This document provides guidance on displaying results and data through tables and figures. It discusses electronic and manual ways of displaying data, such as through word processing programs, spreadsheets, or tables and figures. The document offers general guidance on designing tables and figures for purposes like exploration, communication and storage. It provides tips on formatting tables and figures clearly and concisely with proper labeling, font sizes, and relevant information. Specific guidance is given around formatting tables, including ensuring logical layout, comparability of values, standard forms, and explanatory titles and headings.

2. INTRODUCTION
 Display:
 To show or make visible
 Result:
 Something that ensure from an action
 Displaying Results
 To show or make visible the outcomes that ensure from
an action.

3. ELECTRONIC WAYS
 Word processing programs
 Spread sheet programs
 Statistical packages
 Highly specialized software

4. MANUALWAYS
 Table:
 Tables usually show numerical values or textual
information arranged in an orderly display of columns
and rows.
 Figure:
 A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photo graph, a
drawing or any other illustration or nontextual depiction.

5. GENERAL GUIDANCE
 Purpose of data display
 Exploration
 Communication
 Calculation
 Storage
 Decoration

6. CONT….
 Design and preparation
 Items to be compared next to each other
 Clarity in labeling
 Enough large font size
 Include relevant information
 Free of extraneous material

7. CONT…..
 Graphical verses textual presentation
 Large number of tables and figures
 Large number of tables and figures verses small amount
of text
 Not always optimal for effective presentation

8. CONT….
 Formatting tables and figures
 Word processing program
 Cut and pasted from computer output
 PDF images

9. CONT….
 Table and figure numbers
 Use Arabic numerals
 Do not use Suffix letters (5a , 5b, 5c etc)
 Use same sequence
 Mention Appendix with capital letters and Arabic
numerals (Appendix A, Appendix B etc)

10. CONT…..
 Permission to reproduce data display
 If you used tables and figures of any other author then
must take permission from copyright holder.
 Mention original author’s name.

11. “TABLES”
 Conciseness in tables
 Limit the content to essential materials.
 Conciseness is necessary for both text tables and
supplement archives.
 Supplemental tables are in more detail than text tables.
 Tables should be concise but having enough detail which
can be easily understandable by the reader.

12. TABLES
 Tables Layout
 Should be logical and easily grasped.
 Should be in sequences.
 Different indices should be in different lines of tables.
 Values used in tables should be comparable.
 Tables should be specific in nature.

14. TABLES
 Standard forms
 Some data tables have standard forms.
 Reader can easily get information by standard forms.

15. STANDARD FORMS
younger older
Level of
difficulty
n M (SD) 95%Cl n M(SD) 95%Cl
Low 12 .05(.08) [.02,.11] 18 .14(.15) [.08,.22]
Mederate 15 .05(.07) [.02,.10] 12 .17(.15) [.08,.28]
high 16 .11(.10) [.07,.17] 14 .26(.21) [.15,.39]

16. TABLES
 Relation of tables and texts
 In this relationship, tables are discussed in textual form.
 Discuss only the highlights of tables.
 If online tables are used then mention its existence in
form of brief articles.

17. TABLES
 Relation between tables
 Use similar format, titles and headings and use same
terminology throughout.

20. TABLES
 Table titles
 Tables have clear and explanatory titles.
 Too general:
 Table 1
 Relation Between College Majors and Performance [It is
unclear what data are presented in the table.]

21.  Too detailed:
 Table 1
 Mean Performance Scores on Test A, Test B. and Test C
of Students With
 Psychology. Physics. English. and Engineering Majors
[This duplicates information in the headings of the
table.]
 Good title:
 Mean Performance Scores of Students With Different
College Majors

22. TABLES
 Table headings
 A table heading should be brief but not lengthy.
 Abbreviation and symbols can be used for non technical
terms. (M, SD etc)
 Abbreviation of technical terms, group names must be
explained in the table title or in a note to the tables.

23. POOR BETTER
Grade Level Grade
3 3
4 4
5 5

24. TABLES
 Table body
 Decimal Value (Express numerical values to the number
of decimal places that the precision of measurement
justifies.)
 Empty Cell (Point of intersection between row and
columns is called Cell.) We leave the cell blank if the
data in the point of intersection is not applicable.
 Conciseness (Be selective in your presentation)

25. TABLES
 Table Notes
 General Notes
 Specific Notes
 Probability Notes