The tools of diplomacy applied by the USA to deal with Iran, such as agreements, negotiations, sanctions, and cultural diplomacy, have had mixed effectiveness. Withdrawing from the 2015 nuclear agreement increased tensions and hostilities. Negotiations under Biden showed more promise but demands from both sides stalled progress. While sanctions had some economic impact, Iran maintained important trade partners and its economy remained relatively strong. Cultural diplomacy and disaster aid generated goodwill but did not dramatically change diplomatic relations on their own. The effectiveness of diplomacy has been limited without cooperation or willingness to compromise from both sides.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in American foreign policy including what foreign policy entails, the major components of U.S. foreign policy, and the roles of the president and Congress in shaping foreign policy. It also discusses several important doctrines and organizations that have influenced American foreign policy such as the Truman Doctrine, NATO, the United Nations, and how foreign policy decisions made by the U.S. can impact its citizens.
Research paper us foreign policy and iran 2 3Syeda Rizvi
The document discusses U.S. foreign policy with Iran from 2012-2013. It provides background on the geography and history of tensions between the two countries, including the Iranian hostage crisis and Bush labeling Iran part of the "Axis of Evil." It examines how the U.S. has applied sanctions, diplomacy, and military deterrence to address Iran's nuclear program, and analyzes four key aspects of strategic competition between the two countries. While sanctions have weakened Iran's economy, negotiations have so far failed to stop Iran's nuclear progress.
International relations refers to the interactions between countries, including states, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations. As an academic discipline, international relations studies how these different actors cooperate and conflict across borders. The key factors that influence relations between countries include geographic, economic, demographic, and strategic considerations. Geography, the size of a country's population and economy, and strategic location all impact a country's foreign policy and interactions with other international actors.
Chapter 1 Global Issues Challenges of GlobalizationA GROWING .docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 1 Global Issues: Challenges of Globalization
A GROWING WORLDWIDE CONNECTEDNESS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION HAS GIVEN CITIZENS MORE OF A VOICE TO EXPRESS THEIR DISSATISFACTION. In Brazil, Protestors calling for a wide range of reforms marched toward the soccer stadium where a match would be played between Brazil and Uruguay.
Learning Objectives
1. 1.1Identify important terms in international relations
2. 1.2Report the need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach in understanding the impact of new world events
3. 1.3Examine the formation of the modern states with respect to the thirty years’ war in 1618
4. 1.4Recall the challenges to the four types of sovereignty
5. 1.5Report that the European Union was created by redefining the sovereignty of its nations for lasting peace and security
6. 1.6Recall the influence exerted by the Catholic church, transnational companies, and other NGOs in dictating world events
7. 1.7Examine how globalization has brought about greater interdependence between states
8. 1.8Record the major causes of globalization
9. 1.9Review the most important forms of globalization
10. 1.10Recount the five waves of globalization
11. 1.11Recognize reasons as to why France and the US resist globalization
12. 1.12Examine the three dominant views of the extent to which globalization exists
Revolutions in technology, finance, transportation, and communications and different ways of thinking that characterize interdependence and globalization have eroded the power and significance of nation-states and profoundly altered international relations. Countries share power with nonstate actors that have proliferated as states have failed to deal effectively with major global problems.
Many governments have subcontracted several traditional responsibilities to private companies and have created public-private partnerships in some areas. This is exemplified by the hundreds of special economic zones in China, Dubai, and elsewhere. Contracting out traditional functions of government, combined with the centralization of massive amounts of data, facilitated Edward Snowden’s ability to leak what seems to be an almost unlimited amount of information on America’s spying activities.
The connections between states and citizens, a cornerstone of international relations, have been weakened partly by global communications and migration. Social media enable people around the world to challenge governments and to participate in global governance. The prevalence of mass protests globally demonstrates growing frustration with governments’ inability to meet the demands of the people, especially the global middle class.
The growth of multiple national identities, citizenships, and passports challenges traditional international relations. States that played dominant roles in international affairs must now deal with their declining power as global power is more diffused with the rise of China, India, Brazil, and other emerging market countries. States are i.
The document discusses international relations needed to deter China's pursuit of economic control in the South China Sea. It outlines the key diplomatic relationships between the US, China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam regarding their overlapping territorial claims. It also discusses how international law, like UNCLOS, relates to exclusive economic zones and could help resolve disputes if applied properly. Finally, it notes the importance of the region's trade routes and resources, and how instability there could spread without cooperation between interested parties.
The document discusses the purpose of US foreign policy. It states that the main purpose is to solve international problems and prevent military action as much as possible. Initially, the purpose was to protect commercial interests when the US military was weak. After WWI, the US helped financially struggling countries. This prepared the US for WWII. The 20th century saw the US defeat enemies and increase its international reputation by siding with Allied powers in two world wars. The US then followed an independent course in foreign policy.
The document discusses the implications of developing a theory of foreign policy. It explains that developing a theory allows foreign policy to be explained and predicted, helping policymakers make better decisions. The document outlines the evolution of foreign policy analysis from its early foundations created in the 1950s-1970s to new developments in the 1970s-1990s. It discusses how early scholars like James Rosenau and Harold and Margaret Sprout contributed different perspectives that helped build the theoretical foundations of foreign policy analysis.
The document is the testimony of Joseph Humire before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Homeland Security regarding Iran's influence in the Western Hemisphere. It summarizes that Iran pursues an asymmetric strategy jointly with the Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas (ALBA) to counter U.S. power. It has cultivated relationships with countries like Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador, and non-state actors such as Hezbollah, to expand its influence. Iran uses cultural and economic ties, as well as local Muslim converts, to establish covert networks that further its agenda and provide support for terrorist operations.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in American foreign policy including what foreign policy entails, the major components of U.S. foreign policy, and the roles of the president and Congress in shaping foreign policy. It also discusses several important doctrines and organizations that have influenced American foreign policy such as the Truman Doctrine, NATO, the United Nations, and how foreign policy decisions made by the U.S. can impact its citizens.
Research paper us foreign policy and iran 2 3Syeda Rizvi
The document discusses U.S. foreign policy with Iran from 2012-2013. It provides background on the geography and history of tensions between the two countries, including the Iranian hostage crisis and Bush labeling Iran part of the "Axis of Evil." It examines how the U.S. has applied sanctions, diplomacy, and military deterrence to address Iran's nuclear program, and analyzes four key aspects of strategic competition between the two countries. While sanctions have weakened Iran's economy, negotiations have so far failed to stop Iran's nuclear progress.
International relations refers to the interactions between countries, including states, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations. As an academic discipline, international relations studies how these different actors cooperate and conflict across borders. The key factors that influence relations between countries include geographic, economic, demographic, and strategic considerations. Geography, the size of a country's population and economy, and strategic location all impact a country's foreign policy and interactions with other international actors.
Chapter 1 Global Issues Challenges of GlobalizationA GROWING .docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 1 Global Issues: Challenges of Globalization
A GROWING WORLDWIDE CONNECTEDNESS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION HAS GIVEN CITIZENS MORE OF A VOICE TO EXPRESS THEIR DISSATISFACTION. In Brazil, Protestors calling for a wide range of reforms marched toward the soccer stadium where a match would be played between Brazil and Uruguay.
Learning Objectives
1. 1.1Identify important terms in international relations
2. 1.2Report the need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach in understanding the impact of new world events
3. 1.3Examine the formation of the modern states with respect to the thirty years’ war in 1618
4. 1.4Recall the challenges to the four types of sovereignty
5. 1.5Report that the European Union was created by redefining the sovereignty of its nations for lasting peace and security
6. 1.6Recall the influence exerted by the Catholic church, transnational companies, and other NGOs in dictating world events
7. 1.7Examine how globalization has brought about greater interdependence between states
8. 1.8Record the major causes of globalization
9. 1.9Review the most important forms of globalization
10. 1.10Recount the five waves of globalization
11. 1.11Recognize reasons as to why France and the US resist globalization
12. 1.12Examine the three dominant views of the extent to which globalization exists
Revolutions in technology, finance, transportation, and communications and different ways of thinking that characterize interdependence and globalization have eroded the power and significance of nation-states and profoundly altered international relations. Countries share power with nonstate actors that have proliferated as states have failed to deal effectively with major global problems.
Many governments have subcontracted several traditional responsibilities to private companies and have created public-private partnerships in some areas. This is exemplified by the hundreds of special economic zones in China, Dubai, and elsewhere. Contracting out traditional functions of government, combined with the centralization of massive amounts of data, facilitated Edward Snowden’s ability to leak what seems to be an almost unlimited amount of information on America’s spying activities.
The connections between states and citizens, a cornerstone of international relations, have been weakened partly by global communications and migration. Social media enable people around the world to challenge governments and to participate in global governance. The prevalence of mass protests globally demonstrates growing frustration with governments’ inability to meet the demands of the people, especially the global middle class.
The growth of multiple national identities, citizenships, and passports challenges traditional international relations. States that played dominant roles in international affairs must now deal with their declining power as global power is more diffused with the rise of China, India, Brazil, and other emerging market countries. States are i.
The document discusses international relations needed to deter China's pursuit of economic control in the South China Sea. It outlines the key diplomatic relationships between the US, China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam regarding their overlapping territorial claims. It also discusses how international law, like UNCLOS, relates to exclusive economic zones and could help resolve disputes if applied properly. Finally, it notes the importance of the region's trade routes and resources, and how instability there could spread without cooperation between interested parties.
The document discusses the purpose of US foreign policy. It states that the main purpose is to solve international problems and prevent military action as much as possible. Initially, the purpose was to protect commercial interests when the US military was weak. After WWI, the US helped financially struggling countries. This prepared the US for WWII. The 20th century saw the US defeat enemies and increase its international reputation by siding with Allied powers in two world wars. The US then followed an independent course in foreign policy.
The document discusses the implications of developing a theory of foreign policy. It explains that developing a theory allows foreign policy to be explained and predicted, helping policymakers make better decisions. The document outlines the evolution of foreign policy analysis from its early foundations created in the 1950s-1970s to new developments in the 1970s-1990s. It discusses how early scholars like James Rosenau and Harold and Margaret Sprout contributed different perspectives that helped build the theoretical foundations of foreign policy analysis.
The document is the testimony of Joseph Humire before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Homeland Security regarding Iran's influence in the Western Hemisphere. It summarizes that Iran pursues an asymmetric strategy jointly with the Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas (ALBA) to counter U.S. power. It has cultivated relationships with countries like Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador, and non-state actors such as Hezbollah, to expand its influence. Iran uses cultural and economic ties, as well as local Muslim converts, to establish covert networks that further its agenda and provide support for terrorist operations.
This Time Is Different: Why U.S. Foreign Policy Will Never RecoverSahilKemkar
This article discusses how the current state of U.S. foreign policy is different from past periods of concern and uncertainty. While worries about threats to the international order have come and gone, the author argues this time is unique because the pillars supporting American power are weakening as political divisions have undermined the bipartisan consensus around foreign policy. Future presidents may aim to restore past approaches, but the liberal international order built by the U.S. is increasingly unstable and its collapse is a real possibility.
This document discusses various approaches to international cooperation, including unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral approaches. It also lists several global challenges that require international cooperation, such as preventing nuclear proliferation, addressing climate change, and managing cyber governance. Several questions are posed about the state of international cooperation in 2017 and how to improve it going forward. Different aspects of international cooperation are then examined, including the preconditions for cooperation, who should participate, and how to build foundations for cooperation.
Putin and Xi Jinping discussed using the Chinese yuan instead of the US dollar for settlements between Russia and countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This move challenges the dollar's dominance in global trade and finance. While the dollar currently gives the US significant economic and political power through sanctions, Russia and China are trying to reduce reliance on it by increasing yuan use and reserves.
This report presents an analysis of people's thinking as they deliberated together in public forums about Americans' Role in the World. The analysis is based on forums held in 37 states, on moderator interviews representing forums in 22 locations, observations of six forums, videotape of four forums, and on the results of two online forums. The report is also based on the analysis of 1,486 post-forum questionnaires that were returned between April 2003 and April 2004.
Peacebuilding from below The case of ZimbabweSheunesu Hove
This document summarizes a lecture on peacebuilding from below using the case study of Zimbabwe. It discusses key aspects of local peacebuilding initiatives including addressing social issues like disparities and capacity building. It analyzes Zimbabwe's land reforms and issues around elections and violence. The document also summarizes a local initiative called the Global Political Agreement and discusses the importance of inclusive peacebuilding that involves communities. It notes challenges such as lack of community ownership in the peace process.
China has expanded its economic and diplomatic relations with Latin America since the 1970s. It views the region as important for trade, investment, and asserting its role as a global power. Key aspects of the relationship include:
1) Growing trade and investment ties, including free trade agreements and Chinese financing of infrastructure projects in the region.
2) China sees Latin America as a source of natural resources and a market for its exports, while Latin American countries see China as an alternative partner to the US and Europe.
3) There are some concerns about the environmental and social impacts of Chinese investment in sensitive areas and state-led development model undermining governance, but overall the relationship is seen as mutually beneficial.
Critical Analysis of Donald Trump's Political Views.pptxDIONISIOCASTARDO
Donald Trump's political views centered around populism, nationalism, and an "America First" agenda. This manifested as policies favoring stringent immigration controls, economic protectionism, and skepticism of multilateral agreements. While supporters saw this approach as protecting national security and economic interests, critics argued it exacerbated racial tensions and inequality and damaged relationships with allies. Trump's unconventional communication style via Twitter also polarized opinions, though he left an indelible mark on American politics and the Republican party.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
This Time Is Different: Why U.S. Foreign Policy Will Never RecoverSahilKemkar
This article discusses how the current state of U.S. foreign policy is different from past periods of concern and uncertainty. While worries about threats to the international order have come and gone, the author argues this time is unique because the pillars supporting American power are weakening as political divisions have undermined the bipartisan consensus around foreign policy. Future presidents may aim to restore past approaches, but the liberal international order built by the U.S. is increasingly unstable and its collapse is a real possibility.
This document discusses various approaches to international cooperation, including unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral approaches. It also lists several global challenges that require international cooperation, such as preventing nuclear proliferation, addressing climate change, and managing cyber governance. Several questions are posed about the state of international cooperation in 2017 and how to improve it going forward. Different aspects of international cooperation are then examined, including the preconditions for cooperation, who should participate, and how to build foundations for cooperation.
Putin and Xi Jinping discussed using the Chinese yuan instead of the US dollar for settlements between Russia and countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This move challenges the dollar's dominance in global trade and finance. While the dollar currently gives the US significant economic and political power through sanctions, Russia and China are trying to reduce reliance on it by increasing yuan use and reserves.
This report presents an analysis of people's thinking as they deliberated together in public forums about Americans' Role in the World. The analysis is based on forums held in 37 states, on moderator interviews representing forums in 22 locations, observations of six forums, videotape of four forums, and on the results of two online forums. The report is also based on the analysis of 1,486 post-forum questionnaires that were returned between April 2003 and April 2004.
Peacebuilding from below The case of ZimbabweSheunesu Hove
This document summarizes a lecture on peacebuilding from below using the case study of Zimbabwe. It discusses key aspects of local peacebuilding initiatives including addressing social issues like disparities and capacity building. It analyzes Zimbabwe's land reforms and issues around elections and violence. The document also summarizes a local initiative called the Global Political Agreement and discusses the importance of inclusive peacebuilding that involves communities. It notes challenges such as lack of community ownership in the peace process.
China has expanded its economic and diplomatic relations with Latin America since the 1970s. It views the region as important for trade, investment, and asserting its role as a global power. Key aspects of the relationship include:
1) Growing trade and investment ties, including free trade agreements and Chinese financing of infrastructure projects in the region.
2) China sees Latin America as a source of natural resources and a market for its exports, while Latin American countries see China as an alternative partner to the US and Europe.
3) There are some concerns about the environmental and social impacts of Chinese investment in sensitive areas and state-led development model undermining governance, but overall the relationship is seen as mutually beneficial.
Critical Analysis of Donald Trump's Political Views.pptxDIONISIOCASTARDO
Donald Trump's political views centered around populism, nationalism, and an "America First" agenda. This manifested as policies favoring stringent immigration controls, economic protectionism, and skepticism of multilateral agreements. While supporters saw this approach as protecting national security and economic interests, critics argued it exacerbated racial tensions and inequality and damaged relationships with allies. Trump's unconventional communication style via Twitter also polarized opinions, though he left an indelible mark on American politics and the Republican party.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
2. Group Members
• Haripo L Natasha
• Sakala M Tariro
• Mukwinda R.B Susan.
• Mahate A Tinashe
3. Definition of key Terms and Qsn
Interpretation
• Def of Key Terms:
• Assess ……. evaluate nature of quality
• Effectiveness …… the degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result;
4. Contd…
• Tools ……... a device or implement used to carry out a particular function.
• diplomacy …… …At its basic level, diplomacy is a regulated process of communication
between at least two subjects, conducted by their representative agents over a particular
object.
• White (2010) defines diplomacy, both as “a communication process between international
actors that seek through negotiation and dialogue to resolve conflicts” and as “one instrument
that international actors use to implement their foreign policy”.
•
• Question Interpretation: an evaluation of the degree to which the devices or ways to engage in a
communication process with Iran has bone the desired results.
5. Tools of diplomacy :Main
• Trade Policy
• Economic sanctions
• Deterrence
• Arms Control
• Peace keeping
7. Agreements
• In May 2018, the Trump Administration withdrew the United States from the 2015 nuclear agreement
which was called the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, (JCPOA) asserting that the accord did not
address the broad range of U.S. concerns about Iranian behavior and would not permanently
preclude Iran from developing a nuclear weapon. After the U.S withdrawal from this agreement, Iran
increased its nuclear weapons which was against the will of U.S and a number of economic sanctions
were immediately imposed upon the Iran so as to suffocate it economically.
• This tool did not yield the desired results for US whose aim was to reduce Iran’s Nuclear
conscriptions in fact it the tension between U.S and Iran promptly increased and later developed to
hostility. A number of attacks between these two countries increased and the Trump Administration
continuously added sanctions upon Iran.
8. Negotiations
• Trumps administration reached out to Negotiate with Iranians after a series of hostile attacks
between the two Nations
• Trump wanted to use sanctions as a strategy to compel Iran to negotiations but its removal was
the only condition put forward by the Iranian government to engage in to negotiation with the
U.S. the negotiations between these two countries found no grounds for its facilitation as both
countries have their set own terms and conditions for those negotiations to take place though
none was willing to compromise. The situation between these countries remained tense up to
the time of the Biden administration. Under his foreign policy of reengaging, the U.S re-entered
in the joint comprehensive plan of action agreement as to restore the relationship between
these two countries. A significant contribution is beyond anyone’s doubt as the negotiations
between these two countries are being undertaken and both countries are maintaining the
demands of that agreement between them. Note that this tool brought positive expectations
towards the-re integration of Iran into the international community.
• Hence, the effectiveness of this diplomatic tool.
9. Treaties
• JPOA
• NPT
• Iran is a signatory to both but has been non compliant to both although it can be noted that
NPT is not a bilateral treaty between Iran and the US it should be looked at with a keen eye
that violation of NPT by Iran made US propose JPOA
• These treaties brought forth hostility between the two states as Iran is found in violation of both
treated therefore one can argue that the treaties are not bearing the results of us engaging
with Iran to decrease its Nuclear Weapons
10. Aid Diplomacy
• Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods or drought, are often political occasions, especially when
governments fail to respond well.
• Iran is a seismic zone, it get hit by earthquakes ranging from magnitude 4.5 to 6.8 scale the most
prominent one being 1990,2002 and 2003 resulting in 75k deaths and 150k injuries
• US intervened in all three cases with an Aid of about 5 million dollars.
• The assistance from the U.S. government created a notable but temporary aura of goodwill among
Iranians. Iran's senior politicians even began to think about the possibility of official dialogue if there
were only some further changes in American foreign policy towards Iran. They were, however,
engulfed by the catastrophe of the earthquake and could hardly engage in discussions on such
grand foreign policy issues as the rapprochement with the United States.
11. Contd
• When asked about U.S. assistance and its political implications, President Khatami thanked the
United States but also stated that "humanitarian issues should not be intertwined with deep and
chronic political problems… If we see change both in tone and behavior of the U.S. administration,
then a new situation will develop in our relations. The disaster in Bam had its positive implications
though and one of them was Iran's attempt to reciprocate in a similar manner whenever the United
States faced trouble at home. In 2005, for example, Iran offered 20 million barrels of oil (worth
roughly 5 million dollars) as humanitarian assistance following the Hurricane Katrina disaster in New
Orleans. It is true that displaying such degrees of humanitarianism from both sides leads to holding a
better moral ground for them. However, since the recipient and the donor both often claimed not to
interpret their gestures politically, such assistance hardly made a dramatic breakthrough in diplomatic
relations
12. Cultural diplomacy
• According to political scientist Milton C. Cummings, cultural diplomacy is "the exchange of ideas,
information, values, systems, traditions, beliefs, and other aspects of culture, with the intention of
fostering mutual understanding. It is called diplomacy since the interactions usually happen under the
auspices of governments. Some of the components of cultural diplomacy are:
• • Educational exchanges and scholarships
• • Cultivation of ties with foreign elites (e.g., journalists, academics, religious leaders, athletes, and key
opinion makers)
• • Cultural visits of artists (painters, m
• ovie makers, dancers, and musicians) • International culture-related conferences, symposiums and
workshops
• • Publications and development of cultural centres
13. E-Diplomacy
• In 2011, the U.S. Department of State unveiled the Virtual Embassy Tehran, an online hub at the
center of
• a new strategy designed to increase communication with Iranian citizens. This latest public diplomacy
effort
• does not imply an attempt to reestablish diplomatic relations; the Virtual Embassy, as its website
states, “is not
• a formal diplomatic mission, nor does it represent or describe a real U.S. Embassy accredited to the
Iranian
14. Cohesive Diplomacy :Sanctions
• According to Robert 2003, the United States applied trade and financial sanctions on Iran Including a
ban on purchasing Iranian oil. Despite the sanctions Iran’s economy has been ranked 28th in the
world which is much stronger than some developed countries like Denmark, Finland and Ireland (IMF;
2019). It has remained the 4th largest oil producer in the world. The UN Security Council in 2006 also
imposed sanctions on Iran for failing to suspend its nuclear enrichment activities, but Iran remained
adamant.
• In 2007 stricter sanctions were approved by the council but Iran was not moved. Its trade relations
with Russia and China made their economy stronger.
• A 3rd attempt of coercion was done with additional sanctions in 2008 which included cargo inspection
and travel restrictions for Iranian officials in a bid to make them feel diplomatically isolated, did not
yield any results as Iran enjoyed diplomatic ties with other countries like Russia and China