This document provides guidelines for chemical management in hospitals. It discusses principles of toxicology, laws and regulations related to hazardous chemicals, and methods for controlling hazardous chemicals. The key points are:
- Chemicals can harm health if not properly managed through practices like storage, handling, disposal and emergency response.
- A risk assessment should identify hazards, at-risk individuals, risks, and controls for each chemical-related process.
- Chemicals can enter the body through inhalation, skin/eye contact, ingestion or placenta. Toxicity depends on dose and exposure route.
- Laws require classification, labeling, storage, monitoring and incident reporting for hazardous chemicals. Controls include elimination,
Basic of toxicology and regulatory guidelines for toxicity.pptxARSHIKHANAM4
This document provides an overview of basic toxicology concepts including definitions of key terms like toxicology, toxicants, and poisons. It discusses the importance of toxicology in protecting human and environmental health. The different types of toxicology are described like general toxicology, mechanistic toxicology, descriptive toxicology, and regulatory toxicology. Various terms related to toxicity testing and studies are also introduced like acute, chronic, subacute toxicity. The roles of important regulatory authorities in toxicology are highlighted.
This document provides an introduction to toxicology and factors that influence toxicity. It defines toxicology as the study of poisons and their effects. Several key points are made: the dose makes the poison, as even nontoxic substances can be toxic at high doses; and toxicity depends on factors related to the substance, organism, and other influences. The substance's form, dosage, route of exposure, and absorption influence toxicity. Organism factors include species, life stage, gender, metabolism, distribution, excretion, health status, and nutrition. Other factors are the presence of other chemicals, which can decrease, add to, or increase toxicity through antagonism, additivity, or synergism.
Industrial toxicology deals with the toxic properties of substances that people are exposed to in occupational and non-occupational settings. Toxicity is the study of how the body responds to toxic substances. Toxic effects can be acute or chronic and result from inhalation, ingestion, skin/eye contact, or other routes of exposure. Setting workplace standards involves understanding chemical toxicity through methods like chemical analogy, animal experimentation, and establishing exposure limits based on a substance's toxic properties.
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms that arise following exposure to toxic substances.
This document provides an overview of toxicology and its various branches. It defines key terms like toxicants, toxicity, acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, dose, etc. It describes the different types of toxicology like general toxicology, mechanistic toxicology, descriptive toxicology, and regulatory toxicology. For each type, it provides examples and explains their purpose and importance. It also discusses the importance of guidelines in regulatory toxicity studies for ensuring safety, efficacy and quality of medicines.
Toxicology is the study of poisons and their effects. There are several branches and types of toxicology. Descriptive toxicology focuses on toxicity testing through hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. This involves in vitro, in vivo, and in silico testing to evaluate toxic doses, safe exposure levels, and set regulatory standards to protect public health. Mechanistic toxicology studies how toxins interact with living organisms on a molecular level. Regulatory toxicology supports rule making and compliance through standardized testing protocols.
Dose-response is a basic principle of toxicology that evaluates the clinical effects of substances based on the amount of exposure. It establishes a relationship between exposure levels and health effects, with higher doses generally causing more severe responses. Key aspects of dose-response include establishing causality, threshold effects, and the potency of a substance. Dose-response curves graphically depict the relationship, with a typical sigmoid curve showing little effect at low doses and increasing response rates as doses rise. Toxicology addresses various questions through subdisciplines like environmental, occupational, regulatory, and clinical toxicology. Common toxic agents studied include heavy metals, solvents and vapors, radiation, dioxins/furans, pesticides, and
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
Basic of toxicology and regulatory guidelines for toxicity.pptxARSHIKHANAM4
This document provides an overview of basic toxicology concepts including definitions of key terms like toxicology, toxicants, and poisons. It discusses the importance of toxicology in protecting human and environmental health. The different types of toxicology are described like general toxicology, mechanistic toxicology, descriptive toxicology, and regulatory toxicology. Various terms related to toxicity testing and studies are also introduced like acute, chronic, subacute toxicity. The roles of important regulatory authorities in toxicology are highlighted.
This document provides an introduction to toxicology and factors that influence toxicity. It defines toxicology as the study of poisons and their effects. Several key points are made: the dose makes the poison, as even nontoxic substances can be toxic at high doses; and toxicity depends on factors related to the substance, organism, and other influences. The substance's form, dosage, route of exposure, and absorption influence toxicity. Organism factors include species, life stage, gender, metabolism, distribution, excretion, health status, and nutrition. Other factors are the presence of other chemicals, which can decrease, add to, or increase toxicity through antagonism, additivity, or synergism.
Industrial toxicology deals with the toxic properties of substances that people are exposed to in occupational and non-occupational settings. Toxicity is the study of how the body responds to toxic substances. Toxic effects can be acute or chronic and result from inhalation, ingestion, skin/eye contact, or other routes of exposure. Setting workplace standards involves understanding chemical toxicity through methods like chemical analogy, animal experimentation, and establishing exposure limits based on a substance's toxic properties.
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms that arise following exposure to toxic substances.
This document provides an overview of toxicology and its various branches. It defines key terms like toxicants, toxicity, acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, dose, etc. It describes the different types of toxicology like general toxicology, mechanistic toxicology, descriptive toxicology, and regulatory toxicology. For each type, it provides examples and explains their purpose and importance. It also discusses the importance of guidelines in regulatory toxicity studies for ensuring safety, efficacy and quality of medicines.
Toxicology is the study of poisons and their effects. There are several branches and types of toxicology. Descriptive toxicology focuses on toxicity testing through hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. This involves in vitro, in vivo, and in silico testing to evaluate toxic doses, safe exposure levels, and set regulatory standards to protect public health. Mechanistic toxicology studies how toxins interact with living organisms on a molecular level. Regulatory toxicology supports rule making and compliance through standardized testing protocols.
Dose-response is a basic principle of toxicology that evaluates the clinical effects of substances based on the amount of exposure. It establishes a relationship between exposure levels and health effects, with higher doses generally causing more severe responses. Key aspects of dose-response include establishing causality, threshold effects, and the potency of a substance. Dose-response curves graphically depict the relationship, with a typical sigmoid curve showing little effect at low doses and increasing response rates as doses rise. Toxicology addresses various questions through subdisciplines like environmental, occupational, regulatory, and clinical toxicology. Common toxic agents studied include heavy metals, solvents and vapors, radiation, dioxins/furans, pesticides, and
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1 Course Learni.docxaryan532920
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain key industrial hygiene concepts such as routes of entry and hierarchy of controls.
5.1 Describe how chemical properties affect the different routes of exposure.
5.2 Describe how chemicals can enter the body through the dermal route.
6. Examine different types of industrial hazards commonly addressed by the industrial hygienist.
6.1 Identify chemical and biological hazards in occupational settings.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 6:
Gases and Vapors, pp. 113–119
Chapter 7:
Aerosols, pp. 137–144
Chapter 10:
Dermal Hazards, pp. 213–225
Chapter 15:
Biological Hazards, pp. 349–361
Click here to view a PowerPoint presentation to learn more information regarding chemical and biological
hazards.
Click here to access the PDF version of the PowerPoint presentation.
Unit Lesson
An important part of the industrial hygienist’s job is to recognize hazards in the workplace. Occupational
hazards can be divided into three basic categories: chemical, biological, and physical. We will be studying
chemical and biological hazards during this unit. Recognizing chemical hazards requires the industrial
hygienist to have at least a basic understanding of chemistry and biology, including the sub-science
of microbiology.
Chemical hazards are typically divided into two categories based on their chemical state. The two categories
are vapors/gases and aerosols. In the occupational setting, it is more common that the terms particle or
particulate are used. It is fairly easy to understand the differences between gases/vapors and aerosols. What
may be more difficult is to understand the difference between a gas and a vapor.
The difference between a gas and a vapor depends on the state of the chemical at normal (sometimes called
standard) temperature and pressure (NTP or STP). A gas is in the gaseous state at NTP, while a vapor is in
the liquid state at NTP with some vapors being produced. The concentration of the vapors being produced
depends on the vapor pressure of the chemical. Gases have vapor pressures that are high enough that they
do not exist as a liquid at NTP. The higher the vapor pressure is for a chemical, the more likely a vapor will be
produced. One important thing to remember is that vapor pressure is temperature dependent. As the
temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a chemical will also increase, increasing the volatility of the
compound. This can be very important for an industrial hygienist in recognizing chemical hazards. Thus, if the
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Recognition of Chemical and Biological Hazards
Commonly Present in Industrial Settings
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MOS/MOS6301/16G/UnitIV_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppsx
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergen ...
Respiratory Health Risk Assessment(1) (2).pdfajengps11
The document discusses respiratory health risk assessment from exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. It covers the key steps in the risk assessment process including:
1. Identifying the chemicals of exposure.
2. Assessing the carcinogenic risk of each chemical by evaluating the hazard, toxicity, and exposure.
3. Calculating the long-term average exposure concentration based on factors like the concentration of chemicals, exposure time, frequency, duration, and averaging time period.
The goal is to determine the additional cancer risk from respiratory exposure to chemicals and compare it to permissible risk limits to evaluate health risks. Exposure assessment involves determining exposure routes, patterns, durations, and biomarker monitoring to estimate internal doses.
chemical Based Hazard, M.Pharm, Sem 2, Bhumi Suratiya, my presentation contains Regulation for chemical hazard,
Management of over-Exposure to chemicals ,
TLV concept.
This document discusses the basic principles of toxicology. It covers topics like toxicity parameters, routes of exposure, dose-response relationships, and different types of toxicity. The key points are:
- Toxicity depends on factors like dose, duration, route of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Different toxic agents can cause different types of toxicity through various mechanisms.
- Common routes of exposure include ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and injection. The route influences the toxicity level.
- There is usually a dose-response relationship where effects increase with dose. Individual and population responses must be considered.
- Toxicity can be acute, subchronic, or chronic depending on exposure duration and
The most ambitious definition of health is that proposed by WHO in 1948: “health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” but,
Practical definitions of health and disease are needed in epidemiology, which concentrates on aspects of health that are easily measurable and amenable to improvement.
Definitions of health states used by epidemiologists tend to be simple, for example, “disease present” or “disease absent”
This document provides an overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and discusses their potential impacts and regulation. It notes that EDCs can interfere with hormone systems and cause adverse health effects. Sources of EDCs include agricultural and industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods and food/beverage packaging. Regulation of EDCs differs globally. The insurance industry may face increased liability exposures from bodily injury claims related to chronic low-dose EDC exposure given evidence of their environmental persistence and ability to cause long-term health impacts even at low levels. Overall the paper aims to increase awareness of EDCs as an emerging risk that requires monitoring and risk mitigation strategies across industries.
This document provides an introduction to toxicology. It defines toxicology and discusses its historical aspects and classifications. The objectives, outline, definitions, terms, principles, nature of toxic responses, routes of poisoning, potential causes of toxicity, and factors influencing toxicity are described. Analytical and diagnostic methods for toxicology are also mentioned.
This document discusses the different types of toxicology. It begins with an introduction to toxicology, defining terms like toxin, toxicant, and toxicity. It then describes the major types of toxicology as mechanistic toxicology, regulatory toxicology, and descriptive toxicology. Mechanistic toxicology examines toxicity at the molecular level. Regulatory toxicology supports rulemaking and product approval. Descriptive toxicology focuses on toxicity testing in animals to evaluate hazards. The document provides examples and explanations of each type.
This document provides an introduction to toxicology. It defines toxicology as the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on biological systems. It describes what toxicologists do, including recognizing hazards, developing standards and regulations, and safety assessment. Some key terms are explained, such as toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination. Common toxicological terminology is defined. Toxicants can be classified in various ways, including by source, physical state, target organ affected, chemical nature, analytical behavior, toxic effects, use, and toxicity potential.
This document outlines the course content for an Environmental Toxicology course. It includes an introduction to different areas of toxicology like mechanistic, descriptive, and regulatory toxicology. It also provides classifications of toxic agents and general characteristics of the toxic response. The course will cover topics such as properties of toxic substances, dose-response relationships, thresholds, and risk management. Students will be assessed through exams, quizzes, assignments, and a final exam.
1. The document discusses approaches to evaluating the toxicity of industrial chemicals in a humane manner. It examines using laboratory animals versus alternative in vitro methods.
2. Currently, there are no immediate alternatives to using animals for assessing acute toxicity of chemicals through ocular, systemic, and cutaneous toxicity tests. Complex biological systems are difficult to replicate entirely in vitro.
3. Society demands high certainty in toxicity assessments to minimize risk to humans. Toxicologists must be cautious not to reduce predictive quality by replacing animal tests prematurely with alternatives that have not been fully validated.
Microbial toxins are poisonous compounds produced by microorganisms that can promote infection and disease. While many are harmful, some microbial toxins play beneficial roles like maintaining environmental balance, facilitating the food chain and nitrogen fixation. The degree of toxicity depends on factors like the dose received, duration and frequency of exposure. Toxicology examines both harmful and potentially beneficial effects to better understand risks and make informed use of substances.
The document provides an overview of toxicology including definitions, sub-disciplines, related terms, mechanisms of toxicity, dose-response relationships, time-effect relationships, classification of toxic agents, factors affecting toxicity, and general management techniques. It also discusses the mechanisms and management of specific toxicities including acetaminophen, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, opiates, and lead poisoning.
Cosmetic pharmacology refers to the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals, for the purpose of enhancement rather than treatment of a formal pathology.
Some case reports with the antidepressant Prozac indicated that patients seemed "better than well," and authors hypothesized that this effect might be observed in individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders.
Following these case reports much controversy arose over the veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of these antidepressants.
Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology state that such drug use is unethical and dangerous, and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive consumerism resulting from pharmaceutical marketing campaigns.
Proponents state that drugs used to treat many pathologies are just as dangerous, it is an individual's (rather than government's, or physician's) decision whether to use a drug for cosmetic purposes, and there are few if any legitimate ethical qualms with cosmetic pharmacology.
Regulation of toxic substances requires determining risk levels amid scientific uncertainty. Regulators use risk assessment involving hazard identification, dose-response analysis, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The precautionary principle also guides assuming risk until safety is proven, though the U.S. historically opposed this due to impact on business. The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 regulates chemicals, requiring pre-approval of new substances but grandfathering many existing ones.
1 physicochemical properties including the functional groups, (ii) solubility in water and organic solvents, (iii) dose/concentration, (iv) ionic characteristics (v) translocation and biotransformation, (vi) their mode of action, and (vii) interaction with other chemicals. Almost all these characteristics are dependent on the structure of compound.
2 Toxicity of chemicals is greatly affected by various factors pertaining to their exposures to the organisms.
3 The factors of surrounding medium affecting the toxicity of chemicals have been extensively worked out for the aquatic medium. The factors related to the medium are physico- chemical characteristics of the water affecting the toxicity of chemicals
4 the factors related to the organisms are very important in the study of toxicity of xenobiotics.
Microbial toxins are poisonous compounds produced by microorganisms that can promote infection and disease. They directly damage host tissues and disable the immune system. While some microbial toxins cause harm, many microbes and their toxins play beneficial roles in the environment, such as maintaining ecological balance, serving as the basis of the food chain, and aiding processes like nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, and digestion. The effects of toxins depend on factors like dosage, duration and frequency of exposure, and route of exposure. Toxicology studies how chemicals and agents cause toxicity at the biochemical level and applies this knowledge in clinical, forensic, environmental, and industrial settings.
toxicity and mechanism of toxicant action.pptxNJJAISWALPC
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. Toxicants are substances that cause toxicity and can be man-made or natural. The mechanisms of toxicant action involve interactions with receptors in the body that disrupt normal biological functions. Factors like dose, route of administration, and individual susceptibility influence the toxicity of substances. Toxicity can be acute from a single exposure or chronic from repeated exposure over time and can impact organs systemically or locally at the site of contact. Understanding toxicity and its mechanisms is important for assessing environmental health risks.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1 Course Learni.docxaryan532920
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain key industrial hygiene concepts such as routes of entry and hierarchy of controls.
5.1 Describe how chemical properties affect the different routes of exposure.
5.2 Describe how chemicals can enter the body through the dermal route.
6. Examine different types of industrial hazards commonly addressed by the industrial hygienist.
6.1 Identify chemical and biological hazards in occupational settings.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 6:
Gases and Vapors, pp. 113–119
Chapter 7:
Aerosols, pp. 137–144
Chapter 10:
Dermal Hazards, pp. 213–225
Chapter 15:
Biological Hazards, pp. 349–361
Click here to view a PowerPoint presentation to learn more information regarding chemical and biological
hazards.
Click here to access the PDF version of the PowerPoint presentation.
Unit Lesson
An important part of the industrial hygienist’s job is to recognize hazards in the workplace. Occupational
hazards can be divided into three basic categories: chemical, biological, and physical. We will be studying
chemical and biological hazards during this unit. Recognizing chemical hazards requires the industrial
hygienist to have at least a basic understanding of chemistry and biology, including the sub-science
of microbiology.
Chemical hazards are typically divided into two categories based on their chemical state. The two categories
are vapors/gases and aerosols. In the occupational setting, it is more common that the terms particle or
particulate are used. It is fairly easy to understand the differences between gases/vapors and aerosols. What
may be more difficult is to understand the difference between a gas and a vapor.
The difference between a gas and a vapor depends on the state of the chemical at normal (sometimes called
standard) temperature and pressure (NTP or STP). A gas is in the gaseous state at NTP, while a vapor is in
the liquid state at NTP with some vapors being produced. The concentration of the vapors being produced
depends on the vapor pressure of the chemical. Gases have vapor pressures that are high enough that they
do not exist as a liquid at NTP. The higher the vapor pressure is for a chemical, the more likely a vapor will be
produced. One important thing to remember is that vapor pressure is temperature dependent. As the
temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a chemical will also increase, increasing the volatility of the
compound. This can be very important for an industrial hygienist in recognizing chemical hazards. Thus, if the
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Recognition of Chemical and Biological Hazards
Commonly Present in Industrial Settings
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MOS/MOS6301/16G/UnitIV_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppsx
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergen ...
Respiratory Health Risk Assessment(1) (2).pdfajengps11
The document discusses respiratory health risk assessment from exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. It covers the key steps in the risk assessment process including:
1. Identifying the chemicals of exposure.
2. Assessing the carcinogenic risk of each chemical by evaluating the hazard, toxicity, and exposure.
3. Calculating the long-term average exposure concentration based on factors like the concentration of chemicals, exposure time, frequency, duration, and averaging time period.
The goal is to determine the additional cancer risk from respiratory exposure to chemicals and compare it to permissible risk limits to evaluate health risks. Exposure assessment involves determining exposure routes, patterns, durations, and biomarker monitoring to estimate internal doses.
chemical Based Hazard, M.Pharm, Sem 2, Bhumi Suratiya, my presentation contains Regulation for chemical hazard,
Management of over-Exposure to chemicals ,
TLV concept.
This document discusses the basic principles of toxicology. It covers topics like toxicity parameters, routes of exposure, dose-response relationships, and different types of toxicity. The key points are:
- Toxicity depends on factors like dose, duration, route of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Different toxic agents can cause different types of toxicity through various mechanisms.
- Common routes of exposure include ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and injection. The route influences the toxicity level.
- There is usually a dose-response relationship where effects increase with dose. Individual and population responses must be considered.
- Toxicity can be acute, subchronic, or chronic depending on exposure duration and
The most ambitious definition of health is that proposed by WHO in 1948: “health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” but,
Practical definitions of health and disease are needed in epidemiology, which concentrates on aspects of health that are easily measurable and amenable to improvement.
Definitions of health states used by epidemiologists tend to be simple, for example, “disease present” or “disease absent”
This document provides an overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and discusses their potential impacts and regulation. It notes that EDCs can interfere with hormone systems and cause adverse health effects. Sources of EDCs include agricultural and industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods and food/beverage packaging. Regulation of EDCs differs globally. The insurance industry may face increased liability exposures from bodily injury claims related to chronic low-dose EDC exposure given evidence of their environmental persistence and ability to cause long-term health impacts even at low levels. Overall the paper aims to increase awareness of EDCs as an emerging risk that requires monitoring and risk mitigation strategies across industries.
This document provides an introduction to toxicology. It defines toxicology and discusses its historical aspects and classifications. The objectives, outline, definitions, terms, principles, nature of toxic responses, routes of poisoning, potential causes of toxicity, and factors influencing toxicity are described. Analytical and diagnostic methods for toxicology are also mentioned.
This document discusses the different types of toxicology. It begins with an introduction to toxicology, defining terms like toxin, toxicant, and toxicity. It then describes the major types of toxicology as mechanistic toxicology, regulatory toxicology, and descriptive toxicology. Mechanistic toxicology examines toxicity at the molecular level. Regulatory toxicology supports rulemaking and product approval. Descriptive toxicology focuses on toxicity testing in animals to evaluate hazards. The document provides examples and explanations of each type.
This document provides an introduction to toxicology. It defines toxicology as the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on biological systems. It describes what toxicologists do, including recognizing hazards, developing standards and regulations, and safety assessment. Some key terms are explained, such as toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination. Common toxicological terminology is defined. Toxicants can be classified in various ways, including by source, physical state, target organ affected, chemical nature, analytical behavior, toxic effects, use, and toxicity potential.
This document outlines the course content for an Environmental Toxicology course. It includes an introduction to different areas of toxicology like mechanistic, descriptive, and regulatory toxicology. It also provides classifications of toxic agents and general characteristics of the toxic response. The course will cover topics such as properties of toxic substances, dose-response relationships, thresholds, and risk management. Students will be assessed through exams, quizzes, assignments, and a final exam.
1. The document discusses approaches to evaluating the toxicity of industrial chemicals in a humane manner. It examines using laboratory animals versus alternative in vitro methods.
2. Currently, there are no immediate alternatives to using animals for assessing acute toxicity of chemicals through ocular, systemic, and cutaneous toxicity tests. Complex biological systems are difficult to replicate entirely in vitro.
3. Society demands high certainty in toxicity assessments to minimize risk to humans. Toxicologists must be cautious not to reduce predictive quality by replacing animal tests prematurely with alternatives that have not been fully validated.
Microbial toxins are poisonous compounds produced by microorganisms that can promote infection and disease. While many are harmful, some microbial toxins play beneficial roles like maintaining environmental balance, facilitating the food chain and nitrogen fixation. The degree of toxicity depends on factors like the dose received, duration and frequency of exposure. Toxicology examines both harmful and potentially beneficial effects to better understand risks and make informed use of substances.
The document provides an overview of toxicology including definitions, sub-disciplines, related terms, mechanisms of toxicity, dose-response relationships, time-effect relationships, classification of toxic agents, factors affecting toxicity, and general management techniques. It also discusses the mechanisms and management of specific toxicities including acetaminophen, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, opiates, and lead poisoning.
Cosmetic pharmacology refers to the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals, for the purpose of enhancement rather than treatment of a formal pathology.
Some case reports with the antidepressant Prozac indicated that patients seemed "better than well," and authors hypothesized that this effect might be observed in individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders.
Following these case reports much controversy arose over the veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of these antidepressants.
Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology state that such drug use is unethical and dangerous, and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive consumerism resulting from pharmaceutical marketing campaigns.
Proponents state that drugs used to treat many pathologies are just as dangerous, it is an individual's (rather than government's, or physician's) decision whether to use a drug for cosmetic purposes, and there are few if any legitimate ethical qualms with cosmetic pharmacology.
Regulation of toxic substances requires determining risk levels amid scientific uncertainty. Regulators use risk assessment involving hazard identification, dose-response analysis, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The precautionary principle also guides assuming risk until safety is proven, though the U.S. historically opposed this due to impact on business. The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 regulates chemicals, requiring pre-approval of new substances but grandfathering many existing ones.
1 physicochemical properties including the functional groups, (ii) solubility in water and organic solvents, (iii) dose/concentration, (iv) ionic characteristics (v) translocation and biotransformation, (vi) their mode of action, and (vii) interaction with other chemicals. Almost all these characteristics are dependent on the structure of compound.
2 Toxicity of chemicals is greatly affected by various factors pertaining to their exposures to the organisms.
3 The factors of surrounding medium affecting the toxicity of chemicals have been extensively worked out for the aquatic medium. The factors related to the medium are physico- chemical characteristics of the water affecting the toxicity of chemicals
4 the factors related to the organisms are very important in the study of toxicity of xenobiotics.
Microbial toxins are poisonous compounds produced by microorganisms that can promote infection and disease. They directly damage host tissues and disable the immune system. While some microbial toxins cause harm, many microbes and their toxins play beneficial roles in the environment, such as maintaining ecological balance, serving as the basis of the food chain, and aiding processes like nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, and digestion. The effects of toxins depend on factors like dosage, duration and frequency of exposure, and route of exposure. Toxicology studies how chemicals and agents cause toxicity at the biochemical level and applies this knowledge in clinical, forensic, environmental, and industrial settings.
toxicity and mechanism of toxicant action.pptxNJJAISWALPC
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. Toxicants are substances that cause toxicity and can be man-made or natural. The mechanisms of toxicant action involve interactions with receptors in the body that disrupt normal biological functions. Factors like dose, route of administration, and individual susceptibility influence the toxicity of substances. Toxicity can be acute from a single exposure or chronic from repeated exposure over time and can impact organs systemically or locally at the site of contact. Understanding toxicity and its mechanisms is important for assessing environmental health risks.
Similar to Draft Guideline on Chemical Management - docx (20)
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Draft Guideline on Chemical Management - docx
1. SAMPLE GUIDELINES/SOP FOR CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT IN MOHM
CHEMICAL
GUIDELINES ON
CHEMICAL
MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................2
2.0 GOOD CHEMICAL PRACTICE AND RISK ASSESSMENT..........................................2
3.0 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY........................................................................3
4.0 LAWS AND REGULATIONS RELATED TO HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS....................5
5.0 CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS ..................................................................8
6.0 CHEMICAL STORAGE.................................................................................................14
7.0 HANDLING AND TRANSFERRING OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS ........................15
8.0 DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS................................................................15
9.0 CHEMICAL SPLASH ....................................................................................................15
10.0 CHEMICAL SPILLAGE .............................................................................................17
11.0 CHEMICAL FIRES........................................................................................................18
12.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN...............................................................................19
2. 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Chemicals are used in many professions. Poor management and handling of chemicals such
as spills, splashes, fires and explosions can lead to serious accidents which may affect the
health of worker, contractor and visitors to the site and may also lead to occupational
diseases such as allergies or respiratory problems, poisoning and cancers.
Personnel working in manufacturing chemical are at a higher risk of exposure to chemicals
due to the nature of the work carried out in these workstation.
2.0 GOOD CHEMICALPRACTICE ANDRISK ASSESSMENT
2.1Good Chemical Practice
Good Chemical Practice relates to the safe use of chemicals and defines a minimum
acceptable standard of work.
It involves identifying HAZARDS and assessing RISK.
2.2Hazard
This is the property of a chemical substance that makes it capable of causing harm, damage
or adverse health effects to an individual or a group of people or the ability to harm the
environment.
2.3 Exposure
This describes the amount of and frequency of contact when a chemical substance comes
into contact with an individual, a group of people or the environment.
2.4 Risk
The possibility of harm arising from a particular exposure to a chemical substance under
specific conditions.
Thus to understand the risk that a chemical might pose we need to understand the intrinsic
hazard of a substance and the degree of exposure that an individual, group of people or the
environment might be exposed to during a particular procedure or process.
2.5 Risk Assessment
A risk assessment is about identifying sensible measures to control the risks in the workplace
A risk assessment for a specific chemical or procedure should, therefore, consider the
following areas
a) Identify the hazards involved in a particular process or procedure
b) Determine who may be harmed and how
3. 3
c) Assessment of the particular risk involved in the process or procedure
d) Completion of a written risk assessment for each process or procedure undertaken
e) Risk assessments must be reviewed regularly (at least annually) to ensure good
practice is followed at all times.
3.0 BASIC PRINCIPLES OFTOXICOLOGY
3.1 Mode of Entry
Chemicals can enter the body via a wide variety of routes including the skin, nose, mouth,
mucous membrane and placenta.
3.1.1 Inhalation
Chemicals in the workplace have potential to be dispersed into the air in the form of droplets,
gas, and vapour or mist that when inhaled, reach the alveoli of the lungs where they then have
the capacity to enter the bloodstream and be distributed throughout the body. This can mean
signs and symptoms can occur at sites distil to exposure.
3.1.2 Skin and Mucous Membrane Absorption
Employees handling chemicals are at risk of chemical absorption via skin and/or eyes. Organic
and caustic (alkaline) chemicals penetrate the skin by softening the keratin cells, then pass
into the dermis and may then enter the blood stream
Other causes of chemical entry through the skin:
Dryness and cracking of the skin causedby frequent contact with detergents or organic
solvents.
Cuts, punctures and scrapes through which the chemical may pass into the body.
3.1.3 Eye Absorption
Chemicals in the form of liquid, vapour, gas, aerosol and mist can enter the eyes. Chemical
solvents like toluene can penetrate through the outer layer of the eye and may pass into the
blood via the blood vessels of the eye.
Depending on the corrosive nature of the chemical, the eye maybe damaged leading to
conditions like keratitis.
3.1.4 Ingestion
Chemicals can enter the body via:
The gut when food and/or drinks contaminated with chemicals are consumed
The mouth when smoking cigarettes contaminated with chemicals.
Inadvertent hand transference of contamination to mouth
4. 4
3.1.5 Transplacental
A foetus maybe exposed to chemicals through transplacental transfer via the bloodstream of
a pregnant mother
3.2 Dose-Response Relationship
The toxicity (harmful action) of a substance will manifest only when it comes in contact with a
living biological system. The toxic potency of a chemical is the relationship between the dose
(the amount) of the chemical and the response that it produces in the biological system.
3.3 Toxic Effect of Chemicals
Generally, higher doses of chemicals and longer exposure will cause more harm. Acute
poisoning is commonly caused by a single large exposure with rapid absorption of the
substance, example carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning.
Chronic poisoning is commonly caused by prolonged or repeated exposure to chemicals and
the symptoms may not be immediately apparent. For example lead or mercury poisoning and
pesticide exposure.
Local effects refers to the effect of the chemical at the site of contact which may be the skin,
mucous membranes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system and/or the eyes. Systemic
effect refers to the effect of the chemical following distribution of the chemical throughout the
body.
Cumulative effect means as the chemical is accumulated in the body as a result of numerous
chronic exposure. The effect of two or more chemicals is greater than the effect of the
individual chemical. For example, exposure to both alcohol and chlorinated solvent is greater
than effect of alcohol or solvent individually.
3.4 Factors Affecting Toxicity
The rate of entry (how fast the toxic dose is delivered) and route of exposure effect of the
amount of the substance entering the employees’ body. Age can affect the capacity to repair
tissue damage.
State of health, physical condition, and life style can affect the toxic response. Pre-existing
diseases can result in increased sensitivity to the chemicals. Environmental factors such as
temperature and pressure may also affect the chemical exposure to the individual.
3.5Toxicological Definitions
3.5.1 Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the
effect on a whole organism, such as a person, an animal, a bacterium, or a plant, as well as
the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as
the liver (hepatotoxicity).
5. 5
3.5.2 Carcinogenicity
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in
causing cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of
cellular metabolic processes.
3.5.3 Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity
Mutagenicity refers to a chemical or physical agent's capacity to cause mutations (genetic
alterations) that can be passed onto progeny in germ cells. Agents that damage DNA causing
lesions that result in cell death or mutations are genotoxins. Note that all mutogens are
genotoxins but not all gentotoxins are mutogens.
3.5.4 Teratogenicity
The capability of a chemical to cause malformations or defects to an embryo or foetus.
4.0 LAWS AND REGULATIONS RELATEDTOHAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
4.1 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
The Act states that it is the duty of every employer and self-employed person to ensure as far
as practicable, to provide a safe and healthy work environment for all workers.
The list of Regulations pertaining to chemicals under this Act are
1. OccupationalSafety and Health (Classification,Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous
Chemicals) Regulations 1997.
2. Occupational Safety and Health (Prohibition of Use of Substance) Order 1999.
3. Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000.
4. Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence,
Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004.
4.2 Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and
Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997
4.2.1 Duty of Supplier
It is the duty of supplier to:
Classify hazardous chemicals based on physicochemical properties (explosive etc),
health effects (very toxic, corrosive etc).
Pack hazardous chemical according to the requirement of Classification, Packaging
and Labelling of Hazardous Chemical Regulations 1997.
Label the chemicalcontainer according to the requirement of Classification, Packaging
and Labelling of Hazardous Chemical Regulations 1997.
The label should both be in Bahasa Malaysia and English.
The label should contain:
6. 6
The name of hazardous material.
The name, address and telephone number of the supplier.
Danger symbol (schedule 2).
Nature of special risk (schedule 3) - eg: R45 may cause cancer.
Safety measures (schedule 4) - S25 avoid contact with eyes.
Supply Safety Data Sheet (SDS):
Chemical product, ingredients, first aid, toxicological info, handling, storage.
The SDS shall contain the following information:
i. The chemical product itself including the trade or common name of the chemical
and company identification with the detail of the supplier.
ii. Composition of ingredients that clearly identifies the hazardous chemical for the
purpose of conducting a hazard evaluation.
iii. The hazard identification.
iv. The first aid measures.
v. The firefighting measures.
vi. The accidental release measures.
vii. The handling and storage.
viii. The exposure control and personal protection (including the possible methods of
monitoring workplace exposure).
ix. The physical and chemical properties.
x. The stability and reactivity.
xi. The toxicology information (including the potential routes of entry into the body and
the possibility of synergism with other chemicals or hazards encountered at work).
xii. The ecological information.
xiii. The disposal information.
xiv. The transport information.
xv. The date of preparation of the SDS.
4.2.2 Procurement of Chemicals
The procurement officer must ensure that the chemicals are properly labelled and the SDS is
supplied along with the chemicals. Chemicals that are supplied without a SDS or label
should not be accepted.
4.3 Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of
Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000.
4.3.1 Chemical Register
An employer is required to identify and register all chemicals hazardous to health used at the
workplace in a register known as the Chemical Register.
The Chemical Register:
Must be accessible to all employees who are exposed or likely to be exposed to
chemical hazardous to health at the workplace.
Useful to the safety and health officers, chemical health risk assessors, firemen and
rescuers and doctors who manage patients with chemical poisoning.
7. 7
Must be properly maintained and updated from time to time.
The content of the Chemical Register:
List of all the chemicals used in the workplace.
Current Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for all chemical hazardous to health.
The average monthly or yearly amount of chemicals hazardous to health handled,
stored, transported, disposed or treated at the work area.
The name, address and contact number of the supplier (local or foreign) of each of the
hazardous chemical.
The chemical register must be updated when a new chemical is added to the work
place.
4.3.2 Workplace Exposure Monitoring
Workplace exposure monitoring is divided into environmental and personal monitoring.
Environmental Monitoring is a validated method used to monitor a wide variety of
airborne chemical substances in the workplace environment.
Personal monitoring is a technique that is used to measure the level of exposure
experienced by the individual worker through sampling of the air from the worker's
breathing zone.
4.4 Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease)
Regulations 2004
Any accidents, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease that
has occurred in the workplace should be notified by the employer to the Department of
Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH).
The importance of incidence notification by the medical practitioners to DOSH on suspected
or diagnosed occupational diseases and occupational poisoning is to:
Determine the underlying cause so that remedial actions can be taken in order to
prevent similar incidences.
Monitor trend of occupational accidents, poisoning and diseases as a basis for
planning and new policy/program establishment; and law enforcement.
The reporting is done using the DOSH gazetted JKKP 6 and JKKP 7 forms.
4.5 Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005
Any waste that falls within the categories of waste listed in the First Schedule can only be
disposed in predetermined premises only.
8. 8
5.0 CONTROLOF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
5.1 Elimination
Elimination is the process of removing the chemical hazard from the workplace. It is the most
effective way to control a risk because the hazard is no longer present and should be used
whenever possible.
E.g. Replacing X-rays machines that use chemicals to develop the X-ray film with X-ray
machines that produce digital images.
5.2 Substitution
Substitution occurs when a new chemical or substance is used instead of the original
chemical. The aim is to choose a new chemical that is less hazardous than the original.
E.g. Replacing Cidex with Hemoclean (Peracetic Acid).
5.3 Enclosure & Isolation
These methods aim to keep the chemical isolated from the worker. An enclosure keeps a
selected hazard "physically" away from the employee.
An enclosed equipment is sealed away and is typically opened only for cleaning or
maintenance. Isolation places of hazardous process geographically away from the majority of
workers and hence minimizing the exposure of the chemical to employees.
5.4 Administrative Control
5.4.1 Commitment and Responsibility
a) Management Responsibility
Establish a Chemical Management Program in the organization.
Assign an individual to be in charge of the chemical management.
Notify occupational accidents, diseases and poisonings related to chemicals to the
Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and the State Health
Department.
Take the necessary corrective action.
Monitor and evaluate the program.
Management must ensure:
Employees:
o Understand and follow the safe operating procedures.
o Wear/use the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
o Have undergone the necessary training required to ensure the safe use of
chemicals.
Adequate supply and maintenance of PPE.
All equipment and machines are in good working order and properly maintained.
A chemical registry is established for all chemicals.
9. 9
b) Employee’s Responsibility
Employees who are exposed to chemicals must ensure that:
All work processes are planned and conducted according to the standard operating
procedures.
Appropriate PPE are worn when handling hazardous chemicals in the work area.
Daily compliance with proper safe practices.
Unsafe act or practices are reported to the supervisor/Head of Department.
c) Care for High Risk Workers
These are employees who are more susceptible to develop symptoms and/or illnesses due to
exposure to chemicals, e.g. pregnant women should not be exposed to lead.
The Occupational Health Physicians are responsible for providing recommendations that will
protect these high risk workers including employees with hypersensitivity to chemicals, chronic
diseases and those with certain disabilities.
This may include selection of a job that minimizes adverse chemical effects, provision of
special equipment or protective devices or medical removal.
5.4.4 Safe Operating Procedures (SOP)
Safe operating procedures are a set of written procedures explaining how to work safely with
hazardous chemicals.
When writing a SOP for a work procedure, the steps for safety precautions/preventive methods
should be included, e.g. appropriate PPE required for the work procedure.
There should be a SOP for a particular work procedure /process which should be adopted by
all hospitals.
The SOP should be easily accessible to all workers involved in the work process.
5.4.6 Training
a) Law and Training
According to the Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemical
Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000, it is the duty of the employer to ensure that
employees who may be exposed or likely to be exposed to chemicals hazardous to health is
provided with relevant information, instructions and training to create awareness and enable
the workers to take the necessary precautions.
The employer must review and conduct the training program every 2 years; when there is a
change in the hazard information on the chemicals hazardous to health, standard operating
procedure or control measures and each time employees are assigned to anew task or new
work area.
Information and training also discussion may be done either by:
Individual chemical or (if only few chemicals in the workplace)
10. 10
Categories of hazards (if large number of chemicals or frequently change of chemicals used
in the workplace)
b) Content of the Training
• Relevant laws and regulations
• Health effects of the chemical
• Personal protective equipment
• Interpreting labels and SDS
• Chemical registry
• Storage of hazardous chemicals
• Safe handling and disposal procedures
• Monitoring of chemical exposure
• Spillage & clean up procedures
• First aid measures
• Proper/safe use of equipment (e.g fume hood)
• Notification of occupational accident, diseases and poisoning related to chemicals
• Medical surveillance and medical removal
5.4.7 Hazard Communication
Employees have the right and the need to know the chemicals they are exposed to when
working, its potential adverse effects; and protective measures available to prevent these
potential adverse effects from occurring. Knowledge acquired under the hazard
communication will help employers to provide safer workplace. Employees also can reduce
the exposure to potential hazardous chemicals, substitute with safer chemicals and establish
proper work practices.
5.4.8 Medical Surveillance Program
Appropriate Medical Surveillance program is necessary for workers exposed to 35 chemicals
(Refer Appendix VII) mentioned in the Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of
Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000. Medical Surveillance can only
be conducted by registered occupational health doctors.
Medical Surveillance involves complete history taking (medical and occupational history),
clinical examination, workplace and biological monitoring. The purpose of Medical
Surveillance is to identify changes in health status of workers due to occupational exposure to
chemicals and for early diagnosis, treatment and intervention.
Examples of chemicals used in Ministry of Health facilities which require Medical Surveillance
are:
Mercury
Phenol
Xylene
Organophosphates
5.4.9 Medical Removal
According to the Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemical
Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000, a worker needs to be removed from a workplace if
the Medical Surveillance shows evidence of significant exposure to chemicals.
11. 11
More stringent rules are applicable to female workers of reproductive age, pregnant/lactating
mothers and workers with certain health conditions.
5.5 Engineering Control – Ventilation
Ventilation is a method of control that strategically "adds" and "removes" air in the work
environment. Ventilation can remove or dilute an air contaminant if designed properly.
5.5.1 Types of Ventilation
General Ventilation –
This is a system of ventilation consisting of either natural or mechanically induced fresh
air movements to mix with and dilute contaminants in the workroom air.
This is not the recommended type of ventilation to control contaminants that are highly
toxic, when there may be corrosion problems from the contaminant, when the worker
is close to where the contaminant is being generated, and where fire or explosion
hazards are generated close to sources of ignition.
Local Exhaust Ventilation –
A ventilation system that captures and removes the contaminants at the point where
they are being produced before they escape into the workroom air. The system
consists of hoods, ducts, a fan and possibly an air- cleaning device.
Advantages of local exhaust ventilation over general ventilation include: it removes the
contaminant rather than diluting it; it requires less air flow and thus is more economical
over the long term; and the system can be used to conserve or reclaim valuable
materials. However, the system must be properly designed with the correctly shaped
and placed hoods, and correctly sized fans and ductwork.
5.5.2 Maintenance of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)
Local Exhaust Ventilation should undergo regular inspection and maintenance. LEV is
checked for leaks in the extraction system and blockages in the filters. Blocked filters will affect
the efficiency of the extraction system. LEV must be thoroughly examined and tested at
intervals according to the manufacturer's instructions.
5.5.3 Fume Hoods
Fume hoods are designed to remove chemical fumes and aerosols away from the work area.
a) Principle
The Fume Hood uses local exhaust ventilation to prevent hazardous, offensive, orflammable
gases and vapours from mixing with the general room air. The air is drawn from the
front/face of the cabinet using a fan; which then either expels the air outside the building or
made safe through filtration, and recirculated back into the room.
The ventilation requirements for a specific chemical can be obtained from the SDS,
appropriate SOP or chemical label.
12. 12
Example of Fume hood
b) Guide to Fume Hood Usage
• Ideally, the hood should be evaluated before the beginning of a work process to
ensure adequate face velocities (typically 60-100 fpm) and the absence of
excessive turbulence.
• During fume hood usage, keeping the face opening small (keeping the sash low)
improves the hoods overall performance.
• Place the chemicals and apparatus 5-10 cm behind the front edge of the hood.
This can reduce the vapor concentration at the user's face by 90%.
• Do not use the hood to store chemicals.
• Performance of the hood and airflow pattern can be affected by several factors
such as placement of equipment in the hood, room drafts from open doors or
windows and persons walking by.
• Do not allow solid objects or materials (such as paper/tissue) to enter the exhaust
system as it can get lodged in the ducts or fans and affect operations.
• Be prepared for emergencies such as ventilation failure (power failure) or
fire/explosion in the hood.
• A fume hood must be used when handling toxic chemicals.
5.4 Signage’s
Each work area has to have signage's that provide the appropriate hazard warnings and
safety information to visitors and housekeeping personnel.
Examples of signage’s
5.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment are equipment used or worn to protect individual workers from
safety and health hazards at the workplace. Examples of PPE for chemical exposure are
respirators, gloves, eye protection, apron, body suit and safety foot wear. According to the
law, PPE must be made available to employees by the employer at no cost to them
(employees). It is the responsibility of the employees to use the PPE.
13. 13
PPE are needed when adequate control cannot be instituted using engineering and
administrative controls alone. Also required when temporary control is needed to safeguard
health until adequate control by other methods is instituted (e.g. when urgent control is needed
during a chemical spillage.
The PPE chosen must be from a list approved by the Department of Occupational Safety and
Health (DOSH) which are categorized as below:
Respiratory protection using certain apparatus such as air- purifying respirators.
Eye protection using face shields, goggles and safety glasses which is of international
standards.
Skin protection using apron and gloves which is of international standards.
The employer must ensure that the PPE chosen is:
Appropriately chosen for the individual and task.
Used appropriately.
Well maintained, clean and can function well.
Employees should undergo training on the proper use, storage and maintenance of the PPE.
5.5.1 Types of Personal Protective Equipment Used In Chemical Handling
a) PPE for Skin Protection – Gloves
Workers shouldfamiliarizethemselves with the permeation rate and breakthrough time
for the chemical resistant gloves provided by the manufacturer's test data.
Disposable nitrile gloves provide adequate protection against small quantities of
accidental hand contact with most chemicals.
In cases of chemical spillage on their gloves, lab workers should immediately remove
them, wash their hands and use new gloves.
Used gloves shall not be used outside the lab.
b) PPE for Eye Protection
The use of safety glasses with side shield provides eye protection but does not provide face
protection during a chemical splash. It is recommended to use the face shield for face and
neck protection against the hazard of chemical splashes.
c) PPE for Body Protection
Lab coats must be worn when handling hazardous chemicals to avoid skin and body contact
which may result from splashes and accidental spills. Disposable work suits for body
protection may also be used. These suits are used against toxic chemicals. Lab coats which
have been exposed to chemicals shall not be used outside the lab.
d) PPE for Foot Protection
During chemical handling, workers should wear boots or closed shoes that are made of rubber,
PVC or neoprene (depending on the chemical).
14. 14
6.0 CHEMICALSTORAGE
Chemicals should be stored according to compatibility and not in alphabetical order. The
space between chemical classes will depend on the storage area available. All the chemicals
used in a one room should be arranged into classes.
The segregation of chemicals used in a single work process into separate rooms should be
avoided as frequent transport of chemicals between rooms/labs increases the probability of a
chemical spill.
Strong corrosive reagents should be kept in spill trays. Liquid chemicals should never be
stored above eye level as chemical spillage may occur during handling.
Store flammable solvents away from strong oxidising agents such as chromic acid and
hydrogen peroxide.
All storage cabinets located in hallways (outside the lab) must contain the name of the owner
and the list of chemicals in the cabinets. This information is critical during emergencies such
as fires, chemical spillage or poisoning that take place after office hours where emergency
personnel have to respond.
6.1 Storage of Flammable Liquids
All flammable and combustible liquids must be stored in a flammable-liquid storage cabinet.
Flammable-liquids storage cabinets are not intended for the storage of:
Materials that are highly toxic
Acids or bases
Compressed gases
Pyrolytic chemical
Flammable liquid storage cabinet
6.2 Chemical Stability
The stability of a chemical will depend on its susceptibility to dangerous decomposition.
Chemicals such as ethers and olefins can form peroxides when exposed to air and light which
occurs during packaging; which allows the chemical to undergo dangerous decomposition
even when the containers are not opened.
15. 15
7.0 HANDLING AND TRANSFERRING OFHAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
The greatest potential for exposure to hazardous chemicals is during transferring of chemicals.
Chemical spillage occurring outside the store rooms and labs can lead to the release of
hazardous concentrations of vapour and gases into the atmosphere affecting the building
occupants.
7.1 Guidelines on Transferring Chemicals
• Flammable liquids in glass containers should not be more than 20 Litres when
transported on the freight elevator unless the original shipping carton (box) is used and
the substance is on an appropriate cart.
• Chemicals that are incompatible, for example chromic acid (oxidizing acid) and ethyl
acetate (flammable liquid), should not be transferred on the same cart.
• The chemical substances must be clearly labelled with the correct chemical name. The
labels maybe hand-written provided it contains the chemical name and not the
chemical formula or structural formula.
• The transfer carts used must have sides for each shelf which are high enough to retain
the chemical containers. The wheels of the cart must be large enough to prevent it
from being caught in floor cracks, door and elevator thresholds.
• During the transfer of chemicals, personnel must wear the appropriate PPE
(disposable gloves and safety glasses).
• Hazardous chemicals should be transferred in freight elevators. Passenger elevators
should not be used to transfer hazardous materials if freight elevators are available.
• The SDS provides information required for the transportation of chemicals.
8.0 DISPOSALOF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
All hazardous chemical must be disposed of in accordance with the Environmental Quality
(Scheduled Waste) Regulation 2005 and by the authorized waste management companies.
8.1 Guide on Waste Collection
Unless you have written approval from Department of Environment, disposal of chemicals by
way of the sanitary sewer system is prohibited. All lab personnel must be familiar with the
location and composition of all waste produced in the lab.
Waste container must remain closed except when adding more waste into them. Open
containers can lead to release of toxic chemical into the atmosphere in the form of vapour,
aerosol or gases. It also increases the chances of spillage. Waste chemicals must not be
placed or left for removal in hallways
Only specific non-hazardous chemicals can be disposed through the sink. Biological
specimens should be separated from the chemical before being disposed off separately.
Formalin should be disposed as scheduled waste whereas biological specimens as clinical
waste.
9.0 CHEMICALSPLASH
9.1 Chemical Splash into the Eye (s)
Toxic chemical splash into the eye (s) can cause serious injury that may lead to blindness.
16. 16
Treatment:
Forcibly keep eye lids open
Wash eyes gently using clean cold water or normal saline from an Eyewash
Station/water source
Keep washing steadily for at least 20 minutes
Rinse/wash hands/body thoroughly using a Shower to remove chemical
Remove contact lens if you are wearing one
Do not rub eyes
Do not use eye drops until seen by a doctor
Seek medical help immediately
Rememberthe name of the chemical and take its SDSalong with the worker
9.2 Chemical Splash on Skin
i. Remain calm
ii. Quickly remove all contaminated clothing
iii. Immediately washaway contaminant using the safety showeror other available source
of water
iv. Allow water to run over the affected body area for at least 15 minutes. Do not use
neutralizing chemicals, creams or lotions.
v. Do not move an injured person unless they are in further danger.
vi. Remember the name of the chemical and take its SDS along with the worker to the
treating doctor.
Shower and Eye Wash
17. 17
10.0 CHEMICALSPILLAGE
10.1 Definition of Chemical Spillage
Chemical spillage is defined as the uncontrolled release of hazardous chemicals which maybe
solid, liquid or gas. Worksite measures to reduce the potential for spills and plans for
responding to chemical spillage is necessary, regardless of the type or quantity of hazardous
chemical. Preparations for chemical spillage include safety equipment for spills and
emergency procedures.
Steps in Handling a Chemical Spillage
18. 18
Immediate Action After Spillage of Hazardous Chemicals While Waiting for Trained
Personnel
I. Alert the worker around the area immediately
II. Workers should be highly cautions if the spillage involves corrosives, highly toxic or
reactive chemicals
III. Call for assistance as it could threaten the health of the health care workers, patients
and others in the vicinity
IV. Put up a warning sign to indicate the area where the spillage has occurred. This is to
limit access to the area.
V. Cleaning of chemical spillage must be undertaken by trained personnel.
10.2 Handling of Chemical Spillage
All chemicals should be deemed as dangerous during handling
I. Read the chemical label carefully before proceeding
II. Do not inhale or taste chemical
III. Use PPE such as goggles, gloves, lab coat, apron when handling chemical
IV. Skin that comes in contact with chemical should be immediately with soap and water.
Chemical spillage should be cleaned up according to the SDS. Example, during the spillageof
concentrated acids, pour sufficient amounts of sodium bicarbonate on top of the spillage and
leave the room till the carbon dioxide released from the reaction has dispersed. The spillage
can then be cleaned and put into a strong chemical resistant container.
10.3 Chemical Spillage Kit
Work area should be equipped to handle small amounts of low hazard chemical spills. The
Chemical Spillage Kit is required for handling chemical spills. These kits may sometimes vary
according to the chemical.
Chemical Spillage Kit should consists of absorbents, PPE, clean-up material.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes:
Goggles and Face Shield
Heavy Neoprene Gloves
Disposable Lab Coat and Corrosive Apron
Plastic Vinyl Booties
Respirators (All lab personnel must be properly fit tested before using a respirator)
11.0 CHEMICALFIRES
Flammable chemicals can cause accidental fires which is a major hazard. Special
precautions should be taken during chemical handling such as adhering to the safe
operating procedure to prevent such incident.
Keep flammable chemicals away from heat or direct sunlight.
19. 19
There should be adequate portable fire extinguishers which are easily identified, located and
readily accessible to employees. The fire extinguishers must be properly maintained and kept
in their designated places at all times except during use. Fire extinguishers should be checked
for its validity by looking at the expiry date. Fire extinguishers which have expired should be
replaced with a new one.
12.0 EMERGENCYRESPONSE PLAN
In an emergency, follow the Emergency Response Plan which outlines the steps needed to
handle any emergencies and provide appropriate guidance on what to do during emergency
situations.
Example of an emergency is explosion and fire due to explosive chemicals. Emergency exits
must be clear at all times. These exits should not be blocked, locked or hidden. The
Emergency Response Team should be updated regularly (e.g every six month) and properly
trained to handle emergency situations. Evacuation exercises should be conducted regularly,
if possible once a year.