JavaScript is a widely used programming language primarily for client-side scripting, enhanced by Node.js, which enables server-side applications with scalability and efficiency. Node.js operates on a non-blocking I/O model, making it suitable for building quick, scalable network applications, while also allowing developers to handle both front-end and back-end tasks in JavaScript. Despite its benefits, challenges such as inconsistencies in the API and limited relational database support remain, requiring specialized knowledge for effective use.