Effective population size 1. F ST Rate of migration 2. N e Genetic distance 3. m Chi-square 4. N The frequency of the 5. p recessive allele 6. q Population size 7. x 2 The frequency of the dominant allele Pseudogenes are an example They directly result in a protein 1. Coding gene They directly encode for a 2. Non-coding gene gene product Regulatory genes are an example.