An analysis of trade treaty networks (bilateral investment treaties and multilateral agreements) using Social Network Analysis to establish a correlation between signing of treaties and FDI inflows into developing countries. This analysis used UCINet 6 and Tableau 10 to visualize the data.
Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report: 2013 Edition – New Report ...Koncept Analytics
The report on global remittance market contains a comprehensive analysis of the global remittance industry along with the study of the regional markets including India, China, Mexico and Philippines. For more mail vikas@konceptanalytics.com
Nigeria has high levels of corruption that have negatively impacted its economy and development. Efforts to reduce corruption include establishing anti-corruption agencies and passing laws to criminalize corrupt practices. However, corruption remains a major challenge due to factors like a slow justice system, proceeds of corruption being hidden abroad, and lack of international cooperation. If corruption was reduced, Nigeria could realize greater economic growth and prosperity.
1) The document discusses how tax havens like London, New York, and Hong Kong enable $21-32 trillion in wealth to be hidden from governments, depriving developing nations of tax revenue that could help end poverty and hunger.
2) It specifically calls out the City of London Corporation for creating regulations that undermine other jurisdictions and enable secrecy and offshore tax evasion.
3) Indians have more than $500 billion illegally stashed in foreign tax havens, more than any other country, which could help India achieve its development goals in areas like nutrition, education, and healthcare.
The document provides an overview of transfer pricing in Africa. It notes that as Africa's economy and multinational corporate investment continues to grow, transfer pricing is receiving increased focus in the region. While many African nations have adopted transfer pricing regulations based on the arm's length standard, concerns around adequate taxation of natural resources continues to influence legislation. International organizations like the OECD, UN, and ATAF support consistent transfer pricing standards to increase investment while protecting tax bases.
Remittances refer to money sent by foreign workers to individuals in their home country. In 2013, global remittances totaled over $500 billion USD. India is the largest recipient of remittances, receiving an estimated $70.4 billion USD in 2014. Remittances make up a significant portion of many developing countries' GDPs, with some countries relying on remittances for over 30% of their GDP. Russia's economic crisis poses a threat as countries that rely heavily on remittances from Russian workers could lose over $10 billion collectively in 2015.
Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report: 2013 Edition – New Report ...Koncept Analytics
The report on global remittance market contains a comprehensive analysis of the global remittance industry along with the study of the regional markets including India, China, Mexico and Philippines. For more mail vikas@konceptanalytics.com
Nigeria has high levels of corruption that have negatively impacted its economy and development. Efforts to reduce corruption include establishing anti-corruption agencies and passing laws to criminalize corrupt practices. However, corruption remains a major challenge due to factors like a slow justice system, proceeds of corruption being hidden abroad, and lack of international cooperation. If corruption was reduced, Nigeria could realize greater economic growth and prosperity.
1) The document discusses how tax havens like London, New York, and Hong Kong enable $21-32 trillion in wealth to be hidden from governments, depriving developing nations of tax revenue that could help end poverty and hunger.
2) It specifically calls out the City of London Corporation for creating regulations that undermine other jurisdictions and enable secrecy and offshore tax evasion.
3) Indians have more than $500 billion illegally stashed in foreign tax havens, more than any other country, which could help India achieve its development goals in areas like nutrition, education, and healthcare.
The document provides an overview of transfer pricing in Africa. It notes that as Africa's economy and multinational corporate investment continues to grow, transfer pricing is receiving increased focus in the region. While many African nations have adopted transfer pricing regulations based on the arm's length standard, concerns around adequate taxation of natural resources continues to influence legislation. International organizations like the OECD, UN, and ATAF support consistent transfer pricing standards to increase investment while protecting tax bases.
Remittances refer to money sent by foreign workers to individuals in their home country. In 2013, global remittances totaled over $500 billion USD. India is the largest recipient of remittances, receiving an estimated $70.4 billion USD in 2014. Remittances make up a significant portion of many developing countries' GDPs, with some countries relying on remittances for over 30% of their GDP. Russia's economic crisis poses a threat as countries that rely heavily on remittances from Russian workers could lose over $10 billion collectively in 2015.
Presentation foreign remittance and economic developmentHemesiri Kotagama
This document discusses foreign remittance and its role in economic development. It notes that remittances to Sri Lanka exceed foreign direct investment by 2-3 times and account for 7% of GDP. While remittances have helped reduce poverty and supported consumption, their development impact remains ambiguous as most funds are spent on consumption rather than investment. The document advocates policies to encourage productive migration, formalize remittance channels, and mobilize remittances towards investments in small businesses and infrastructure through instruments like Sri Lanka's Nation Building Bonds. With effective policies, remittances could significantly contribute to Sri Lanka's development across different dimensions.
Грузия позиционирует себя как страна, максимально комфортная для ведения игорного бизнеса. Глава Georgian National Investment Agency Гиорги Пертая назвал основные факторы ее инвестиционной привлекательности. Государство с низким уровнем коррупции может предложить гибкую и прозрачную налоговую систему, солидную емкость рынка и благоприятный климат для предпринимателей.
The document presents a business case for a company to enter the global remittance market. It analyzes the size and growth of the global and regional remittance markets, with a focus on the UAE market. The largest remittance corridors from the UAE are to India, the Philippines, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan due to the large populations of immigrants in the UAE from these countries who send money home. Entering the remittance market could be profitable given the large and growing market sizes.
An Introduction To Doing Business in VietnamQuynh LE
The document provides an overview of establishing and conducting business in Vietnam. It discusses the main options for foreign investment including 100% foreign-owned enterprises and joint ventures. When establishing a company, the first step is to acquire an Investment Certificate which takes 15-37 working days depending on the industry and approval required. Key positions in companies include the Member's Council, General Director, and Board of Supervision. Major taxes in Vietnam include business license tax, corporate income tax, value-added tax, special consumption tax, and foreign contractor tax. Compliance requirements include tax registration, accounting practices, and audit requirements.
Walk the talk on illicit financial flows the g20's responsibility in combatin...Dr Lendy Spires
1) Illicit financial flows, including tax evasion and avoidance, have cost African countries over $854 billion between 1970-2008, more than the continent's external debt. Multinational corporations use sophisticated transfer pricing and tax havens to avoid paying taxes.
2) South Africa loses over $1.4 billion annually due to trade mispricing with the EU and US. Companies like Mopani Copper Mines and SABMiller use mechanisms like transfer pricing and payments to subsidiaries in tax havens to reduce their tax bills in Africa.
3) The 2011 G20 summit in France is a key opportunity for countries to address these issues through measures like automatic tax information exchange and country-by-country financial
Financing a Post-2015 Development FrameworkSDGsPlus
The document discusses parameters to consider in developing a post-2015 financing framework to support a new set of development goals. It argues that a two-pronged approach is needed that increases the impact of available resources through good policies and credible institutions, while also leveraging additional resources from domestic and foreign sources both public and private. Key recommendations include generating more domestic revenues, ensuring efficient public spending, promoting financial inclusion, maximizing the impact of official development assistance, and leveraging the private sector.
Lawyer in Vietnam Dr. Oliver Massmann ASEAN's New Direction - Opportunities f...Dr. Oliver Massmann
This document is a presentation about opportunities for German companies in ASEAN given the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). It begins with an introduction to the AEC, including its goals of creating a single market and production base to attract foreign investment and increase intra-ASEAN trade. Country backgrounds are then provided for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Myanmar, highlighting economic growth opportunities and challenges in each. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the benefits for investors of doing business in the ASEAN region.
Asia is rapidly growing into the world’s largest stock market. In 2018, 51% of all equity capital raised through initial public offerings (IPOs) went to Asian companies. Today more than half of the world’s listed companies are from Asia. This development is reshaping global stock market in several ways: Households outside of Asia have increased their investments in Asian companies through pension funds, mutual funds and other intermediaries; it is increasingly common that listed companies are majority owned by the public sector or by other private companies; and smaller growth companies from Asia are using capital markets to raise money more extensively than smaller companies from the rest of the world.
This report provides a comprehensive and comparable analysis of world developments and the growing role of Asian capital markets since the mid-1990s. It focuses on primary equity markets, growth company listings, investment banking activities and ownership structure of publicly listed companies. It also contains a special chapter on how companies use foreign public equity markets to raise capital and to cross-list their shares.
How does The World Bank contribute to Public Procurement?TendersInfo .com
We know that governments across the world spend about a quarter of the GDP on public procurement and it is evident that it plays a crucial role in maintaining equitable distribution and sustainable development across countries.
Illicit financial flows and their impact in developing nationsDr Lendy Spires
Developing countries lost nearly $5.9 trillion over the past decade to illicit financial flows, draining funds for development. Illicit flows include illegally earned money being hidden or transferred abroad, as well as legally earned money being moved through aggressive tax avoidance schemes. Common tactics include mispricing assets in international trade to shift profits to tax havens, round-tripping investments to exploit tax breaks, and hiding ownership through shell companies. These illicit flows significantly reduce developing countries' tax revenues and foreign investment, inhibiting growth, infrastructure investment, and provision of public services. International organizations are working to curb illicit flows through automatic exchange of tax information, public disclosure of beneficial ownership, country-by-country reporting, and enforcing arms
Foreign direct investment to bangladeshZahidul Islam
This document discusses Bangladesh's growing economy and investment opportunities. It notes that Bangladesh has been recognized by Goldman Sachs and the IMF as an emerging economy with strong growth potential. The government is working to promote private investment by offering competitive tax incentives and an improved investment climate. Statistics are provided on GDP, exports, imports, foreign reserves and other economic indicators that demonstrate Bangladesh's economic growth and resilience.
Gulf Cooperation Council - B2C e-Commerce Overview 2011Melih ÖZCANLI
Prepared by IMRG International
Commissioned by Visa Middle East
London - October 2011
The study focuses in particular to the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.
This document summarizes speeches given at the IIT Financial Services Innovation Awards ceremony in Chandigarh, India. Anyango Selim, UN Undersecretary General for Financial Inclusion, gave the opening speech looking back at the evolution of global financial services from 2007 to the present. She described how globalization stalled from 2007-2010 as barriers rose. From 2011-2015, three trends emerged among countries: "leapfrogging" innovation in countries like India and China, "business as usual" in Western countries, and "back to the past" stagnation in many developing regions. India and China succeeded in fostering competitive financial sectors and became "innovation islands," while other regions fell behind.
Unlocking the economic potential of Mongolia's resources sectors.
- Mongolia's GDP is predicted to double in 5 years due to new mining projects and infrastructure investments totaling $39-52 billion.
- Funding will come from foreign investment, domestic banking sector growth, stock and debt markets, sovereign borrowing, and other sources. Realizing this potential requires political stability, strong legal systems, and prudent fiscal policies.
UN Model Tax Convention Vs OECD Model Tax Convention Significance of Distinctiontaxguru4
As the world moves increasingly towards economic integration and globalization there is a lot of cross border trade, investment and business which will only increase as more and more developing and least developed countries open up their borders for more business with the international community....
IV Examen de las Políticas Comerciales de Costa Ricacomexcr
Costa Rica relies heavily on international trade, which accounted for 79.5% of GDP in 2012. While Costa Rica has experienced average growth of 3.2% from 2007-2012, it faces challenges such as poor infrastructure, high costs of starting a business, and inefficient state-owned enterprises. However, Costa Rica is addressing these issues by deepening trade liberalization, improving infrastructure, diversifying foreign direct investment, and adhering to OECD guidelines to promote long-term structural reform. If Costa Rica continues political stability and bipartisan support for tough economic reforms, it is well-positioned to further enhance competitiveness and take advantage of global value chains.
Doing Business in Africa: M&A - background and trends. M&A in the Africa market is increasingly active with a number of stakeholders trying to enter the continent and develop business or acquire market shares. This session will provide an overview of the market with facts, figures, trends and challenges to conduct transactions. In addition, the session will provide some key hints and tips in order to complete transactions in the African environment and present some of the main players.
The document discusses bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and their relationship to foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between countries. It provides an overview of BITs and their main roles in protecting foreign investors and investments. The document then reviews previous research that has found both positive and negative impacts of BITs on FDI. It also includes regional analyses of the relationships between the number of BITs and other international agreements, and FDI flows within the Southern African Development Community and East African Community regions. The conclusion discusses ways Tanzania could potentially update its BIT provisions and policies to better attract foreign investment.
This document provides a confidential summary of information about the Metatron Global Fund LLC. It discusses the fund's structure, board, advisors, investment opportunities in India, Nepal and other Asian countries. The fund aims to generate high returns by investing in distressed assets purchased from banks at discounted prices. Real estate, infrastructure and other projects in cities like Bangalore, Jaipur and Mumbai are mentioned as potential investment opportunities. The document also outlines the fund's target size, management fees, distribution of investor returns and compliance with anti-money laundering regulations.
The document discusses investment, which is defined as committing money or capital to purchase financial instruments or other assets in order to earn a profitable return through interest, income, or asset appreciation. It then provides details on foreign direct investment (FDI) trends in Bangladesh over time, key sectors receiving FDI, major source countries, incentives offered to foreign investors, opportunities and challenges to FDI in Bangladesh.
2.2. Balance Of Payment Capital Account To Finance Ca DeficitHai Vu
International Finance related issues.
The Capital Account of the balance of payments measures all international economic transactions of financial assets. It is divided into two components:
+ The Capital Account
+ The Financial Account.
Capital Accounts consist of:
- Direct Investment – in which the investor exerts some explicit degree of control over the assets.
- Portfolio Investment – in which the investor has no control over the assets nor any participation in the management.
- Other Investment – consists of various short-term and long-term trade credits, cross-border loans, currency deposits, bank deposits and other capital flows related to cross-border trade.
DSR - Debt Service Ratio:
The Debt Service Ratio - DSR is the percentage of a borrower's income that will be used to pay off a loan. It is one of the factors a lender will use to assess your application. Most lenders set the maximum DSR from 30% to 30%, which means that the loan repayments should not take up more than that part of your salary. This ensures that you will be able to pay off your loan comfortably, with little to no risk of defaulting or going bankrupt. The DSR may be calculated based on your monthly, weekly or fortnightly earnings.
Presentation foreign remittance and economic developmentHemesiri Kotagama
This document discusses foreign remittance and its role in economic development. It notes that remittances to Sri Lanka exceed foreign direct investment by 2-3 times and account for 7% of GDP. While remittances have helped reduce poverty and supported consumption, their development impact remains ambiguous as most funds are spent on consumption rather than investment. The document advocates policies to encourage productive migration, formalize remittance channels, and mobilize remittances towards investments in small businesses and infrastructure through instruments like Sri Lanka's Nation Building Bonds. With effective policies, remittances could significantly contribute to Sri Lanka's development across different dimensions.
Грузия позиционирует себя как страна, максимально комфортная для ведения игорного бизнеса. Глава Georgian National Investment Agency Гиорги Пертая назвал основные факторы ее инвестиционной привлекательности. Государство с низким уровнем коррупции может предложить гибкую и прозрачную налоговую систему, солидную емкость рынка и благоприятный климат для предпринимателей.
The document presents a business case for a company to enter the global remittance market. It analyzes the size and growth of the global and regional remittance markets, with a focus on the UAE market. The largest remittance corridors from the UAE are to India, the Philippines, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan due to the large populations of immigrants in the UAE from these countries who send money home. Entering the remittance market could be profitable given the large and growing market sizes.
An Introduction To Doing Business in VietnamQuynh LE
The document provides an overview of establishing and conducting business in Vietnam. It discusses the main options for foreign investment including 100% foreign-owned enterprises and joint ventures. When establishing a company, the first step is to acquire an Investment Certificate which takes 15-37 working days depending on the industry and approval required. Key positions in companies include the Member's Council, General Director, and Board of Supervision. Major taxes in Vietnam include business license tax, corporate income tax, value-added tax, special consumption tax, and foreign contractor tax. Compliance requirements include tax registration, accounting practices, and audit requirements.
Walk the talk on illicit financial flows the g20's responsibility in combatin...Dr Lendy Spires
1) Illicit financial flows, including tax evasion and avoidance, have cost African countries over $854 billion between 1970-2008, more than the continent's external debt. Multinational corporations use sophisticated transfer pricing and tax havens to avoid paying taxes.
2) South Africa loses over $1.4 billion annually due to trade mispricing with the EU and US. Companies like Mopani Copper Mines and SABMiller use mechanisms like transfer pricing and payments to subsidiaries in tax havens to reduce their tax bills in Africa.
3) The 2011 G20 summit in France is a key opportunity for countries to address these issues through measures like automatic tax information exchange and country-by-country financial
Financing a Post-2015 Development FrameworkSDGsPlus
The document discusses parameters to consider in developing a post-2015 financing framework to support a new set of development goals. It argues that a two-pronged approach is needed that increases the impact of available resources through good policies and credible institutions, while also leveraging additional resources from domestic and foreign sources both public and private. Key recommendations include generating more domestic revenues, ensuring efficient public spending, promoting financial inclusion, maximizing the impact of official development assistance, and leveraging the private sector.
Lawyer in Vietnam Dr. Oliver Massmann ASEAN's New Direction - Opportunities f...Dr. Oliver Massmann
This document is a presentation about opportunities for German companies in ASEAN given the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). It begins with an introduction to the AEC, including its goals of creating a single market and production base to attract foreign investment and increase intra-ASEAN trade. Country backgrounds are then provided for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Myanmar, highlighting economic growth opportunities and challenges in each. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the benefits for investors of doing business in the ASEAN region.
Asia is rapidly growing into the world’s largest stock market. In 2018, 51% of all equity capital raised through initial public offerings (IPOs) went to Asian companies. Today more than half of the world’s listed companies are from Asia. This development is reshaping global stock market in several ways: Households outside of Asia have increased their investments in Asian companies through pension funds, mutual funds and other intermediaries; it is increasingly common that listed companies are majority owned by the public sector or by other private companies; and smaller growth companies from Asia are using capital markets to raise money more extensively than smaller companies from the rest of the world.
This report provides a comprehensive and comparable analysis of world developments and the growing role of Asian capital markets since the mid-1990s. It focuses on primary equity markets, growth company listings, investment banking activities and ownership structure of publicly listed companies. It also contains a special chapter on how companies use foreign public equity markets to raise capital and to cross-list their shares.
How does The World Bank contribute to Public Procurement?TendersInfo .com
We know that governments across the world spend about a quarter of the GDP on public procurement and it is evident that it plays a crucial role in maintaining equitable distribution and sustainable development across countries.
Illicit financial flows and their impact in developing nationsDr Lendy Spires
Developing countries lost nearly $5.9 trillion over the past decade to illicit financial flows, draining funds for development. Illicit flows include illegally earned money being hidden or transferred abroad, as well as legally earned money being moved through aggressive tax avoidance schemes. Common tactics include mispricing assets in international trade to shift profits to tax havens, round-tripping investments to exploit tax breaks, and hiding ownership through shell companies. These illicit flows significantly reduce developing countries' tax revenues and foreign investment, inhibiting growth, infrastructure investment, and provision of public services. International organizations are working to curb illicit flows through automatic exchange of tax information, public disclosure of beneficial ownership, country-by-country reporting, and enforcing arms
Foreign direct investment to bangladeshZahidul Islam
This document discusses Bangladesh's growing economy and investment opportunities. It notes that Bangladesh has been recognized by Goldman Sachs and the IMF as an emerging economy with strong growth potential. The government is working to promote private investment by offering competitive tax incentives and an improved investment climate. Statistics are provided on GDP, exports, imports, foreign reserves and other economic indicators that demonstrate Bangladesh's economic growth and resilience.
Gulf Cooperation Council - B2C e-Commerce Overview 2011Melih ÖZCANLI
Prepared by IMRG International
Commissioned by Visa Middle East
London - October 2011
The study focuses in particular to the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.
This document summarizes speeches given at the IIT Financial Services Innovation Awards ceremony in Chandigarh, India. Anyango Selim, UN Undersecretary General for Financial Inclusion, gave the opening speech looking back at the evolution of global financial services from 2007 to the present. She described how globalization stalled from 2007-2010 as barriers rose. From 2011-2015, three trends emerged among countries: "leapfrogging" innovation in countries like India and China, "business as usual" in Western countries, and "back to the past" stagnation in many developing regions. India and China succeeded in fostering competitive financial sectors and became "innovation islands," while other regions fell behind.
Unlocking the economic potential of Mongolia's resources sectors.
- Mongolia's GDP is predicted to double in 5 years due to new mining projects and infrastructure investments totaling $39-52 billion.
- Funding will come from foreign investment, domestic banking sector growth, stock and debt markets, sovereign borrowing, and other sources. Realizing this potential requires political stability, strong legal systems, and prudent fiscal policies.
UN Model Tax Convention Vs OECD Model Tax Convention Significance of Distinctiontaxguru4
As the world moves increasingly towards economic integration and globalization there is a lot of cross border trade, investment and business which will only increase as more and more developing and least developed countries open up their borders for more business with the international community....
IV Examen de las Políticas Comerciales de Costa Ricacomexcr
Costa Rica relies heavily on international trade, which accounted for 79.5% of GDP in 2012. While Costa Rica has experienced average growth of 3.2% from 2007-2012, it faces challenges such as poor infrastructure, high costs of starting a business, and inefficient state-owned enterprises. However, Costa Rica is addressing these issues by deepening trade liberalization, improving infrastructure, diversifying foreign direct investment, and adhering to OECD guidelines to promote long-term structural reform. If Costa Rica continues political stability and bipartisan support for tough economic reforms, it is well-positioned to further enhance competitiveness and take advantage of global value chains.
Doing Business in Africa: M&A - background and trends. M&A in the Africa market is increasingly active with a number of stakeholders trying to enter the continent and develop business or acquire market shares. This session will provide an overview of the market with facts, figures, trends and challenges to conduct transactions. In addition, the session will provide some key hints and tips in order to complete transactions in the African environment and present some of the main players.
The document discusses bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and their relationship to foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between countries. It provides an overview of BITs and their main roles in protecting foreign investors and investments. The document then reviews previous research that has found both positive and negative impacts of BITs on FDI. It also includes regional analyses of the relationships between the number of BITs and other international agreements, and FDI flows within the Southern African Development Community and East African Community regions. The conclusion discusses ways Tanzania could potentially update its BIT provisions and policies to better attract foreign investment.
This document provides a confidential summary of information about the Metatron Global Fund LLC. It discusses the fund's structure, board, advisors, investment opportunities in India, Nepal and other Asian countries. The fund aims to generate high returns by investing in distressed assets purchased from banks at discounted prices. Real estate, infrastructure and other projects in cities like Bangalore, Jaipur and Mumbai are mentioned as potential investment opportunities. The document also outlines the fund's target size, management fees, distribution of investor returns and compliance with anti-money laundering regulations.
The document discusses investment, which is defined as committing money or capital to purchase financial instruments or other assets in order to earn a profitable return through interest, income, or asset appreciation. It then provides details on foreign direct investment (FDI) trends in Bangladesh over time, key sectors receiving FDI, major source countries, incentives offered to foreign investors, opportunities and challenges to FDI in Bangladesh.
2.2. Balance Of Payment Capital Account To Finance Ca DeficitHai Vu
International Finance related issues.
The Capital Account of the balance of payments measures all international economic transactions of financial assets. It is divided into two components:
+ The Capital Account
+ The Financial Account.
Capital Accounts consist of:
- Direct Investment – in which the investor exerts some explicit degree of control over the assets.
- Portfolio Investment – in which the investor has no control over the assets nor any participation in the management.
- Other Investment – consists of various short-term and long-term trade credits, cross-border loans, currency deposits, bank deposits and other capital flows related to cross-border trade.
DSR - Debt Service Ratio:
The Debt Service Ratio - DSR is the percentage of a borrower's income that will be used to pay off a loan. It is one of the factors a lender will use to assess your application. Most lenders set the maximum DSR from 30% to 30%, which means that the loan repayments should not take up more than that part of your salary. This ensures that you will be able to pay off your loan comfortably, with little to no risk of defaulting or going bankrupt. The DSR may be calculated based on your monthly, weekly or fortnightly earnings.
Question 1=Please respond to the followingAnalyze the major e.docxteofilapeerless
Question 1=
Please respond to the following:
Analyze the major elements of international trade to determine why there is more risk here than in domestic trade. Describe some of the risks you identified (3) at. Make at least one recommendation for mitigating the risk(s) you have identified. Provide arguments to support your response. Cite your sources.
Question 2=
Please respond to the following:
Analyze the major elements of international trade to determine why there is more risk here than in domestic trade. Describe some of the risks you identified. Make at least one recommendation for mitigating the risk(s) you have identified. Provide arguments to support your response. Cite your sources.
The major elements of international trade are balance of payments that is made up of invisibles, visibles, and current accounts for the purpose of recording all financial dealings with foreigners, correcting a deficit, and exchange rates.
Balance of payments is used to monitor international monetary transactions for a specific period and tracks the money going in and out of a country.
The BOP is divided into current, capital, and financial accounts.
The current account captures credits and debits related to the trade of merchandise that are bought, sold, or donated in the form of aid.
The capital account consists of monetary flows from debt forgiveness, the transfer of goods, and financial assets by migrants leaving or entering a country, and other fixed assets.
The financial account relates to monetary flows on business investments, real estate, bonds, and stocks.
Government assets such as foreign reserves, gold, and special drawing rights are also included.
Within the elements of international trade, there are country risk, foreign exchange risk, and fraud.
The political and economic stability of a country, and exchange controls all play into country risk.
If a country experiences civil war or sudden changes in government, they may not keep the terms of trade contracts and may default on foreign debt commitments as a result of these political issues.
According to Boland, (2015), most banks have specialized units dealing with country risk and they control the level of exposure that bank will assume for each country.
Foreign exchange risk as another factor that is a big part of international trade as the trader is always at the mercy of exchange rate fluctuations due to various economic, and political changes amongst other speculative reasons.
Traders must stay connected to trading rooms in banks to keep abreast of the exchange market and enter into forward foreign exchange contracts to guard their profit margin.
Fraud is another risk associated with international trade such as documentation, counterpart, and insurance fraud in addition to cargo theft.
For mitigating risks associated with international trade, buyers should ensure sufficient insurance coverage is in place to guard against risk such as transit risk.
Buyers .
Impact of fdi and joint venture on employment generationAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and joint ventures on employment generation in Bangladesh. It finds that FDI inflows into Bangladesh occurred randomly, while joint venture inflows followed a trend. Regression analysis showed that FDI inflows did not significantly explain changes in Bangladesh's employment levels over the past decade. However, joint ventures were found to have a statistically significant positive impact on employment generation in Bangladesh.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves a company from one country making a physical investment in building or expanding a business in another country. There are several potential benefits of FDI for host countries, including transferring technology, exploiting natural resources, and generating employment. However, the effects of FDI depend on the type (e.g. greenfield vs mergers and acquisitions) and can include both positive and negative externalities. Political risk also affects foreign investment and refers to complications from political decisions and instability in a country that impact business objectives and outcomes.
- The document analyzes the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and gross domestic product (GDP) in India from 1990 to 2012.
- It finds a strong positive correlation (r=0.859) between FDI inflows and GDP over the period studied, indicating FDI causes growth of India's GDP to a large extent.
- The study also aims to determine the impact of FDI on per capita GDP in India and finds a strong positive correlation, supporting the hypothesis that there is a relationship between FDI inflows and increases in per capita GDP.
- In conclusion, the study recommends improving India's investment climate to strengthen its position in the globalized economy by enhancing competitiveness
The OECD’s FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index (FDI Index) measures statutory restrictions on foreign direct investment in 58 countries, including all OECD and G20 countries, and covers 22 sectors. This presentation by Stephen Thomsen describes the methodology used to calculate the FDI Index and how it is used as a tool for benchmarking countries, measuring reform and assessing its impact.
Read more at: http://www.oecd.org/investment/fdiindex.htm
This document provides an overview of international capital movements. It discusses various types of capital movements including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and official flows. Foreign direct investment involves direct ownership in companies overseas, while portfolio investment is a passive investment in securities abroad. Official flows include loans and grants from governments and international organizations. The document also examines determinants of capital flows and the role of foreign capital in economic development for countries.
Business BVI Janury 2016 Edition - The BVI - Corporate Evolution Serving Glob...Greg Boyd
This document summarizes changes in the legal profession over the past 20 years due to technology and globalization. Law firms have expanded globally and now use computers, laptops, and smartphones in their work. Client meetings are often electronic and major deals are closed through email exchanges of documents. The legal landscape has also been impacted by various global economic events like the Global Financial Crisis, which has led to an evolution in how offshore finance centers like the British Virgin Islands (BVI) operate to adapt to changing business needs and regulations. The BVI in particular provides a flexible corporate structure that supports foreign direct investment and multinational businesses.
International tax cooperation for developmentDr Lendy Spires
The document discusses several key issues regarding international tax cooperation for development:
1) Taxation is important for developing countries to mobilize domestic resources, but many have lower tax revenues than developed countries due to issues like illicit financial flows.
2) International tax rules and norms influence countries' ability to tax, and the UN model convention preserves more taxing rights for developing countries than the OECD model.
3) Transfer pricing and base erosion profit shifting allow multinational corporations to shift profits between countries and avoid taxation, depriving developing countries of tax revenues.
This document is a project report submitted by Mr. Jiten H Menghani, a student at the University of Mumbai, for his M.Com degree. The report is about international capital movements and was guided by Prof. Mrs. Rachana Joshi. It includes an abstract, introduction, types of international capital movements such as foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, and factors influencing capital flows. It also discusses the role, impacts and drawbacks of foreign capital as well as capital flows to developing countries and India.
Brad faber-outline foreign direct investmentdk1089
Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves investing in or gaining control of businesses in other countries. While FDI can promote economic growth in host countries by increasing investment, it also presents some risks like reducing competition and national autonomy. Countries take different approaches to FDI, from restricting it to promote domestic industry to strategically courting FDI in certain sectors. The impact of FDI on regional development is complex, as it can both intensify economic inequalities while also spreading technology and skills.
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1. DO TRADE TREATIES INFLUENCE FDI FLOWS?
SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS: FALL 2016
ABRAHAM CHERIAN
Does signing international trade and investment treaties make developing countries
more attractive hosts in the eyes of foreign investors?
using
2. What are BITs? A bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is an agreement establishing the terms and
conditions for private investment by nationals and companies of one state in another state.
Scholars and arbitrators have recognized that common principles underlie investment treaties. BITs
typically provide for:
Compensation in case of expropriation.
Fair and equitable treatment of investment.
Full protection and security.
Non-discrimination (national and most-favored nation treatment).
Multilateral Trade Agreements
are agreements on trade issues between three or
more countries. They are difficult to negotiate
because of their complexity, but once agreed upon,
they are very powerful and beneficial for the nations
involved, giving each nation equal status in terms
of trade and investments.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
is an investment made by a company or individual
from one country in business interests of another
country, in the form of either establishing business
operations or acquiring business assets in the other
country, such as ownership or controlling interest in a
foreign company.
TREATIES, TRADE & FDI
3000
BITs
Since
1959
3. Are Trade Treaties and FDI related?
• A BIT has considerable effect on capital goods
imports and on imports of differentiated goods
• Studies suggest a strong positive correlation
between the signing of bilateral investment
treaties and increased inflows of foreign capital
investments, even when controlling for a host of
other country-level characteristics
• Monterrey Consensus(2002) challenge : overcome
the concentration of FDI in a few (large and
relatively advanced) developing countries
HOW DO TREATIES AFFECT FDI?
FDI Inflow
XX: Network Degree
4. Does signing of Bilateral Investment Treaties and joining Multilateral
Trade Agreements lead to higher FDI flows for developing countries?
TREATIES NOT WORKING FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
Capital
*favorable tax schemes
*investment subsidies
*advantageous regulations
*exemptions
More BITs
Reduce domestic
policy autonomy
…..but, some developing countries are
struggling to attract significant levels of
FDI
5. SIGNING TRADE TREATIES DOES NOT IMPROVE FDI FLOWS
AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
*Network Efficiency(Measure of connection with other well connected countries) = Eigenvector x 100
FDI Inflows
not related to
number of
treaties
signed
FDI Inflows are
correlated with
Outflows; high FDI
outflows from Europe,
US, Japan and China
Most high FDI Inflow
countries belong to the
EU and the Energy
Charter; Other
multilateral treaties do
not indicate a
correlation.
Sovereign Risk and
Governance Score affect
FDI inflow positively
Within region – no
common relationship
between Network
Efficiency and FDI inflows
across regions
6. Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
BahrainBangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria Burkina Faso
Burundi
Côte d'Ivoire
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada Cape Verde
CAR
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
HaitiHonduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macao
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
NetherlandsNew Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
ParaguayPeru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan UAE
Uganda
UK
Ukraine
Uruguay
USA
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
SCOPE : DO TREATIES BENEFIT AFRICAN ECONOMIES?
214 Countries, 6350 Ties
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Côte d'Ivoire
Cameroon
CAR
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
World Treaties Focus on Africa
55 Countries, 990 Ties
7. CREATING THE NETWORK
Undirected Network
Between countries through BITs and multilateral trade agreements
based on data available with UNCTAD.
Treaty network of tie strength greater than 2 was selected
for analysis - implies that all countries with at least 2 ratified
BIT or participating in two multilateral trade agreements
would be included
Country
Parameters
FDI Inflow
(Mean from 2010-2014, flows, $ Mn)
FDI Outflow
(Mean from 2010-2014, flows, $ Mn)
GDP 2014 ($ Bn)
Governance Score
(World Bank data)
Sovereign Risk Score
Trading Economics Rating- between 100
(riskless) and 0 (likely to default).
BIT (Ratified)
2
BIT (Signed)
1
1 Multilateral Trade Treaty
1
1 BIT + 2 Multilateral Trade Treaties
3
8. FDI INFLOWS & OUTFLOWS ARE CORRELATED
Size proportional to GDP
Correlated by Region
Net Investors
Net Receivers
By Country- Identifies Investors and Receivers
9. Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Armenia Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Comoros
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Egypt
Estonia Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
GermanyGreece
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Netherlands
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Palestine
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
UAE
UK
USA
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam
YemenASEAN
EU
Energy Charter
GCC
League of Arab States
OIC
SAFTA
NAFTA
FDI INFLOWS ARE LIMITED TO A FEW MULTILATERAL TREATIES
Size proportional to FDI Inflow
10. Credit Score & FDI Inflow
listed below Country
Name
NETWORK DOES NOT LEAD TO HIGHER FDI INFLOWS
*Network
Efficiency(Measure of
connection with other
well connected
countries) =
Eigenvector x 100
FDIInflow$M
13. High Level Leaders
Credit Score listed
below Country Name
HIGH LEVEL LEADERS HAVE LOW RISK & GOOD GOVERNANCE SCORES
Size proportional to GDP
Network Efficiency
USA
14. Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Côte d'Ivoire
Cameroon
CAR
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
AFRICA TREATY NETWORKS ARE DENSE, ALIGNED BY REGION
55 Countries, 990 tiesSize proportional to FDI Inflow Net FDI Outflow Countries
East & Southern Africa
Central Africa
North & West Africa
15. MULTILATERAL TREATIES DON’T GENERATE HIGHER FDI INFLOWS
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
CameroonCAR
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
AU
CEMAC
COMESA
EAC
ECCAS
ECOWAS
League of Arab States
OIC
Size proportional to FDI Inflow
16. Afghanistan
Algeria
Angola
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Benin
Bhutan
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Côte d'Ivoire
Cameroon
CAR
Chad
China
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
India
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of
Korea, Republic of
Kyrgyzstan
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
MauritiusMongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Niger
Nigeria
Pakistan
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Swaziland
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Uzbekistan
Zambia
Zimbabwe
THE ASIAN INTEREST: CHINA, KOREA & JAPAN LINK TO AFRICA
Size proportional to FDI Outflow Net FDI Outflow Countries
17. Algeria
Angola
Armenia
Austria
Belgium
Benin
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Côte d'Ivoire
Cameroon
CAR
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
DjiboutiEgypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
NigerNigeria
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Tanzania
Togo
Tonga
TunisiaTurkey
Uganda
UK
Zambia
Zimbabwe
EUROPE IS DEEPLY INVESTED IN AFRICA
Size proportional to FDI Outflow Net FDI Outflow Countries
18. AFRICA: FDI INFLOWS DEPEND ON RISK SCORE, NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Angola
Instability
Size ~ GDP
Network Efficiency
FDIInflows$M
19. Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Canada
CAR
Chad
China
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guinea
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iran
IraqItaly
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Latvia
Lebanon
Libya
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Netherlands
Niger
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Thailand
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
UAE
Uganda
UK
USA
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
EGYPT: WELL NETWORKED = HIGH FDI FLOWS
Governance Score -.7620
Risk Score (100) 28
FDI Inflow $ 4614 M
Degree 106
Size proportional to FDI Inflow Net FDI Outflow Countries
20. BUT FDI INFLOW IS VIA A FEW COUNTRIES
Size proportional to FDI Outflow Net FDI Outflow Countries
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Benin
Botswana
Brunei Darussalam
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
CAR
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Indonesia Iran
IraqJordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
NigerNigeria
Palestine Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Syria
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
UAE
UzbekistanYemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
AU
COMESA
OIC
League of Arab States
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Canada
CAR
China
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Egypt
Eritrea
Finland
France Germany
Ghana
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iran
Iraq
Italy
Japan
KenyaKorea, Dem. People's Rep. of
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Latvia
Malta
Mongolia
Netherlands
Pakistan
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Senegal
Serbia
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden Switzerland
Thailand
Togo
UK
USA
Viet Nam
Multilateral Treaties… ….and Bilateral Treaties
72 Bilateral Treaties4 Multilateral Treaties
Governance Score -.7620
Risk Score (100) 28
FDI Inflow $ 4614 M
https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/egypt/foreign-investment
85% FDI
From 7 countries
21. Algeria
Benin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
China
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Germany
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Italy
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Liberia
Libya
Mali
Mauritania
Mozambique
Netherlands
Niger
Nigeria
Romania
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sudan
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
UK
NIGERIA: SMALLER NETWORK WITH COUNTRIES THAT INVEST
Governance Score -.9520
Risk Score (100) 28
FDI Inflow $ 5918 M
Degree 45
Size proportional to FDI Outflow Net FDI Outflow Countries
22. NIGERIA: HIGHER FDI INFLOW VIA FEWER COUNTRIES
Algeria
Angola
AU
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Côte d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Cape Verde
CAR
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Djibouti
ECOWAS
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
OIC
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
China
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Korea, Republic of
Netherlands
Nigeria Romania
Serbia
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
UK
Governance Score -.9520
Risk Score (100) 28
FDI Inflow $ 5918 M
Degree 45
Net FDI Outflow CountriesSize proportional to FDI Outflow
14 Bilateral Treaties3 Multilateral Treaties
Multilateral Treaties… ….and Bilateral Treaties
United States
But enjoys higher FDI Inflows because of oil
80% FDI
From 3 countries
23. Algeria
Angola
Argentina
China
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Cuba
Czech Republic
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Finland
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
GuineaIran
Italy
Korea, Republic of
Libya
Mauritius
Mozambique
Nigeria
Paraguay
Russian Federation
Rwanda
South Africa
Sweden
Tunisia
Uganda
SOUTH AFRICA: CONNECTED TO FEWER INVESTORS BUT BETTER
GOVERNANCE AND RISK SCORE
Governance Score .265
Risk Score (100) 49
FDI Inflow $ 4713 M
Degree 30
Size proportional to FDI Outflow Net FDI Outflow Countries
24. Algeria
Angola
Argentina
China
Congo
Congo, Democratic Repub
Cuba Czech Republic
Egypt
Equatorial Gu
Ethiopia
Finland
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guinea
Iran
Italy
Korea, Republic of
Libya
Mauritius
Mozambique
Nigeria
Paraguay
Russian Federation
Rwanda
South Africa
Sweden
Tunisia
Uganda
SOUTH AFRICA: 1 MULTILATERAL TREATY, FDI NOT DEPENDENT ON
BILATERAL TREATIES
Algeria
Angola
AU
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Côte d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Cape Verde
CAR
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Malawi
Mauritania
Mozambique
Namibia
NigerNigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
28 Bilateral Treaties1 Multilateral Treaty
Multilateral Treaties… ….and Bilateral Treaties
Governance Score .265
Risk Score (100) 49
FDI Inflow $ 4713 M Includes 4 countries outside treaty network
Size proportional to FDI Outflow
United States
Netherlands
UK
Japan
85% FDI
from 6 countries
Net FDI Outflow Countries
25. SIMILAR GDP, BUT KENYA GETS LOWER FDI INFLOWS VS ETHIOPIA
Poor-quality infrastructure, lack of security due to terrorism
and an unfavorable business climate in Kenya
Burundi
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
France
Italy
Kenya
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Libya Malawi
Mauritius
Netherlands
Rwanda
Seychelles
Sudan
Swaziland
Switzerland
Tanzania
Uganda
UK
Zambia Zimbabwe
AlgeriaAustria
China
Denmark
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Germany Iran
Israel
Italy
Kuwait
Libya
Malaysia
Netherlands
Nigeria
South Africa
Sudan
Sweden
Switzerland
Tunisia
Turkey
Yemen
Degree 23
GDP 2014 $ 61 B
Governance Score -0.285
Network Efficiency 3.1
Risk / Credit Score (100) 20
Degree 24
GDP 2014 $ 54 B
Governance Score -0.641
Network Efficiency 5.1
Risk / Credit Score (100) 31
FDI Inflow: $ 1129 MFDI Inflow: $ 629 M
Kenya Ethiopia
26. DO TRADE TREATIES RESULT IN HIGHER FDI INFLOWS FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES?
What Affects FDI
Inflows?
Governance Score
Sovereign Risk
Treaties with FDI
exporting countries
Network Efficiency
GDP
A Combination of
Factors
What Does Not
Affect FDI
Inflows?
Number of
Treaties signed
Participation in
Multilateral
Agreements
29. DATA REFERENCES
The World Bank
Governance Score: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/worldwide-governance-indicators
UNCTAD
UNCTAD Website: http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en
FDI Mean Inflow: Average of countrywise FDI inflow data from 2010-14 (flows) in $ Mn
FDI Mean Outflow: Average of countrywise FDI outflow data from 2010-14 (flows) in $ Mn
FDI Dummy: +1 if net FDI receiver, -1 if net FDI Investor
GDP 2014 in $ Bn
TradingEconomics.com
Credit Risk Score: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating
30. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
FDI Promotion through Bilateral Investment Treaties: More Than a Bit? - Matthias
Busse, Jens Königer and Peter Nunnenkamp
https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/fdi-promotion-through-bilateral-investment-treaties-more-than-a-
bit/Kiel%20Working%20Paper%201403.pdf
Does Joining International Treaties Attract Foreign Investment? Experimental Firm-
Level Evidence
http://www.columbia.edu/~ym2297/KenyonMargalit_March_2014.pdf
A BIT IS BETTER THAN A LOT Bilateral Investment Treaties and Preferential Trade
Agreements
http://faculty.georgetown.edu/mlb66/BITs%20and%20PTAs.pdf
An Anatomy of the World Trade Network (July 2013)
http://www.hkeconomy.gov.hk/en/pdf/An%20Anatomy%20of%20the%20World%20Trade%20Network%20(July%202013).pdf
Global Investment Trends Monitor - UNCTAD
http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/webdiaeia2016d1_en.pdf