipicoll really helps improve kids' mastery of language features, especially those in a story. This is proven by the fact that after implementation, kids' correct answers when asked directly by their teachers and their written test answers increased greatly even though many direct answers and test answers used to be wrong and they often didn't understand.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING AND RISK CLASSIFICATI...indexPub
The global prevalence of heart disease indicates a major public health issue. It causes shortness of breath, weakness, and swollen ankles. Early heart disease diagnosis is difficult with current approaches. Hence, a better heart disease detection tool is needed. Treatment requires more than just diagnosis. Risk classification is critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this analysis, a novel cardiovascular disease (CVD) detection paradigm using machine learning (ML) and risk classification based on a weighted fuzzy system is proposed. The system is developed based on ML algorithms such as artificial neural network (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and uses standard feature selection techniques knowns as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the cross-validation method has been used for learning the best practices of model assessment and for hyperparameter tuning. The accuracy-based performance measuring metrics are used for the assessment of the performances of the classifiers. Finally, the outcomes revealed that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 94.01% which is higher than another conventional model developed in this domain. Additionally, the proposed system can easily be implemented in healthcare for the identification of heart disease.
ANALYSIS OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLOOD THROUGH CURVED ARTERY WITH MIL...indexPub
Narrowing of the arteries caused by atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart, which results shows ischemia, angina pectoris, cerebral strokes, and other coronary artery disease signs and symptoms. Curvature is seen in blood vessels at various locations. The stenotic surface provides an additional curvature and the point of maximum shear which varies with the cross-section. A cylindrical form of the Navier-Stokes equations in polar coordinate system have been extended to include dynamic curvature along the axial direction. The blood flow behavior of taking different values of blood parameters like viscosity, the radius of the artery, and the thickness of the stenosis has been studied with and without curvature by using an extended blood flow model with dynamic curvature. Moreover, the aspects of blood flow, such as dynamic curvature velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, pressure drop, and shear stress, have been studied in relation to blood flow around curved arteries with stenosis, variations in the radii of the artery, thickness of the stenosis, and viscosity. The information may reveal that by increasing the values of curvature, viscosity, and thickness of stenosis, velocity, and volumetric flow rate can be quickly reduced. Increasing the curvature, viscosity, and thickness of stenosis also results in an increase in shear stress and a pressure drop. The presence of curved stenotic arteries has a significant impact on the flow parameters, and it is crucial to know about these dynamics in order to study the cardiovascular system.
ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS:– ...indexPub
Student academic performance is the great value of institutes, universities and colleges. All colleges majorly focus on the career development of students. The academic performance of students plays a vital role in the establishment of a bright career. On the basis of better academic performance, the placement of the students will be better and the same will be reflected in the form of better admission and future. Machine learning can be deployed for the prediction of student performance. Various algorithms are playing an important role in the prediction of the accuracy of various machine learning models. These articles discuss various algorithms that can be helpful to deploy for predicting student academic performance. The article discusses various methods, predictive features and the accuracy of machine learning algorithms. The primary factors used for predicting students performance are academic institution, sessional marks, semester progress, family occupation, methods and algorithms. The accuracy level of various machine learning algorithms is discussed in this article.
IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN BLENDED LEARNING MODELS: EFFECTS ON ...indexPub
This study was conducted to identify the influence of computer technology in blended learning on the achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject through of self-directed learning. The research also assessed the relationship of the elements of blended learning on student achievement. Despite the encouragement by the Ministry of Education for the use of Computer Technology In Education, there is a lack of research on a measurable and testable model of the influence of computer technology. In reality, various aspects such as schools, teachers, content, and technology exist to provide and utilize computer technology through learning in Malaysia. A quantitative study using a correlational design was conducted on 400 Form Four students in secondary schools in the Southern Zone of Malaysia, namely in the states of Johor, Melaka, and Negeri Sembilan, to identify the influence of computer technology in blended learning on achievement. Data were collected using adapted and modified questionnaires from previous studies. Descriptive data analysis was performed using SPSS version 28, while inferential analysis was conducted using the Smart PLS analysis technique. Smart PLS version 4.0 software was utilized to test the mediator relationships in the study. The results of the study showed high minimum scores for blended learning through computer technology and self-directed learning, as well as achievement. The influence of blended learning elements also had a significant relationship with student achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject. This study is expected to contribute to the effectiveness of blended learning through information technology on the achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject by enhancing self- directed learning among students. The development of this conceptual model is hoped to serve as a guide for policymakers, the Ministry of Education, teachers, students, and other stakeholders in ensuring that blended learning practices can be implemented more effectively. Furthermore, it is hoped that the achievement and interest in the Principles of Accounting subject can be improved by applying computer technology in learning.
ACADEMIC BANK OF CREDIT: A WORLDWIDE VIEWPOINTindexPub
To make higher education more accessible and successful in the world today, the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) is a new concept. Successful learning adaptation requires the transfer of credits and the acknowledgment of academic accomplishment. Recognition of credits is the process by which one educational organisation verifies that the educational experiences gained and assessed at another institution meet the requirements of one of their courses. The use of Academic Bank of Credits allows for a more adaptable method of curriculum building and design while also encouraging transparency. The credit system at this university is designed to accommodate different curricula while encouraging students to explore beyond traditional academic boundaries. The purpose of this research is to educate the audience about the Academic Bank of Credit. The demand for flexible and transferable credits in the education system led to the creation of the Academic Bank of Credits. In the past, students had a hard time moving their credits from one school to another because of the many credit systems and curriculums. Students and schools alike wasted time, energy, and materials because of this. Readers will have a better understanding of the following topics from this article: ABCs' objectives, functions, organisational structures, implementation plan, and eligibility criteria for higher education institutions to register with Academic Bank of Credits.
IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN SOUTHERN PUNJAB PAKISTANindexPub
Microfinance has been adopted by several developing nations to raise their inhabitants' standards of living. It also contributes to their improved economic growth. Pakistan is now implementing this idea and seeing positive results from microfinance. In Pakistan, Khushhali Bank is a notable player in the microfinance industry. The results of the sample data selection indicate that microfinance operations have an effect on the standard of life of individuals residing in a particular region in Muzaffargarh. For this study, 100 clients of Khushhali Bank have been chosen. The primary goal of the research is to determine how Khushhali Bank's microfinance initiatives affect people's ability to live better lives. A Ex-post Facto research model was used to the gathered data in order to determine the relationship between the microfinance loan and living standard metrics. The analysis's conclusion indicates that microfinance operations have very little influence on raising people's standards of living, meaning they don't play a significant part in raising living standards. Apart from microfinance loans, there are additional variables that contribute to the improvement of people's standard of life.
A NOVEL DENSITY-BASED CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR PREDICTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASEindexPub
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Early identification of individuals at risk of heart disease is crucial for effective preventive interventions. To improve the prediction accuracy, this paper proposed Heart Disease Prediction using the Density-Based Ordering of Clustering Objects (DBOCO) framework. The Dataset has been pre-processed using Weighted Transform K-Means Clustering (WTKMC). Features are selected using Ensemble Feature Selection (EFS) with a Weighted Binary Bat Algorithm (WBBAT) used to ensure that the emphasis is on the most relevant predictors. Finally, the prediction has been done using the Density-Based Ordering of Clustering method, which has been designed exclusively for cardiovascular disease prediction. DBOCO, a density-based clustering approach, effectively finds dense clusters within data, allowing for the inherent overlap in cardiovascular risk variables. DBOCO captures complicated patterns by detecting these overlapping clusters, improving the accuracy of disease prediction models. The proposed approach has been verified with heart disease datasets, displaying higher performance than traditional methods. This study marks a substantial leap in predicting cardiovascular disease providing a comprehensive and dependable framework for early identification and preventive concern.
INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-MODULUS ASPHALT C...indexPub
The appearance of premature cracks in freeway chase bodies is a worrying problem that requires in-depth analysis and remedial action. By identifying potential causes and proposing targeted recommendations, this study aims to help the responsible authorities make informed decisions to prevent such problems in the future and ensure the durability of road infrastructure. Premature cracking and rutting are common problems in pavements that can compromise their durability and safety. The use of specific additives in asphalt concrete can help prevent these deficiencies. The use of ZQ1 additive alone can lead to premature cracking in pavements, while PR FLEX 20 additive can increase the risk of rutting. However, a judicious combination of the two additives, with specific percentages of 2% for ZQ1 and 5% for PR FLEX 20, can prevent these shortcomings, improve pavement durability and optimize the mechanical properties of high-modulus asphalt concrete (BBME). In addition, this approach offers a promising solution for improving pavement durability and performance over time, opening the door to further studies to optimize the use of this additive combination in field applications.
DIALECTAL VARIABILITY IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF MODERN TE...indexPub
Main fundamental challenge for recent research work on speech based on science and technology is to understand and model the user variants in Spoken Languages. Users have their style of speaking, reliant on various factors, adding the dialect and accent of the speaker as well as the social and economic background of the speaker and contextual attributes like degree of knowledge between the listener, speaker and the position or rank of the speaking condition, from very normal to formal. In the past few decades, an extensive progress has been seen in automatically verifying the language of a speaker offered a sample speech. The main purpose of dialect verification is the recognition of a speaker’s region dialect, within a pre-determined language, offered the acoustic signal alone. DR (Dialect Recognition) is a main issue in particular, since even within the similar dialect and accent or register user change may occur. For illustration, In Spontaneous speech, few speakers tend to exhibit more optimizing and alteration of function words than others. The main issue of dialect recognition system has been viewed as challenging than that of language classification or recognition due to the maximum similarity among dialects of the similar language. While, dialects may differ in any dimensions of the linguistic spectrum such as syntactic, lexical, morphological, phonological differences, these changes are likely to be more indirect across dialects than those across languages such as Hindi, Punjabi and English etc.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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EFFECTIVENESS OF GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED MORTAR FOR IMPROVING DURABILITY IN STRUCTURES
1. Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Gongxueban)/Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition)
ISSN: 1671-5497
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 42 Issue: 11-2023
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10153111
Nov 2023 | 1
EFFECTIVENESS OF GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED MORTAR FOR
IMPROVING DURABILITY IN STRUCTURES
B. P. NANDURKAR
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering,
Nagpur, India. *Corresponding Author Email: bhupesh.nandurkar@gmail.com
B. V. BAHORIA
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering,
Nagpur, India. Email: boskey.bahoria@gmail.com
KRANTI JAIN
Associate Professor, NIT, Uttrakhand. Email: jainkranti8@gmail.com
PAWAN HINGE
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering,
Nagpur, India. Email: pawan.hinge@gmail.com
Abstract
Enhancing the durability, usability, and effectiveness of structures is crucial in modern civil engineering.
The aim of the study is to investigate how the properties of cement are altered by the addition of glass fibre
(monofilament). In the study, the effectiveness of mortars with different amounts of glass fibre added (at
concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by weight of cement) is compared. Based on the results of the
compressive strength tests, it can be shown that adding glass fibre to mortar mixtures typically increased
their compressive strength at various ages for all mix proportions (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). Glass fibre enhanced
the compressive strength for the 1:3 mix percentage, with the 4 percent GF mix displaying the greatest
strength values throughout all test time periods. The data for mortar mixtures of 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 with varied
amounts of glass fibre demonstrate that the inclusion of glass fibre often causes an increase in the rate of
strength gain. The ideal glass fibre content, however, may change according to the particular curing time
and application needs. The inclusion of glass fibre, particularly at proportions of 2 and 3 percent GF for 1:3
and 1:4 blends reduced drying shrinkage in mortar mixes. The findings show that the addition of fibres
significantly changes a mixture's mechanical properties, whereas the effect is less pronounced when fibres
are added to a less dense mixture. Overall, the results point to glass fibre-reinforced mortar as a potentially
useful material for use in civil engineering applications because of its capacity to boost the durability and
effectiveness of modern construction projects. Enhancing the durability, usability, and effectiveness of
structures is crucial in modern civil engineering.
Keywords: Glass fibers; Reinforced mortar; compressive strength; water absorption; drying shrinkage.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mortar and plaster mixes with various cement to sand ratios are often used in construction
in India. This time-tested pairing has long been a favourite among many people and is
still in high demand. However, the development of new technologies and materials has
led to a boom in the building sector in most developed nations. In developed nations, the
strength and durability of construction materials are being improved through the use of
fiber-reinforced cement composites more often. Due to these developments, construction
materials are now less likely to shrink, crack, and experience typical job site wear and
tear. Modern building techniques and materials are once again in demand as a result of
2. Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Gongxueban)/Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition)
ISSN: 1671-5497
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 42 Issue: 11-2023
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10153111
Nov 2023 | 2
India's extensive infrastructure initiatives. The durability and dependability of upcoming
construction projects in India are anticipated to increase with the use of contemporary
tools and materials.
Cement composites have been utilised in construction and civil engineering for a long
time because of their outstanding strength and durability. However, even with these
materials, over time, the impacts of physical processes like shrinkage and creep may
result in cracks and a weaker structure. In recent years, it has become easier to find and
less expensive to buy high-quality fibres. In order to create a more appealing composite
material, fibres are increasingly being added to cement composites. Shrinkage is
exacerbated by increased cement consumption and the use of early high-strength
cements. As a result, the mortar can ultimately deteriorate and crack. However, the
inclusion of fibres in the mortar mixture improves its ductility and resistance to cracking,
so addressing this flaw. This article explores how cement composites with fibres may
improve the strength and durability of construction materials.
Traditional mortar has had unexpected repercussions on the construction industry,
including cracks in plaster and brickwork, the leaching of materials from the plaster
surface, and other things. Other trash and fibres are added to the mortar mixture, along
with other adjustments, to address these issues. These changes may result in a material
that is more resistant to deterioration over time, such as cracking. For example, fibres can
help distribute stress throughout the mixture, boosting strength and lowering the risk of
cracking. Overall, these changes to the mortar composition may help to improve the
robustness and lifetime of construction materials while lowering the risks connected with
using regular mortar.
Physical factors like shrinkage and creep can cause bricks and blocks to crumble and
lose their structural integrity over time. Fibers may be added to the mortar mixture to
increase its ductility and resilience against breaking in order to prevent this. The cement
mortar matrix's porous nature, which allows liquids and gases to pass through it, further
reduces plaster's durability. Glass fibres improve mechanical strength and reduce
permeability, prolonging the usable life of the material. Glass fibre is a well-liked fibre
option for use in mortar mix due to its excellent strength and durability.
One type of fibre that may be used to dramatically increase the performance, strength,
and longevity of mortar is glass fibre. In order to enhance the mechanical and physical
qualities of cement-based mortars, researchers have looked at the effects of adding
polypropylene and glass fibres. According to several studies, the addition of fibres can
boost tensile and compressive strengths while lowering plastic shrinkage cracks.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
An exciting investigation on the dynamic behaviour of cement mortars reinforced with
glass and basalt fibres was given by Luigi Fenu et al. [21]. The study assessed the
effectiveness of the two types of fiber-reinforced mortar and looked at how the fibres
affected energy absorption and tensile strength at high strain rates. Waste dolomite
powder (DP) was investigated by Xiang Chen, et al. [22] as an alternative to cement. The
3. Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Gongxueban)/Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition)
ISSN: 1671-5497
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 42 Issue: 11-2023
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10153111
Nov 2023 | 3
study demonstrated how the capacity of glass fibres to corrode in alkaline environments
may limit the usage and durability of glass-fiber-reinforced cementitious composites
(GFRCs). Fly ash was used in place of some of the fine aggregate in the glass fibre textile
reinforced mortar (TRM) that Shaise K. Johna et al. examined. The tensile strength
development rate dropped once the thickness of the TRM specimens reached 10mm,
which also rose linearly with increasing thickness. By using the closest-packing approach
to minimise alkalinity and enhance flexural performance, Qin Xiaochun et al. [25]
demonstrate how alkaline-resistant glass fibre reinforced concrete may boost flexural
strength and wear resistance in road pavements. In this study, Pshtiwan Shakor et al.
[26] examine how additive manufacturing (AM) technology is used in the construction
industry to create glass fibre reinforced mortar structures. In the study, mortar
formulations with and without chopped glass fibre were extruded using a robotic arm at
different speeds and layer counts. The results of the investigation showed that printed
specimens with glass fibre had higher compressive strengths than specimens without the
substance. In order to enhance the characteristics of the concrete, Chen Haiming et al.
[27] looked into the usage of alkali-resistant (AR) glass fibre (GF) materials, such as GF
and glass fibre powders (GFP). The findings demonstrated that the addition of GF
enhanced the mortars' mechanical characteristics, notably their flexural strength, which
rose by 57% after 28 days of curing when GF additions of 7.5 percent were made. While
this was happening, AR-GFP proved successful in minimising the shrinkage of the
mortars, with 40% autogenous shrinkage and 50% drying shrinkage minimised when 5%
GFP was introduced.
Polypropylene fibres can improve compressive and tensile strengths and reduce plastic
shrinkage cracks, according to Pey-Shiuan Song et al. (2014). Additionally, they claimed
that greater fibre content results in lower flow values and greater compressive and tensile
strengths. The compressive strength of concrete produced by switching out natural sand
for manufactured sand and adding polypropylene fibre improves up to 60% before
decreasing, according to Chaitra Patil et al. (2017). According to Divyeshkumar D.
Paradava et al., a certain number of fibres enhances the compressive, splitting tensile
strength, and water absorption capacity of fibre reinforced cement mortar (2014).
According to Sadrmomtazi et al. (2009), employing a little proportion of polypropylene
fibres improved compressive strength test results and water absorption. According to
Cristiana Gonilho Pereira et al. (2011), waste fibres added to cement-based mortars
explain how they behave. One of the best methods for enhancing performance behaviour,
mechanical, shrinkage, expansion, and similar crack-causing processes has been
suggested: fiber-reinforced mortars. Pardis Parto et al (2012) determined that a
polypropylene fibre content of 0.2 percent is ideal for sand cement mortar that has been
fibre reinforced. The results reveal that when polypropylene fibres are added to
windblown sand-cement mortar, they are equally distributed throughout the matrix,
reduce stress concentrations close to cracked ends, and enhance the mortar's
mechanical properties. After examining the literature, Divyeshkumar et al. (2013) found
that fibre addition is helpful in split tensile and flexural strength but has no influence on
compressive strength. The strength of the brick bond in masonry, as well as the strength
and permeability of the plaster, are all strengthened by the use of fibre mortar. Hua
4. Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Gongxueban)/Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition)
ISSN: 1671-5497
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 42 Issue: 11-2023
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10153111
Nov 2023 | 4
Zhanga et al. (2016) examined the dynamic characteristics and fundamental connectivity
of polypropylene fibre mortar materials under compressive impact stress. They found that
the mortar was stronger the lower the water to cement ratio was. They found that adding
glass fibre to concrete increased its resistance to wear, freeze-thaw endurance, and dry
shrinkage. In 2015, Annsingh Shermila G. et al. investigated how glass fibre affects
compressive strength. The test findings show that compressive strength increases in the
first percent of the fibre mix and decreases as the fibre percentage rises. Experimental
research by Parameswararao Gairuboina et al. (2007) indicates that the use of glass fibre
reinforcement improves the durability and strength of reinforced concrete. With a 1.0
percent addition of glass fibre, the maximum compressive, flexural, and split tensile
strength may be achieved. In addition to the norm, Rasha Salah Mahdi (2014) chose to
make glass fibre reinforced mortar mixtures with glass fibre contents of 1, 1.5, and 2% by
weight of cement. According to the research, the mortar with 1% fibre content
demonstrated greater compressive and flexural strength than the other mortars. She
came to the conclusion that the workability of a mortar mix reduces as the concentration
of glass fibre increases. Four different forms of fibre reinforced cement composites were
tested by K. Kosa et al. in 1991. The results show that glass fibre mortar mix has the
worst overall performance, whereas polypropylene mortar mix has the best overall
performance. R.M. de Gutierrez et al. (2005) claim that fiber-reinforced materials,
particularly those reinforced with steel, glass, or sisal fibres, have increased mechanical
performance and durability. The effects of marble dust and glass fibre on the mechanical
and physical properties of cement mortars exposed to high temperatures were examined
by Oguzhan Kelestemur et al. in 2014. The results of the tests showed that as the amount
of glass fibre in the mortar increased, so did its high temperature resistance.
The addition of fibres to concrete / mortar can improve compressive strength, water
absorption, and durability characteristics such as heat resistance, acid attack, acoustic
emission, and fracture resistance. This can lead to a stronger and more durable
construction material.
3. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The purpose of the study was to look into how glass fibre affected the mechanical
properties and functionality of typical cement-sand mortar. Glass fibre (monofilament)
was employed in five different concentrations—1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent,
and 5 percent by weight of cement—to achieve this. Three distinct mortar mixes of 1:3,
1:4, and 1:5 each received the glass fibre addition. 324 cubes in total and 54 tiny size
beams were cast for the experiment. The cubes were used to gauge the mortars'
compressive strength and water absorption. For each mix, three samples were evaluated,
and the average value was calculated to assure precision. The water absorption test was
done at 28 and 90 days after curing, whereas the compressive strength test was done at
7, 28, and 90 days. While the compressive strength and water absorption tests were being
conducted, the beams were getting ready for the mortar shrinkage test. At 7, 35, 90, and
135 days, dry shrinkage tests were conducted on each mix fraction. This experiment was
designed to measure how much the mortar shrank after being added with glass fibre.
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The overall goal of the study was to discover the ideal amount of glass fibre to add to
cement-sand mortar in order to enhance its mechanical and performance properties. The
specifics of the experiment offered useful information that may be used to judge if
employing glass fibre in the manufacture of construction materials is appropriate.
4. MATERIALS
The primary binder ingredient for the mortar mix in this investigation was normal Portland
cement, grade 43 (OPC). To make various mortar mix ratios, the cement was used in the
usual ratio of 1, 3, 4, or 5 parts natural river sand to 1 part cement. Before being employed
in the experiment, the natural river sand was filtered through a 4.75 mm sieve. When
choosing the suitable sand to utilise in mortar mixes, it is vital to take into account the
fineness modulus and specific gravity of the river sand, which were both 2.32 and 2.68,
respectively.
In general, the manufacturing of mortar mixtures for construction uses conventional
Portland cement and unprocessed river sand.
Glass Fiber: Glass fibre, commonly referred to as fibreglass, is a substance comprised of
tiny glass strands that are woven or joined to form a durable and light-weight substance.
Glass fibre is a less expensive choice since it is less brittle than carbon fibre and the raw
ingredients are less expensive. Compared to many metals, glass fibre has a greater
strength-to-weight ratio and is more easily moldable into a variety of forms.
Glass fibre that was easily accessible was employed in this investigation. The technical
details for the glass fibre utilised in the study are listed in Table 1, which gives details on
the fiber's stiffness, strength, and other crucial properties.
Table 1: Properties of glass fibers
Particulars Glass Fiber
1 Specific Gravity (g/cm3) 2.68
2 Tensile Strength (N/mm2) 1700
3 Young's Modulus (N/mm2) 72,000
4 Melting Point (oC) 860
5 Alkali resistance High
6 Elongation (percentage) 2 - 4
7 Absorption Nil
8 Fiber cut length (mm) 12 mm
9 Fiber cut diameter (um) 18
10 Form Monofilament
11 Colour Natural
12 Ignition Point (oC) Incombustible
These measurements demonstrate that the glass fibre employed in the study has high
Young's modulus and tensile strength, both of which are desired qualities to improve the
mechanical characteristics of the mortar.
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5. MORTAR MIXES
Different cement to sand ratios were utilised in the study's mortar mixtures, and glass
fibre was added as an extra ingredient. The various mortar mix ratios utilised in the study
are listed below:
Mix 1:3 - The ratio of this mixture was 1 part cement to 3 parts sand.
Mix 1:4 - The ratio of this mixture was 1 part cement to 4 parts sand.
Mix 1:5 - The ratio of this mixture was 1 component cement to 5 parts sand.
Each mix also included varying weight percentages of glass fibre in addition to the cement
and sand components. In the study, the impacts of introducing glass fibre at various
weight percentages of the cement component—0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%—were
examined.
6. Experimental Testing: Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength,
water absorption, and drying shrinkage of the mortar mix in order to evaluate its properties
at various curing stages.
6.1 Compressive Strength Test
A commonly used test to assess the toughness of concrete or mortar is the compressive
strength test. In this study, cube specimens with dimensions of 70.6 mm x 70.6 mm x
70.6 mm were used to test the compressive strength of the mortar samples in accordance
with Indian Standard IS:2250-1981.
The cube specimens were cast using mortar, demolded after 24 hours, and then allowed
to cure for 7, 28, and 90 days in a curing tank. This is a typical curing time used to assess
the concrete or mortar's compressive strength. By employing a compression testing
equipment to apply a compressive force to the mortar samples after the curing period, the
compressive strength of the samples was determined. The specimen's highest load
before failing was recorded as the mortar's compressive strength.
6.2 Water Absorption Test
The water absorption test is a standard test used to determine the water tightness or
resistance of concrete or mortar. In this study, the water absorption test was conducted
on mortar cubes with dimensions of 70.6 mm x 70.6 mm x 70.6 mm, in accordance with
the ASTM C642[20] standard. The water absorption test was performed after 7, 28, and
90 days of curing to determine the effect of glass fiber on the water absorption rate of the
mortar.
The water absorption test involves immersing the mortar specimens in water for a
specified period and then weighing them before and after immersion to determine the
amount of water absorbed. The difference in weight before and after immersion is used
to calculate the water absorption rate of the mortar. A water absorption rate of less than
10% is considered good for mortar mixtures.
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6.3 Drying Shrinkage
The shrinkage specimens were measured for their initial length and then put in a humidity
chamber at a temperature of 27 2 °C and a relative humidity of 50%. After that, the
specimens were periodically taken out of the chamber and their lengths were measured
with a dial. The difference between the comparator reading and the specimen's reference
bar reading, or CRD, was used to determine the length change. G is the gauge length,
and Lx is the percentage change in length at any age (10 in. [250 mm]). Each mortar
mix's drying shrinkage data was recorded, and any significant differences were studied.
The drying shrinkage test was conducted using ASTM C 596 and IS 4031 (part-10)
1988[19]. Under controlled conditions, the specimens were examined 7, 35, 90, and 135
days following casting. The original length of the shrinkage specimens was measured
after 7 days before placing them in the humidity room. The formula Lx was used to
estimate the length change.
∆lx =
CRD − Initial CRD
G
∗ 100
Table 1 presents the water-cement (W/C) ratio, glass fibre percentage, and mortar mix
proportions used in the study
Table 1: Mortar Mix proportions, percent of glass Fiber with W/C ratio
SN
Fiber (percentage
of cement)
1:3 Mortar Mix
Proportion
1:4 Mortar Mix
Proportion
1:5 Mortar Mix
Proportion
ID W/C Ratio ID W/C Ratio ID W/C Ratio
1 0 % of cement M 31 0.5 M 41 0.6 M 51 0.6
2 1 % of cement MG 32 0.5 MG 42 0.6 MG 52 0.6
3 2 % of cement MG 33 0.5 MG 43 0.6 MG 53 0.6
4 3 % of cement MG 34 0.5 MG 44 0.6 MG 54 0.6
5 4 % of cement MG 35 0.5 MG 45 0.6 MG 55 0.6
6 5 % of cement MG 36 0.5 MG 46 0.6 MG 56 0.6
(SN: Serial number, ID: identification, GF: Glass Fiber, W/C Ratio: water cement ratio)
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The compressive strength, water absorption, and drying shrinkage test results of mortar
mixes containing fibres at various ages are displayed in Figures 1 to 9.
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Compressive strength test result
Figure 1: Performance of 1:3 mix mortar with varying percentage of glass fibre
Figure 1 shows that the compressive strength of the mortar mix 1:3 is typically increased
by the inclusion of glass fibre. At 28 days (28.33 N/mm2) and 90 days (32.75 N/mm), the
combination with 4 percent glass fibre showed the maximum compressive strength.
Comparing the mix with 3 percent glass fibre to the mix without any glass fibre, there was
a modest drop in compressive strength after 28 days. While the mix with 5% glass fibre
had the best compressive strength at 90 days (33.00 N/mm2), the mix with 1% glass fibre
displayed the highest compressive strength at 7 days (19.79 N/mm2).
Figure 2: Performance of 1:4 mix mortar with varying percentage of glass fibre
As seen in figure 2, adding Glass Fibre (GF) to the mortar mixture increases the
compressive strength for distinct GF percentages at particular curing durations. For
instance, the compressive strength of the 1 percent GF mortar mix significantly increases
after 28 and 90 days, whereas the 3 percent GF mix has the maximum compressive
strength at 7 days.
0
10
20
30
40
7 Days 28 Days 90 Days
Compressive
strength
in
MPa
Days
Performance of % of glass fibre in mortar
mix 1:3 (Compressive Strength)
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
0
10
20
30
7 Days 28 Days 90 Days
Compressive
strength
in
MPa
Days
Performance of % of glass fibre in mortar
mix 1:4 (Compressive Strength)
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
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Figure 3: Performance of 1:5 mix mortar with varying percentage of glass fibre
As seen in figure 3, it can be seen that the compressive strength increases with the
addition of glass fibre in the mortar mix up to a certain proportion, beyond which the
strength begins to decline. During instance, for the 7 and 28 day curing periods, the
compressive strength of the mortar mix with 1% glass fibre is better than that of the mix
without glass fibre, however for the 90 day curing period, it is lower than the mix without
glass fibre. Similar to the 3 percent glass fibre mixture, the mix with the maximum
compressive strength during the 7-day curing time is not present at the 28-day or 90-day
curing periods.
Overall, the findings imply that adding glass fibre to mortar mixtures can increase their
compressive strength, but the amount of glass fibre must be carefully chosen.
Rate of gain in strength
Rate of gain in strength refers to the increase in strength of a material over a certain
period. The rate of gain in strength depends on various factors such as the materials
used, the proportion of the ingredients, the curing conditions, and the environmental
factors such as temperature and humidity. It helps in determining the time required for the
structure to reach the desired strength and to evaluate the suitability of the material for
specific applications.
Table 2: Rate of gain in strength
ID
Glass Fibre Rate of Gain in strength MPa/Day
0 to 7 Days 7 to 28 Days 28 to 90 Days
M 31 0% GF 1.51 1.29 0.42
G 32 1% GF 2.83 1.29 0.50
G 33 2% GF 2.67 1.10 0.45
G 34 3% GF 2.59 1.00 0.47
G 35 4% GF 3.23 1.35 0.53
G 36 5% GF 2.69 0.95 0.53
0
10
20
7 Days 28 Days 90 Days
Compressive
strength
in
MPa
Days
Performance of % of glass fibre in mortar
mix 1:5 (Compressive Strength)
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
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The provided information illustrates the rate of strength increase in MPa (megapascals)
per day for a 1:3 mortar mix with increasing amounts of glass fibre at various curing times.
It can be seen that the pace at which the strength of the mortar mixtures increases
typically increases with the addition of glass fibre. For instance, the rate of strength growth
for the mortar mix containing 4% glass fibre is greater than that of the mix without glass
fibre at the early curing period of 0 to 7 days. In a similar vein, the mix containing 5%
glass fibre gains strength at the highest rate of all the mixes during the latter curing time
of 28 to 90 days. It is crucial to remember that the rate of strength increase also varies
depending on the curing time and glass fibre content. For instance, during the early curing
time of 0 to 7 days, the mix containing 1% glass fibre gains strength more quickly than
the mix without glass fibre, but at the later curing period of 28 to 90 days, there is no
appreciable difference in the rates at which the two mixes grow strength. Overall, the
findings indicate that adding glass fibre can accelerate the rate of strength growth for a
1:3 mortar mix, and the ideal amount of glass fibre may vary depending on the particular
curing requirements and application needs.
Table 3: Rate of gain in strength for 1:4 mortar mix
ID Glass Fibre Rate of Gain in strength MPa/Day
0 to 7 Days 7 to 28 Days 28 to 90 Days
M 41 0% GF 1.15 0.58 0.25
G 42 1% GF 1.43 1.02 0.45
G 43 2% GF 1.32 1.05 0.37
G 44 3% GF 2.43 0.95 0.35
G 45 4% GF 2.31 0.90 0.38
G 46 5% GF 2.02 0.76 0.30
The table shows the strength increase rate in MPa per day for various glass fibre contents
in a 1:4 mortar mix at different curing phases. The mix with a 4 percent glass fibre content
(G45) has the highest rate of strength growth at 0.38 MPa/day throughout the latter
phases of curing (28 to 90 days), whereas the mix with a 5 percent glass fibre content
(G46) has the lowest rate of gain at 0.30 MPa/day.
Table 4: Rate of gain in strength for 1:5 mortar mix
ID Glass Fibre Rate of Gain in strength MPa/Day
0 to 7 Days 7 to 28 Days 28 to 90 Days
M 51 0% GF 1.54 0.77 0.31
G 52 1% GF 1.81 0.66 0.25
G 53 2% GF 1.62 0.63 0.28
G 54 3% GF 1.85 0.63 0.25
G 55 4% GF 1.47 0.54 0.21
G 56 5% GF 1.00 0.35 0.20
The table shows the strength increase rate in MPa per day for various glass fibre contents
in a 1:5 mortar mix at different curing phases. The mix with 1% glass fibre content (G52)
gains strength at the fastest rate during the first seven days of curing (1.81 MPa/day),
whereas the mix with 5% glass fibre content (G56) gains strength at the slowest rate (1.00
MPa/day). The mix with 1% glass fibre content (G52) continues to have the highest rate
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of strength growth at 0.25 MPa/day during later stages of curing (28 to 90 days), whereas
the mix with 5% glass fibre content (G56) has the lowest rate of gain at 0.20 MPa/day.
Water absorption test result
Figure 4: Water absorption of 1:3 mix mortar with varying percentage of glass
fibre
Figure 4 shows the water absorption % of a 1:3 mortar mix with various glass fibre
proportions at various curing times. It can be seen that the percentage of water absorption
of the mortar mixes is not significantly affected by the inclusion of glass fibre.
Figure 5: Water absorption of 1:4 mix mortar with varying percentage of glass
fibre
Figure 5 displays the results of water absorption experiments performed on a 1:4 mortar
mixture with various glass fibre contents at various curing times. The figure indicates that
the water absorption for the mortar mixes typically decreases with the addition of glass
4
6
8
10
7 Days 28 Days 90 Days
Water
absorption
(%)
Age of Cubes in days
Water absorption of GF Mortar Mix (1:3)
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
4
6
8
10
7 Days 28 Days 90 Days
Water
absorption
(%)
Age of Cubes in days
Water absorption of GF Mortar Mix (1:4)
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
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fibre. Overall, the research indicates that adding glass fibre can increase the 1:4 mortar
mix's water resistance.
Figure 6: Water absorption of 1:5 mix mortar with varying percentage of glass
fibre
The results of a water absorption test for various glass fibre (GF) percentages in a 1:5
mortar mixture are shown in Figure 6. The findings demonstrate that during 7 days, 28
days, and 90 days, respectively, the water absorption for the mortar mix without GF (M51)
was 8.34%, 7.76%, and 6.37%. In some instances, but not always, the water absorption
increased as the percentage of GF in the mix increased.
Final observation for comprehension: It can be seen that the inclusion of glass fibre
typically results in an increase in water absorption for the 1:3 mortar mix. The inclusion of
glass fibre often results in a reduction in water absorption for the 1:4 mortar mix. The
water absorption behaviour is more complicated for the 1:5 mortar mixture. The amount
of water absorbed varies depending on whether glass fibre is added; sometimes it rises,
sometimes it reduces. Overall, glass fibre content, curing time, and mix ratio all have an
impact on how quickly mortar mixtures absorb water. Depending on the precise mix
percentage, adding glass fibre can have either good or negative effects on water
absorption. The findings demonstrate that depending on the mix percentage, adding glass
fibre to mortar mixtures can have a variety of impacts on water absorption. To get the
best water absorption behaviour, it is crucial to carefully evaluate the particular mix
proportions and curing time when adding glass fibre to mortar mixtures.
4
6
8
10
12
14
7 Days 28 Days 90 Days
Water
absorption
(%)
Age of Cubes in days
Water absorption of GF Mortar Mix (1:5)
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
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Drying shrinkage test result
Figure 7: Percentage change in length of 1:3 mix mortar with percentage of glass fibre
The results demonstrated that the mix without GF (M31) saw negative drying shrinkage
at each of the three time points, indicating that it was shrinking. The drying shrinkage
behaviour changed as the amount of GF in the mixture increased.
For example, the mixes containing 2% GF (G33) and 4% GF (G35) both showed positive
drying shrinkage at the 35-day point, suggesting expansion. However, the 3 percent GF
(G34) mixture had negative drying shrinkage at the same time.
All of the mixtures showed negative drying shrinkage at 90 days and 135 days, indicating
that they were shrinking. Depending on the GF %, the degree of shrinkage varied, with
certain combinations exhibiting larger amounts of shrinkage than others.
Figure 8: Percentage change in length of 1:4 mix mortar with percentage of glass
fibre
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
%
change
in
length
% of glass Fibre
% change in length vs % of GF at
various ages of 1:3 GF Mortar Mix
35 Days 90 Days 135 Days
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
%
change
in
length
% of glass Fibre
% change in lengthvs % of GF at
various ages of 1:4 GF Mortar Mix
35 Days 90 Days 135 Days
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The table shows that there is often an increase in drying shrinkage when glass fibre is
added. In contrast to the 0% GF mix, which has a negative drying shrinkage of -0.0164
percent at 35 days, the 1% GF mix has a positive drying shrinkage of 0.002 percent. The
0% GF mix has a negative drying shrinkage of -0.0367 percent at 135 days, compared to
the 5% GF mix's negative drying shrinkage of -0.0377 percent.
However, not all blends exhibit the same drying shrinkage tendency. For instance, the 2
percent GF mix exhibits positive drying shrinkage after 35 days of 0.0264 percent but
negative drying shrinkage at 90 days of -0.0174 percent.
Figure 9: Percentage change in length of 1:5 mix mortars with percentage of
glass fibre
As a consequence, the mix lacking GF (M51) showed negative drying shrinkage at 35
days but positive drying shrinkage at 90 days and 135 days, according to the data. The
drying shrinkage behaviour changed as the amount of GF in the mixture increased.
For instance, the mix with 4 percent GF (G55) showed expansion at 35 days with positive
drying shrinkage, but the other mixes showed negative drying shrinkage at this time. All
of the mixtures showed negative drying shrinkage at 90 days and 135 days, indicating
that they were shrinking.
Depending on the GF %, the degree of shrinkage varied, with certain combinations
exhibiting larger amounts of shrinkage than others. For instance, for all three time periods,
the drying shrinkage was greatest for the mix containing 4 percent GF (G55).
8. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the compressive strength tests, it can be shown that adding
glass fibre to mortar mixtures typically increased their compressive strength at various
ages for all mix proportions (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). Glass fibre enhanced the compressive
strength for the 1:3 mix percentage, with the 4 percent GF mix displaying the greatest
strength values throughout all test time periods. The 3 percent GF mix had the best
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
%
change
in
length
% of glass Fibre
% change in lengthvs % of GF at
variousages of 1:5 GF Mortar Mix
35 Days 90 Days 135 Days
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strength values at young ages (7 and 28 days) for the 1:4 mix percentage, whereas
the 4 percent GF mix displayed the highest strength values at 90 days. Glass fiber's
impact on compressive strength for the 1:5 mix ratio was less uniform, with some
mixes exhibiting greater strength values with the addition of glass fibre while others
exhibited lower values. Overall, the findings imply that adding glass fibre might
improve mortar mixes' compressive strength, especially for mix ratios of 1:3 and 1:4,
albeit the effect may vary depending on the exact mix ratio and glass fibre
concentration.
In conclusion, the data for mortar mixtures of 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 with varied amounts of
glass fibre demonstrate that the inclusion of glass fibre often causes an increase in
the rate of strength gain. The ideal glass fibre content, however, may change
according to the particular curing time and application needs. When choosing a
mortar mix for building projects, it's crucial to take the rate of strength growth into
account to make sure the mortar achieves its full strength within the needed amount
of time. The findings for mortar combinations of 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 with varying
quantities of glass fibre show, in conclusion, that the pace at which strength increases
is frequently accelerated by the addition of glass fibre. However, the optimal glass
fibre content may vary depending on the specific curing requirements and application
requirements.
As the proportion of fibres in the mixture increases, so does its water absorption. On
the 28th and 90th days, the water absorption of all the mixtures for the 1:3 mix is less
than 8%. In a 1:4 mix proportion, the controlled mix absorbs more water than the
other glass fibre blends. In a 1:5 mix proportion, the glass fibre mixes absorb more
water than the controlled mix. All mixtures with different proportions absorb less water
as they get older. It illustrates how including glass fibre into mortar mixtures enhances
their ability to absorb water.
In comparison to the mix without glass fibre, the inclusion of glass fibre typically
reduced drying shrinkage for the 1:3 and 1:4 mortar mixes. The 2 percent and 3
percent GF mixes, which had the lowest drying shrinkage values across all time
periods examined, were most affected by this impact. The drying shrinkage values
for the 5 percent GF mix were somewhat lower than those for the 0 percent GF mix.
The impact of glass fibre on drying shrinkage was less constant for the 1:5 mortar
mixture. The drying shrinkage of the 2 percent GF mix was less than that of the 0
percent GF mix, but the drying shrinkage of the other mixes increased over time. The
maximum drying shrinkage values were seen in the 4% and 5% GF mixes at 35 days,
although the values reduced as time went on.
Overall, the findings imply that the inclusion of glass fibre, particularly at proportions of 2
and 3 percent GF for 1:3 and 1:4 blends, might reduce drying shrinkage in mortar mixes.
However, for other mix proportions and longer time periods, the effect can be less
predictable.
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