1. ____________
A WHITE
PAPER
FROM ONE OF OUR
DIRECTORS
__________________________
DIVORCE FOR WOMEN:
STRUGGLING TO
DO IT ALL
No matter what the rhetoric, your parenting status,
your financial health, your pre-divorce skills and
capabilities, DIVORCE is an experience for which there
is no true preparation for all it entails.
The reasons for this are simple and threefold and
stand independent of our legal system. Firstly we plan,
to varying degrees, to get married, not divorced.
Secondly, the learning curve is great. And thirdly,
divorcing individuals do not perform at their functional
best.
These statements are true for men and women. The
WHITE PAPER focuses attention however, on women.
The paper describes the struggle women face in trying
to “Do It All” through the process of divorce, the
mainstream remedies and resources that are
available, and the new way forward for women who
are still struggling to do it all.
Dr Gigi Sutton
Director
SORT ORGANISE SUPPORT

2. The Problem Let’s start by scoping out the problem:
 The baggage of history
 Guilt, shock and awe
 Fantasy versus pragmatic reality
 Societal expectations and gender roles
o The sandwich generation
o Money and women
o Gender stereotypes
 The learning curve
 Divorce parenting
 The performance gap unpacked
 The long road back.
THE BAGGAGE OF HISTORY
We all bring our own history to marriage and are affected by the
historical origins of marriage. Traditionally, marriage was; used
as a way of connecting families and establishing alliances,
closely linked with procreation, frequently polygamous, and also
familial (seeing cousins marry each other for example) 1
. Over
time, monogamy of a sort gained acceptance in marriage
although extramarital affairs by men were still considered part
of this definition. By the mid-19th
century civil marriages for love
not religion had become common2
, but rape was still legalised
within marriage in Australia until the 1980’s3
.
Overall, the trend has been for marriage to become more
individually and broadly defined, and more an expression of
emotional connection or “love” rather than a strategic alliance
or expression of ownership or dominance. Broad societal
changes including increased participation in the workforce by
women, reduction in gender pay inequality, reform to family
law, and a more towards inclusivity and acceptance of diversity
have all had an effect on both the experience of marriage and
divorce.

3. The Problem The marital status of our parents, cohabitation prior to
marriage, marriage at a young age, birth of children in the first
year of marriage and higher education levels in women, all
increase the risk of divorce4
.
For the record, about 60% of marital separations are initiated
unilaterally and 55% of these separations are initiated by
women5
. The average age at divorce is 42.5 years for women
and 45.2 years for men5
. The data for homosexual rates of
divorce is equivocal but points to little difference in divorce
rates. In short, the experience of divorce is widespread within
the Australian community and western societies at large.
GUILT, SHOCK AND AWE
Part of the history we bring to marriage tends to be
dichotomous: marriage is good, divorce is bad. The following
emotions are often associated with an impending marriage; joy,
excitement, happiness, pride, achievement, enthusiasm,
contentment, uncertainty, nervousness, anticipation, and
apprehension, but overwhelmingly they are positive.
Marriage is an often talked about and celebrated coming event
for a couple, and a chance for extended families to come
together and focus their attention on something positive. In
contrast, divorce is an isolating experience often associated with
feelings of failure, loss, abandonment, regret, disbelief, guilt,
shame, anger and hurt. These feelings cloud judgement at a
time when many decisions have to be made which have the
potential to effect the lives of parents and children alike, long
into the future.
As indicated above, marriage has a long history in society and is
a vehicle to reflect our values, beliefs, prejudices, and
behaviours. Divorcing women are faced with reconciling their
current view of their past marriage with personal and societal
expectations about loyalty, identity, gender roles, personal
success, fears and failures.

4. The Problem Although the majority of divorces are initiated by women, this
does not remove the sense of failure, betrayal, loss and guilt
that women who initiate divorce experience. Many of these
emotions are seemingly conflictual and come and go without
warning.
The end of a long term intimate partnership is complicated,
often protracted and riddled with mixed emotions. Even within
abusive relationships many women are torn between the life
they know and the unknown life that awaits them. In particular,
abused women face a complicated set of reasons for staying
with their partners:
 A fear of their partner’s reactions if they leave
 The effects that prior abuse have had on their self-esteem
and their view of the world
 Concerns for their children’s safety
 Active isolation strategies enacted by their partner
 Past abusive relationships
 Deep attachment and continued hope for change
 A sense of guilt and failure
 Economic dependency, and
 Societal norms about the value of being in a
relationship.11
Certainty of the decision to leave is strongly tested and women
are tempted to rely on their fantasised view of the good times-
past when struggling to do it all on their own in the here and
now.

5. The Problem Warring Hypocrisy
I toss the coin anxiously
For both sides perturb and dazzle me…
The first side, well, it is a beauty to say the least
It is clear, crisp, like fresh pages of a favorite book
Peace offers a stronghold in its rhythmic and quiet composure
It is unassuming in all that it is…it is truth, with open arms
Like droplets of rain against my neck,
It is refreshing to caress its cooling pages,
Best of all, it heals when I choose to feel it and live it…
This side is strong, and often shames my desire for the other…
The other side, I gaze upon it often, its presence so shocking
I often doubt it even exists as much as I sense in my life
Then I remember that it surrounds me,
A universe of glow aching to crawl into my night
Wishing to embrace me, so it may reveal its secrets to me
I am drawn to its perplexity, its grand design…
Its fiery resilience silences my prayers to puddles of pleasure
It is a hard-heated side becrossing all sides… stopping all resistance…
I toss the coin high, mindful of its landing,
Though as it does it spins furiously upon my heart and mind,
Caught in the blurry winds of dissonance and rivalry
How distressing it is to see them collide together in all that they are…
For I want them both to win…I want them both desperately
But only one side will dominate in the end
And only I know who will win,
As I set this silent war of hypocrisy
Free…
Free into the stars, where that unknown wisdom will be revealed in future
days
I had to set it free…
For there are still other sides we must struggle to let go of
Touched by so many hands before us…
We must choose the side to say goodbye to
As we fight to focus our fleeting attention
Upon the one and only side that will touch the face of Providence
Laura Breidenthal

6. The Problem The shock of divorce is further exacerbated by combative and
competitive behaviour of one or both parties to the divorce.
Furthermore, at least until a financial settlement and custody
agreement have been obtained, men’s earning potential often
continues to be higher while their costs of living lower. While
this adds to the immediate stress faced by many women, the
thought that a settlement will equitably account for past
inequities and future responsibilities is more of a concept than a
forgone conclusion. Early career choices that have benefited the
family and are now financially detrimental to women are not
easily remedied by the court system.
In summary, because of the ‘guilt, shock and awe’ experienced
during divorce, women should not expect to be at the top of
their game. Performance is affected by the basics of life which
are often compromised as a result of the emotional distress of
divorce: sleep, nutrition, exercise, security, and social contact.
Anxiety, depression, poor concentration, distractibility, anger,
grief, fear, loss of confidence, physical ill health and destructive
behaviours can all serve to cloud judgement, reduce motivation
and attention to detail, all of which are required to make sound
decisions during the process of divorce. This performance drop
will be explored in more depth below.
FANTASY VERSUS PRAGMATIC REALITY
There are many clichés surrounding divorce that, coupled with
the historic baggage that we bring to marriage and divorce,
influence our beliefs and behaviours, and more importantly our
expectations about our ability to ‘cope’ with divorce.
These expectations are applied by divorcing women to
themselves, their ex-partner, their professional advisors, the
“system” and their concept of what is fair, just and achievable.

7. The Problem For example:
 It’s not about the money
 We’ll both have to get our own lawyer
 Things can only get better
 Time heals all wounds
 You’ll be better off without him/her
 It’s not about the kids
 Always take the high road
 There’s someone else out there for you
 My kids will get me through
 I’ll get half of everything
 I’m the mother so I should get full custody
 I deserve …
 We can do this amicably
 The justice system will ensure a fair settlement.
When expectations about divorce are not met and women are
faced with unpleasant realities, the sense of rage, injustice,
impotence and frustration generated by this mismatch between
fantasy and reality results in poor decision making, reduced
overall competency with familiar tasks and routines, risks to
mental and physical well-being, reduced feelings of self-efficacy,
confidence, motivation, and the frequently referenced 5 stages
of grief; denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance6
(which although originally discussed in terms of death and
dying, have a certain relevance in all grief, the category in which
the experience of divorce firmly sits for many women).

8. The Problem SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS AND GENDER ROLES
As we begin 2016, the focus on domestic violence, gender pay
gaps, diversity and inclusion, is evident because of a broad
range of gender stereotypes and inequity within Australian
society, and more broadly, that do not favour women. These
negative phenomena affect not just the quality of life of women,
girls and families, but the productivity of a nation that is 50%
compromised of females.
The sandwich generation7
For women going through divorce and struggling to do it all, the
effect of the sandwich generation looms large. Far more
affected than men, women in their thirties and forties,
conveniently coinciding with the mean age of divorce for
women (42.5%), are often tasked with simultaneously raising
their children and caring for their ageing parents. This role, like
divorce, is one that women do not prepare for. Women still
perform the majority of domestic and child rearing tasks in their
immediate family, irrespective of work status, and often
seemingly seamlessly take over the role of parental care as
expressed in tasks such as cooking, shopping, self-care,
organisation of appointments and services, and medication
monitoring. This ‘privilege’ and ‘burden’ continues unabated in
the face of the divorce process.
Money and women
All partners, marital/de facto/same sex/heterosexual, divide the
domestic, financial and child rearing duties, either consciously
or without much discussion. But they are divided one way or
another. The partners will share an accountant, family lawyer,
bank manager, doctors and maybe a financial planner. Money
matters are rarely discussed outside the partnership and their
immediate advisors, and this can conceal a range of inequities
and power differentials within the relationship8
.

9. The Problem Divorce means that both parties to the relationship are tasked
with taking over all the responsibilities that were previously held
by their ex-partner. For many women their financial knowledge
and pre-divorce level of participation in taxation, financial
planning and relationship management of advisors is
suboptimal. This presents the divorcing woman with a new
learning curve, added relationships and tasks to manage, and a
further burden to her sense of struggling to do it all. This is just
the time when many women over rely on the clichés and
expectations they hold about fairness and equity in divorce as a
passive and inevitable outcome.
While it is true that most day to day financial decisions and
money management such as bill paying is carried out by women
within marriage, this phenomena is more evident in low income
families and in situations where money management is
associated with higher levels of stress rather than power8
. It
does not represent a preparedness for financial dependence
post-divorce.
Gender stereotypes
Much has already been said above about gender stereotypes
with respect to money management, care responsibilities and
skill base. However gender stereotypes extend to the
expectations that society holds with respect to divorcing
women.
The same behaviours or actions taken by men and women are
often viewed differently by society, family and friends. For
example women are expected by many to be nurturing, to
prioritise their children over earning a maximum income and job
security or promotion opportunities. With respect to
negotiations, women are expected to be more yielding, less
aggressive, more passive and less self-confident than men. This
can affect their actual and perceived power at a time when
decisions made are critical to their future financial security and
emotional recovery.

10. The Problem THE LEARNING CURVE
I have introduced the idea that women (and men) going through
divorce are struggling with a new situation, one that they are
uniquely unprepared for in terms of skill base and experience.
Consider the following tasks:
1. Finding a lawyer – Given that social taboos are attached
to divorce and privacy issues generally, who does a
woman ask for a recommendation to a solicitor?
2. Concerns over safety – Given the increasing publicity
surrounding domestic violence rates and tragic outcomes,
how do women conquer their fear and place their trust in
a system that is struggling to cope with existing demand?
3. Learning to put yourself first – Given the gender
stereotypes in both personality and role, how quickly can
a woman learn that meeting her own needs in the short
and long term will likely be of benefit not only to her but
all other parties concerned?
It is under the greatest adversity that there exists the greatest
potential for doing good, both for oneself and others.
Dalai Lama

11. The Problem 4. Managing grief – It is not just those who do not initiate
the divorce proceedings who experience grief and loss
associated with divorce. How does a woman,
experiencing a sudden loss of income and increased
expenses, allocate money to caring for her essential
physical, emotional and social needs to ensure good
health and well-being throughout the grieving process
and avoid “getting stuck” in the maze of divorce?
5. Learning to let go – Things are going to change with
divorce. How does a woman/wife/mother let go of her
previous roles, her control over an ex-partner, anger, and
the short-term gain that can come from decision making
without purpose and sound data?
6. Financial planning and independence – Whether women
like it or not, have a solid foundation or not, they need to
be actively engaged and responsible for planning and
managing their own finances. How do they find the time,
confidence and direction to appoint appropriate advisors,
evaluate their performance, feel empowered and avoid
common traps?
7. Prioritising – How do women struggling to do it all,
– care for kids, go to work, communicate with their ex,
deal with the solicitor, understand their home
accounting and filing system, collate their disclosure
documents, attend parent-teacher nights, appoint
new financial advisors, eat, shop, cook, sleep –
decide what is urgent, within their capacity, needs
additional resources, or requires further thought?

12. The Problem DIVORCE PARENTING
Firstly, although as parents we might often say that things are
easier when our partner is away for the weekend because there
is just one voice, this does not describe the situation of divorce
parenting.
In divorce parenting children have all the expected needs of
childhood plus those brought on by divorce. Children are good
at exploiting the differences in parenting styles and lapses in
parental communication. Depending on the age of children,
expected stages of rebellion, distancing, boundary renegotiating
and emotional intimacy can easily be attributed to the divorce
and associated dislocation.
Figure 1: Odds ratio for adverse outcomes of children of divorce, adjusted for the
complexity of other significant adversities9
A large body of research evidence across developed countries has
demonstrated significant long-term disadvantages for children
from divorced compared with intact families of origin. These
disadvantages range across family, social and psychological
outcomes, and poor outcomes are roughly 50 to 100 per cent more
likely for those from divorced families. 9

13. The Problem Drawn from research commissioned by the Federal Department
of Family, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous affairs
(2011) figure 1 above demonstrates that children of divorced
parents are at greater risk for a range of adverse outcomes
including an earlier transition into adulthood as evidenced by a
range of behaviours. This research also demonstrated that when
a range of other significant adversities (such as parental
drinking, depression and abuse) are taken into account, the risk
for adverse outcomes for divorced children is weaker and in the
case of suicidal thoughts is no longer significant.
No doubt children have a lot of adjustment to do during and
after divorce and are at higher risk of a range of adverse
outcomes. But it’s a bit like putting on your own
oxygen mask in the plane before you can help others. After the
provision of a safe haven, the first order of priority for women
struggling to do it all is to stop and prioritise themselves as the
bedrock upon which everything else stands.
The challenges include:
 Co-parenting
 Consistency in communication
 Routine, timetabling and scheduling
 Renegotiation of roles and responsibilities
 Establishing realistic expectations
 Setting and maintaining boundaries.
THE PERFORMANCE GAP UNPACKED
At the same time that women going through divorce are
struggling with parenting, finances, changes to accommodation,
and challenges to their mental and physical health, they are also
likely to be experiencing a concomitant drop in their
performance.
Divorcing women frequently identify a gap between their
capacity to perform, take on new tasks and deal with existing
routines and responsibilities; and their view of their “normal’

14. The Problem operational self. In other words, they can’t keep all the balls in
the air with the same finesse and sense of mastery and
competence that they did prior to the experience of marital
separation and divorce.
This is not a criticism but a description of observed phenomena.
To forge the argument for this performance gap let’s start with
something familiar: The effect of stress on us at work. Our own
experience tells us that when we are experiencing higher levels
of stress we are less effective, less efficient, and less tolerant at
work, manage time poorly, are more irritable, more distractible
and have higher rates of workplace accidents10
.
One of the modern workplace health and safety responses to
this reduced level of performance are the provisions
surrounding stress leave. But this is only timeout from work.
How then do women struggling through divorce cope with the
increased physical, cognitive, social, psychological and
emotional demands, in other words the stress, brought on by
divorce?
The fight or flight response that stress produces can be good for
managing an immediate threat but does not prepare women for
the process of divorce or the long road back from it. It takes
something more to perform at a functional level for long periods
of time.
Shortly we will discuss the current solutions for women
struggling to do it all and examine why they are problematic.
THE LONG ROAD BACK
Recovery from the trauma of divorce is not a diary date. It is a
process which can be supported and obstructed. The long road
back from mistrust, hurt, over reliance on self, and isolation, is
not a straight line path but one that moves at different paces,
often with long pauses.

15. Current
Solutions
One of the challenges for women moving through the stages of
divorce and into their new iteration of life, is to maintain
perspective. In most human interactions there is no absolute
reality but an individual interpretation of events. Our values,
beliefs, experiences, emotional, mental and physical states all
influence our perspective and the meaning that we assign to
others’ actions.
Recovery is of course individual but with characteristics,
milestones and challenges that are common to many women. It
is a fine line to acknowledge the “mistakes” of the past whilst
not dwelling on them; to acknowledge and sit with the isolation
that comes with divorce, before being ready to forge new
meaningful relationships; to maintain effective communication
with an ex-partner whilst setting one’s own boundaries and
above all finding one’s new self and the things that will become
important to each woman as they exercise the freedom and
responsibility to chart their own course.
There are six traditional areas of support, advice and assistance
for women struggling to manage the multidimensional task that
is divorce:
 Legal advice
 Medical care
 Psychological support
 Other professional advisors
 Family
 Friends.
For women and children experiencing domestic violence in
Australia, additional resources are available through the police
and online domestic violence web links in each state such as
qlddomesticviolencelink.org.au/ and www.dvrcv.org.au.

16. Current
Solutions
Across all six areas, problems exist with the timing of
engagement of support, appropriate allocation and application
of resources to individual challenges and tasks, conflict of
interest, and affordability/costs. As noted above, divorce
presents women with a steep learning curve without the
opportunity for a do-over. While many errors or poor decisions
can serve as learning points, there are some decision points
which are critical to financial security and emotional well-being.
The solutions that women have traditionally applied to the
problem of divorce increase allow for many suboptimal
outcomes, some of which are not open to remedy.
1. Legal advice
Although women are frequent instigators of marital separation
this does not mean that they have the tools and the current
performance capacity to successfully source, evaluate and
appoint legal counsel. Many women presume that both parties
will be motivated to appoint a legal advisor, will meet deadlines,
and will ensure that the children are well catered for.
Furthermore, many adults have little contact with solicitors
outside of conveyancing and are unclear about the extent of the
services that their solicitor can provide. Internal referral
networks can be advantageous to women seeking a range of
providers, such as accountants and financial planners, but can
prove to be an expensive and inconvenient option. For example
every trip to the city to see a recommended accountant is
expensive and timing consuming and for some women a local
accountant may be a better choice.
2. Medical care
In the past many communities were well served in pastoral care
from their religious advisors and extended family members.
With geographical dislocation of families and decreasing
involvement in church and fewer community affiliations,
divorcing women frequently look towards their general
practitioner as a source of counselling, advice and grief
management.

17. Current
Solutions
The family doctor is increasingly involved in the management of
anxiety and depression and has become an important
gatekeeper in the on-referral of patients to a range of other
professionals. For some patients, care from a psychiatrist is seen
as threatening and attached to negative stigma whereas
continued care by their family doctor may be more familiar and
comfortable.
3. Psychological support
For women struggling to multitask through divorce, counselling
sessions for themselves can be difficult to prioritise.
Perseverance to find a good match between patient and
counsellor is needed. However a negative experience can
increase the barriers to seeking future care. Just as family law
solicitors are not experts in succession planning, wills and trusts,
counsellors are not all alike and specialise in different modalities
and diagnostic areas. Expectations need to be clarified and roles
defined for a successful therapeutic relationship.
4. Other professional advisors
In many instances women need to establish their own suite of
advisors and service providers not only for financial issues but
also if they move residence or take over responsibility for tasks
that were previously carried out by their spouse. Both parties to
divorce need to establish independent relationships with
bankers, accountants, mechanics, maintenance and security
personnel, mortgage brokers, teachers and a range of other
professionals as appropriate.
5. Family
In the past, families were more often co-located and
intergenerational involvement in day to day family life was
common. Fewer women worked outside of the home and
divorce was also less common. Now, many family resources are
stretched, or non-existent, to assist in the day to day
management of the fallout from divorce that women and
mothers suffer. Furthermore, reliance on family can be
complicated by concerns over privacy, judgement and
embarrassment.

18. Current
Solutions
The Better
Solution
6. Friends
When relationships dissolve, friends of the couple often fall to
one side or the other and may even be expected to, or
demanded to, by the divorcing individuals. It is hard to maintain
relationships as they were before. Friends do not always bring
an unbiased and constructive perspective to the issues that
divorcing women are dealing with. Their true value lies in their
social support and not the physical, financial or advisory roles
that they may be called on to fulfil.
There are overt and hidden costs involved in applying all the
traditional resources described above.
Rather than the execution of a series of disconnected tasks
completed at random without specificity, purpose and planning,
women going through divorce and struggling to do it all benefit
from a clear project management or case management
approach. This is not to say that the emotional turmoil of
divorce can be boiled down to a spreadsheet complete with
Gantt charts and contingencies.
Figure 2: SOS stages of divorce management (2016)

19. The Better
Solution
I discuss below the five stages that women need to move
through during their separation and divorce depicted above in
figure 2. The speed at which women can progress through the
stages of divorce management is affected by the support,
guidance and assistance that they receive and invest in.
Overwhelmed - If not before, then during and post-divorce most
women will experience periods when they feel overwhelmed as
depicted in the SOS model above. It is this first level that needs
to be recognised and contained in order to prevent women
getting stuck and failing to progress through the many changes
that divorce brings.
Operational - The second stage in divorce management is to
provide operational support to meet urgent needs, where
consequences are grave or timing critical.
Optimistic - The third stage depends on the ability to generate
and recognise success in task completion as a basis for
empowerment, motivation, and rational mobilisation of scarce
resources (that is time, energy and money). It is during this
stage that successful referrals and alliances without outside
parties are critical.
Open - The fourth stage allows for the beginnings of personal
recovery and growth through planning, establishing and
practicing new habits, routines, skills and the confidence to
forge new bonds in trusting oneself and relationships with
others.
Optimal - The final stage is the realisation of the vision that must
be given some consideration even at stage one in order to
maintain hope and resilience. Supporting, mentoring and
educating women through this stage is bespoke. The
importance of goal setting in concrete form is understood.

20. The Better
Solution
SOS: Our role
As with many long projects, moving through the stages of
divorce requires the application of a wide range of resources;
monetary, time, physical and emotional. Rather than apply
seemingly ready resources such as friends and family, or fail to
apply the appropriate professional service to the relevant task,
the better solution is to help divorcing women identify and
decide, how and at what stage to tackle;
 The quick wins
 The low hanging fruit
 The major projects and
 The hard slog.
Sort Organise Support was formed in 2014 in response to the
yawning gap in services for people managing personal change.
High on the agenda was support for women moving through
marital separation and divorce. The cost to the individual, their
family and society as a whole is significant in terms of emotional
turmoil, lost productivity, adverse social outcomes and
inefficient application of resources.
The traditional approach to managing personal change that
occurs throughout the process and as a result of divorce has
historically been piecemeal, home-grown, ineffective and
passive.

21. SOS: Our role SOS advocates and practices a model of service that will
promote a range of benefits including good health, economic
security, relationship building, and the rational application of
resources. We help our clients to ACT in a planned and effective
manner.
We support our clients to re-organise their life in a systematic
way. We help them to move through the five stages of divorce
management and thereby achieve better outcomes for all.
Our message to divorcing women is that:
 You can end an unhealthy, unhappy partnership
 You can do this efficiently while still caring for yourself
and your family
 You can re-establish who you are, what you want and
how you are going to get it
 You can sleep well, eat well, make future plans ... and
breathe.

22. References
1. Stephanie, C. (2006). Marriage, a history: How love conquered marriage, Penguin books.
2. Ghose, T. (2013). History of Marriage: 13 Surprising Facts, June 26, 04:26pm ET - http://www.livescience.com/37777-
history-of-marriage.html, accessed 28.1.2016.
3. Easteal, P., & Feerick, C. (2005). Sexual Assault by Male Partners: Is the Licence Still Valid? 8 Flinders Journal of Law
Reform 185, 186, n 6.
4. Hewitt, B. (2008). Social Policy Research Paper series Number 35: Marriage breakdown in Australia: social correlates,
gender and initiator status, June.
5. ABS 3310.0 - Marriages and Divorces, Australia, 2014 LATEST ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME)
25/11/2015.
6. Kubler Ross, E. (1997). On death and dying, The MacMillan Company.
7. Abaya, C. in George James in A survival course for the sandwich generation, New York Times, Jan 17, 1999.p.1-2
8. Waseem, S. (2004). Social Policy Research Paper series Number 23: Household monies and decision making June
9. Rodgers, B., Gray, P., Davidson, T. & Butterworth, P. (2011). Social policy research paper No. 42: Parental divorce and
adult family, social and psychological outcomes: the contribution of childhood gamily adversity. Department of Family,
Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs pp. 1,6,28.
10. Danna, K., & Griffin, R.W. (1999), Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature,
Journal of Management, Vol 25. 3, 357-384
11. http://www.domesticabuseproject.com/get-educated/compelling-reasons-women-stay/, accessed 28/1/2016.
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