The document provides information about the course "Electrical Engineering Materials" including:
1) The course objectives are to impart knowledge of conducting, dielectric, insulating and magnetic materials and their applications as well as superconducting materials.
2) Various topics are covered including conductors, classification of materials, operational requirements, thermoelectric effects, and Wiedemann-Franz law.
3) Electrical engineering materials have a wide range of applications in consumer items, electrical engineering, electronics, robotics, and instrumentation.
This presentation contains information about some basic electrical parameters such as Voltage, Current, EMF, PD, Electric Power, Energy Ideal & Practical Sources, Types of Resistance, Heating Effect, Magnetic effect & Chemical effect of Electric Current etc.
➣ Electron Drift Velocity
➣➣➣ Charge Velocity and
Velocity of Field Propagation
➣➣➣ The Idea of Electric Potential
Resistance
➣➣➣ Unit of Resistance
➣➣➣ Law of Resistance
➣➣➣ Units of Resistivity
Conductance and
Conductivity
➣➣➣ Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance
➣➣➣ Value of α at Different
Temperatures
➣➣➣ Variation of Resistivity with
Temperature
➣➣➣ Ohm’s Law
➣➣➣ Resistance in Series
➣➣➣ Voltage Divider Rule
➣➣➣ Resistance in Parallel
➣➣➣ Types of Resistors
➣➣➣ Nonlinear Resistors
➣➣➣ Varistor
➣➣➣ Short and Open Circuits
➣➣➣ ‘Shorts’ in a Series Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Opens’ in Series Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Open’s in a Parallel Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Shorts’ in Parallel Circuits
➣➣➣ Division of Current in Parallel
Circuits
➣➣➣ Equivalent Resistance
➣➣➣ Duality Between Series and
Parallel Circuits
➣➣➣ Relative Potential
HBA Microwave by Dr Sir Rabnawaz of DMME department of PIEAS universityMaqsoodAhmadKhan5
HBA Microwave by Dr Sir Rabnawaz of DMME department of PIEAS university. This presentation include the detailed operational and functional working of microwave oven.
This presentation contains information about some basic electrical parameters such as Voltage, Current, EMF, PD, Electric Power, Energy Ideal & Practical Sources, Types of Resistance, Heating Effect, Magnetic effect & Chemical effect of Electric Current etc.
➣ Electron Drift Velocity
➣➣➣ Charge Velocity and
Velocity of Field Propagation
➣➣➣ The Idea of Electric Potential
Resistance
➣➣➣ Unit of Resistance
➣➣➣ Law of Resistance
➣➣➣ Units of Resistivity
Conductance and
Conductivity
➣➣➣ Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance
➣➣➣ Value of α at Different
Temperatures
➣➣➣ Variation of Resistivity with
Temperature
➣➣➣ Ohm’s Law
➣➣➣ Resistance in Series
➣➣➣ Voltage Divider Rule
➣➣➣ Resistance in Parallel
➣➣➣ Types of Resistors
➣➣➣ Nonlinear Resistors
➣➣➣ Varistor
➣➣➣ Short and Open Circuits
➣➣➣ ‘Shorts’ in a Series Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Opens’ in Series Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Open’s in a Parallel Circuit
➣➣➣ ‘Shorts’ in Parallel Circuits
➣➣➣ Division of Current in Parallel
Circuits
➣➣➣ Equivalent Resistance
➣➣➣ Duality Between Series and
Parallel Circuits
➣➣➣ Relative Potential
HBA Microwave by Dr Sir Rabnawaz of DMME department of PIEAS universityMaqsoodAhmadKhan5
HBA Microwave by Dr Sir Rabnawaz of DMME department of PIEAS university. This presentation include the detailed operational and functional working of microwave oven.
Simulation of Induction heater using IRFZ44N MOSFETanjeana
This PPT contains the Schematic circuit model and simulated output of Induction heater using IRFZ44N MOSFET along with the working principle and block diagram.
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Simulation of Induction heater using IRFZ44N MOSFETanjeana
This PPT contains the Schematic circuit model and simulated output of Induction heater using IRFZ44N MOSFET along with the working principle and block diagram.
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Course Learning Objectives:
• To impart the knowledge of conducting, dielectric, insulating and magnetic materials
and their applications.
• To impart the knowledge of superconducting materials and their applications
Module-1
Introduction to Electrical and Electronic Materials:
Importance of materials
Classification of electrical and electronic materials
Scope of electrical and electronic materials
Requirement of Engineering materials
Operational requirements of electrical and
electronic materials
Classification of solids on the basis of energy gap
Products – working principle and materials
Types of engineering materials
Levels of material structure.
Spintronics and Spintronic materials
Ferromagnetic semiconductors
Left handed materials.
Conductors:
Conductor materials
Factors affecting conductivity
Thermal conductivity
Heating effect of current
Thermoelectric effect
Seebeck effect
Thomson effect
Wiedemann – Franz law and
Lorentz
Relation
Problems.
3. Scope of Electrical and Electronic Materials
In Consumer Items
• Bulb filaments • Heaters • Remote control devices • Telephone • Domestic wiring
• Tape record • Switches • Iron press • Television • Invertors • Radio • Microwave ovens
In Electrical Engineering
• Contacts • Cables • Magnets • Alternators • Motors • Voltage Dividers • Conductors
• Dielectrics/Insulators • Piezo electrics • Transformers • Capacitors • Bus Bars, etc.
In Electronics
• Amplifiers • Integrated Circuits • Antenna • Broadcasting Systems • Printed Circuits
• Rectifiers • Filters • Regulators • Satellite • Photoconductive Cell • Transistors
• Modulators, etc.
In Robotics
• Sensors • Controls • Manipulators • Grippers • Actuators • Processors • Encoders
• Pendants, etc.
In Instrumentation
• Transducers • Signal generators • Microprocessors • Strain gauges • Recorders
• Cathode ray oscilloscopes • Thermistors • Energy meters, etc.
4. Classification of Electrical and Electronic Materials
Electrical engineering materials can be classified into following types:
1. Conductors
i. high voltage and low voltage conductors
ii. high temperature and low temperature conductors
iii. bared and insulated conductors
2. Semiconductors
i. intrinsic (or element) type ii. extrinsic (compound and alloy) type
• n type • p type
3. Dielectrics (or Insulators)
i. solid type ii. liquid type iii. gaseous type iv. ceramic type v. polymeric type vi.
fibrous
4. Superconductors
i. metallic type ii. ceramic type iii. ideal and hard types
iv. low and high temperature types v. magnetic and non-magnetic types
5. Magnetic materials
i. Diamagnetic ii. Paramagnetic iii. Ferromagnetic iv. Antiferromagnetic
v. ferrimagnetic
5. 6. Ferroelectrics
i. Zirconates ii. Hafnates iii. Titanates iv. PLZT
7. Piezoelectrics
i. Natural (as rochelle salt) ii. artificial (as tourmaline, metaniobate)
8. Perovskites (or mixed oxides)
9. Spinels, Garnets, and Magnetoplumbites
i. normal spinel (as ZnFe2O4) ii. inverse spinel (as magnetite) iii. metallic garnet
iv. rare earth garnet
6. Requirements of Engineering Materials
Materials technology does not mean just knowing the physics and chemistry of
materials, their behavior and properties.
It is also essential to know as to how a material can be suitably and
economically put to practical uses under wide range of conditions.
An electrical engineering material is used in one or all of the following areas.
• Machines (as motor, alternator, robots etc.)
• Structures (as transformer, cathode ray tube, antenna etc.)
• Devices (as strain gauge, integrated circuit, control switch, thermistor, bimetal gauge etc.)
• Instruments (as multimeter, transducers, thermocouples etc.)
7. Each material possesses several properties
Some important properties
Electrical : - resistivity, conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric strength, relaxation
time, loss angle, power factor.
Magnetic : - hysteresis, retentivity, permeability, susceptibility, coercive force,
reluctivity.
Electronic : - semi-conduction, drift , diffusion, concentration, energy gap, mobility,
carrier density, ionization energy, effective mass, density of state, rectifying action.
Optical :- reflection, refraction, transmission, fluorescence, lustre, luminescence.
Physical :- density, melting point, color, shape, size, finish, porosity.
Thermal :- expansion, conductivity, specific heat, thermal fatigue, thermal stress,
thermal shock, latent heat of fusion.
8. Operational Requirements of Electrical and Electronic Materials
Electrical materials have to satisfy widely varying needs of different operational
parameters. These parameters are voltage, current, temperature, frequency,
polarization, remanance, resistivity, emission etc.
• High and Low Voltage Applications
• High and Low Conduction Applications
• High and Low Temperature Services
• High and Low Frequency Services
• High and Low Resistivity Devices
• High and Low Emission Applications, Etc.
9. Conductors
All metals and alloys fall in the category of conductors. They are used in various
applications such as : -
• electricity transmission and distribution lines,
• electrical contacts viz. relays, brushes, switches etc., • resistors, and • heating
elements.
Gold is the best conductor of electricity followed by silver, copper and aluminum.
Keeping in view the cost factor, copper and aluminum are the natural choices
although silver is used for contacts in aircraft .
• Aluminium conductor reinforced with steel (ACSR) is an improved material for
transmission lines.
• Oxygen-free-high conductivity (OFHC) copper conductor is very suitable for low
temperature applications. It is a high
10. Characteristics of a Good Conductor
I. High Electrical And Thermal Conductivity,
Ii. High Melting Point,
Iii. Good Oxidation Resistance,
Iv. Low Cost,
V. Better Mechanical Properties.
Factors Affecting Conductivity (and Resistivity) of Metals
Resistance and resistivity.
The electrical resistance R of a conductor is related to its length l and area of cross-section a by
The electrical resistance and the resistivity of materials are influenced by
various factors such as given below.
1. Temperature,
2. Impurities, and
3. Plastic deformation.
11. 1. Resistance of a 200 meter long copper wire is 21 ohm. Its diameter is 0.44 mm.
Determine its specific resistance.
12. 1. Temperature Effect on Conductivity
• The electrical resistance of a conductor varies with its temperature.
• With a rise in temperature, the resistance of pure metals increases whereas it
decreases for semiconductors, insulators and electrolytes.
• The variation of resistance with temperature in a material can be expressed as
RT2 and RT1 are the resistances of the material at temperatures T2 and Tl respectively.
dT = T2 – T1 is the change in temperature
α is temperature coefficient of resistance of the material.
13. 2. Resistance of a conducting wire is 57.2 Ω at 70 `C and 50 Ω at
25 `C. Estimate its temperature coefficient of resistance.
Given are: R70 = Resistance at 70`C = 57.2 Ω, R25 = Resistance at 25 `C = 50 Ω
14.
15. Thermal Conductivity
The transport of heat flux Q through a solid of cross-sectional area A is proportional
to the thermal gradient dT/dx, and is given by
Kt is a proportionality constant which is known as thermal
conductivity of the solid.
The negative sign indicates a drop in thermal gradient for
increasing length x.
16. Heating Effect of Current
• When an electric current flows through a metal (i.e. a conductor), the metal
becomes hot after some time.
• It is due to the collision of free electrons moving through the lattice of metals
in a random manner.
• During their movement (drift ), they collide with the atoms in the lattice of conducting
metals.
This results in generation of heat, and hence the phenomenon is termed as
‘heating effect of electric current’.
Joule’s Law of Electrical Heating
If a current of I ampere flows through a conductor of resistance R ohm for t second, then the
amount of work required (W.D.) to maintain the current flow will be given by
17. Heat equivalent of this work may be expressed as
J is mechanical equivalent of heat whose value is 4200
Applications of Heating Effect
• Electric furnace heating in metallurgical industry for melting of metals.
• Heating of electric kettle, heater, boiler, immersion heater etc.
• Heating of fi lament of incandescent lamp, arc lamp etc.
• Heating of d.c. locomotive for industrial hauling uses.
• In calorimetry.
• In fuses, which is used as protection device against flow of excessive current.
• In hot wire ammeter for measuring alternating current (a.c.).
18. Thermoelectric Effect (or Thermoelectricity)
The electrical energy can be converted into heat energy and the heating effect of
electric current is irreversible.
The heat energy can also be converted into electrical energy but this is a
reversible effect, and is known as thermoelectric effect.
Applications of Thermoelectric Effect
Some important applications of thermoelectric effect are the following.
1. Temperature measurement of ovens and furnaces by means of a
thermocouple.
2. Temperature (radiation) measurement by thermopiles.
3. Detection of radiations by means of radio micrometer. A radio micrometer
is a combination of a thermocouple and a sensitive galvanometer.
4. Measuring a.c. and d.c. by thermo-milli ammeter
19. Seebeck Effect
Seebeck discovered that if the junctions of a closed circuit of two different metals is
maintained at different temperatures, then an electric current flows in the circuit.
The two-metal circuit system is referred to as ‘thermocouple’.
The flow of current implies that there acts an e.m.f. (electromotive force) in the circuit.
This e.m.f. is known as thermoelectric emf.
let us consider two different metals A and B in contact such that they form a junction
as shown in Fig (a) Now let the electron density in A > B
Then the electrons will diffuse
from positive A to negative B and a potential difference will be
created at the junctions H (hot) and C (cold).
This potential difference will allow the
flow of electrons from A to B until a state of equilibrium is
reached.
20. Seebeck e.m.f.
The thermoelectric e.m.f. of a thermocouple varies with a change in temperature
of the hot junction, or with temperature difference in the hot and cold junctions.
In general, the Seebeck e.m.f. is expressed by
Seebeck Voltage.
It is the difference in voltages of hot and cold junctions. Thus if VA and VB are the voltages at
hot and cold junctions, then
21. Thomson Effect
• This phenomenon refers to the absorption or evolution of heat due to flow
of current (electrons) in a single unequally heated conductor.
• Depending upon the absorption or evolution of heat in a conductor whose one end is
at higher temperature than the other, the hotter end will get heating effect and the
colder end will get cooling effect.
Wiedemann-Franz Law and Lorentz Relation
Statement. According to Wiedemann-Franz law, the electrical conductivity of
solids can be related to their thermal conductivity. It is because all the solids
conduct heat and electricity. Whereas the thermal conductivity in ionic, covalent
and molecular solids is primarily through lattice vibrations; the transport of
thermal energy in metals and alloys is mainly by free electrons.
Proof. To prove the above statement, we need to derive the expressions for
electrical and thermal conductivities.
We shall now derive the expression for thermal conductivity.