Digital blackmail, especially ransomware, represents a growing threat to both individuals and organizations. Ransomware attacks have increased rapidly due to the ease of acquiring and using ransomware tools, weak cyber defenses, and the anonymous nature of cryptocurrency payments. Experts were brought together by the US government to analyze emerging tactics and determine countermeasures. Ransomware denies access to sensitive data by encrypting files until a ransom is paid. While preparing backups and following basic cybersecurity practices can help mitigate the risk, ransomware remains a persistent threat due to criminals' continued innovation in tools and techniques.
Cybercrime encompasses criminal acts committed using computers and networks. The document discusses the origin, methodology, and impact of cybercrime on individuals, organizations, and society. It provides reasons for cybercrime such as taking advantage of opportunities, accessibility of large amounts of data in one place, and lack of monitoring. Specific details are given about the prevalence and types of cybercrime in Bangladesh, sources of information about cybercrime, and the Cyber Appellate Tribunal established to hear appeals related to cybercrime cases. The Bangladesh Bank heist is also mentioned.
This document discusses the motivations behind cybercrimes and categorizes cyber attackers. It identifies the main categories of cyber attackers as insiders and outsiders, with insiders further divided into disgruntled employees, financially motivated insiders, and unintentional insiders. Outsiders include organized attackers such as terrorists, hacktivists, nation states, and criminal organizations, as well as hackers and amateurs. The motivations for cyber attacks are identified as political, economic, and social motivations. The risks from cyber attacks arise from inadvertent actions, deliberate harmful actions, and inaction. Understanding the motivations and categories of cyber attackers can help address the operational cybersecurity risks they pose.
This document summarizes a presentation on cybercrime and its impact in Bangladesh. It discusses the types of cybercrimes like hacking and viruses, as well as the profiles of cybercriminals. The document outlines the impacts of cybercrime on individuals, organizations, and society through crimes like identity theft, fraud, and harassment. It also discusses Bangladesh's legal response to cybercrime through the ICT Act and the establishment of cyber tribunals. The conclusion acknowledges that while notable cybercrimes have yet to be committed in Bangladesh, increased technology usage raises the potential threat of future cybercrimes.
This document discusses cyber defamation under Indian law. It provides an overview of cyber crimes and defamation, and examines the liabilities, remedies, and damages available. The Information Technology Act of 2000 is the primary legislation covering cyber crimes, though it does not specifically address cyber defamation. Defamation cases can be civil or criminal in nature. The document analyzes several relevant court cases and discusses challenges around key concepts like publication and the liability of internet service providers.
This document discusses how criminals are increasingly using social media to target and victimize people. It notes that 81% of internet-initiated crimes involve social networking sites. Approximately 1 in 5 adults and 39% of social media users have reportedly been victims of crimes like hacking, scams, or fake links on social media. More than 1 million people fall victim to cybercrime every day, with financial losses exceeding illegal drug markets. The document promotes the website www.instantcheckmate.com as a way for people to check on the safety and backgrounds of their social media friends and followers.
Assignment of cyber crimes for oumh1203Faridah Husin
This document discusses cyber crimes in Malaysia and the United States. It begins with an introduction that defines cyber crime and its scope. It then covers classifications of cyber crimes such as those against individuals, property, organizations, and society. The document compares cyber crimes between Malaysia and the US, noting that the US leads in identity theft and phishing while Malaysia's most common crimes are malware, scams, and mobile threats. It concludes with suggestions on curbing cyber crimes such as education, using firewalls and security software, practicing safe online behavior, and using strong passwords.
This document is a report submitted to India Insure Risk Management and Insurance Broking Services Pvt. Ltd. by Sayali Sawant for her internship project analyzing the feasibility of a cyber crime and insurance policy. The report was completed under the guidance of Mr. Manish Parikh from April 1st to June 30th, 2015. It includes an acknowledgements section, table of contents, literature review on cyber crime risks, definitions of different types of cyber crimes, and an analysis of cyber crime insurance policies and how they can help organizations mitigate risks from cyber attacks.
This document discusses cybercrime and how to prevent becoming a victim. It begins by explaining why we should be aware of cybercrime given our increasing online activities. The objectives are then outlined as providing awareness of cybercrime, recognizing methods, understanding cyber laws, and learning to avoid victimization. Various types of cybercrime are defined including those against persons, property, and government. Examples like phishing, hacking, and cyber terrorism are described. The history of cybercrime in India involves many website hacks and defacements. Laws are still lacking to fully address cybercrime. Awareness, security software, and caution are recommended for protection.
Cybercrime encompasses criminal acts committed using computers and networks. The document discusses the origin, methodology, and impact of cybercrime on individuals, organizations, and society. It provides reasons for cybercrime such as taking advantage of opportunities, accessibility of large amounts of data in one place, and lack of monitoring. Specific details are given about the prevalence and types of cybercrime in Bangladesh, sources of information about cybercrime, and the Cyber Appellate Tribunal established to hear appeals related to cybercrime cases. The Bangladesh Bank heist is also mentioned.
This document discusses the motivations behind cybercrimes and categorizes cyber attackers. It identifies the main categories of cyber attackers as insiders and outsiders, with insiders further divided into disgruntled employees, financially motivated insiders, and unintentional insiders. Outsiders include organized attackers such as terrorists, hacktivists, nation states, and criminal organizations, as well as hackers and amateurs. The motivations for cyber attacks are identified as political, economic, and social motivations. The risks from cyber attacks arise from inadvertent actions, deliberate harmful actions, and inaction. Understanding the motivations and categories of cyber attackers can help address the operational cybersecurity risks they pose.
This document summarizes a presentation on cybercrime and its impact in Bangladesh. It discusses the types of cybercrimes like hacking and viruses, as well as the profiles of cybercriminals. The document outlines the impacts of cybercrime on individuals, organizations, and society through crimes like identity theft, fraud, and harassment. It also discusses Bangladesh's legal response to cybercrime through the ICT Act and the establishment of cyber tribunals. The conclusion acknowledges that while notable cybercrimes have yet to be committed in Bangladesh, increased technology usage raises the potential threat of future cybercrimes.
This document discusses cyber defamation under Indian law. It provides an overview of cyber crimes and defamation, and examines the liabilities, remedies, and damages available. The Information Technology Act of 2000 is the primary legislation covering cyber crimes, though it does not specifically address cyber defamation. Defamation cases can be civil or criminal in nature. The document analyzes several relevant court cases and discusses challenges around key concepts like publication and the liability of internet service providers.
This document discusses how criminals are increasingly using social media to target and victimize people. It notes that 81% of internet-initiated crimes involve social networking sites. Approximately 1 in 5 adults and 39% of social media users have reportedly been victims of crimes like hacking, scams, or fake links on social media. More than 1 million people fall victim to cybercrime every day, with financial losses exceeding illegal drug markets. The document promotes the website www.instantcheckmate.com as a way for people to check on the safety and backgrounds of their social media friends and followers.
Assignment of cyber crimes for oumh1203Faridah Husin
This document discusses cyber crimes in Malaysia and the United States. It begins with an introduction that defines cyber crime and its scope. It then covers classifications of cyber crimes such as those against individuals, property, organizations, and society. The document compares cyber crimes between Malaysia and the US, noting that the US leads in identity theft and phishing while Malaysia's most common crimes are malware, scams, and mobile threats. It concludes with suggestions on curbing cyber crimes such as education, using firewalls and security software, practicing safe online behavior, and using strong passwords.
This document is a report submitted to India Insure Risk Management and Insurance Broking Services Pvt. Ltd. by Sayali Sawant for her internship project analyzing the feasibility of a cyber crime and insurance policy. The report was completed under the guidance of Mr. Manish Parikh from April 1st to June 30th, 2015. It includes an acknowledgements section, table of contents, literature review on cyber crime risks, definitions of different types of cyber crimes, and an analysis of cyber crime insurance policies and how they can help organizations mitigate risks from cyber attacks.
This document discusses cybercrime and how to prevent becoming a victim. It begins by explaining why we should be aware of cybercrime given our increasing online activities. The objectives are then outlined as providing awareness of cybercrime, recognizing methods, understanding cyber laws, and learning to avoid victimization. Various types of cybercrime are defined including those against persons, property, and government. Examples like phishing, hacking, and cyber terrorism are described. The history of cybercrime in India involves many website hacks and defacements. Laws are still lacking to fully address cybercrime. Awareness, security software, and caution are recommended for protection.
This document discusses cybercrime and provides information on various related topics. It begins with definitions of cybercrime and descriptions of some notorious cybercriminals. Statistics on the top 20 countries for cybercrime are presented from a Symantec report. Cyber attacks are analyzed based on motivation and technique. The document also summarizes the major Bangladesh Bank cyber heist in 2016 and the security and policy implications. Finally it outlines some common cyber security measures.
Brief Discussion of Cyber Crime issues Fahad Saleem
Cybercrime involves using computers or networks to commit illegal acts. This document defines and discusses various types of cybercrime such as hacking, bank fraud, sextortion, child pornography, cyberbullying, and cyber terrorism. It also outlines how cybercrime can be combated through diffusion, investigation, legislation, penalties, awareness, and intelligence efforts. As an example, the document discusses a case in Pakistan where a woman was arrested for blackmailing a man on social media in violation of the country's cybercrime laws.
Cyber crime refers to criminal activity involving computers or networks, where they are tools, targets, or places of crime. Common cyber crimes in India include phishing, fraud, and intellectual property theft. The document outlines several types of cyber crimes such as hacking, cyber stalking, and phishing. It also discusses Indian cyber laws and prevention methods. Overall, the document provides an overview of cyber crimes in India, the relevant laws, and importance of prevention through security measures and awareness.
The document discusses cyber crimes and the evolution of cyber threats. It provides examples of different types of cyber crimes such as credit card fraud, cyber pornography, intellectual property crimes, and phishing. The document also summarizes Indian laws related to cyber crimes and discusses challenges with enforcement of cyber crime laws in India such as lack of awareness and concerns about negative publicity or further attacks. It advocates for better enforcement initiatives such as increased public awareness campaigns, training of police officers, and coordination between law enforcement agencies to more effectively combat cyber crimes.
Cybercrime is a Phenomenon that Threatens Community PeaceMubarak Al Hadadi
The trend towards the use of electronic information networks has increased in recent times as an international communication tool in different walks of life, thus saving a lot of speed, distances and effort on the person. However the increased use of technological systems has led to many problems and risks, and has introduced types of crimes that were not previously known, called cyber crimes.
Important issues in Pakistan's Cyber Crime BillTeeth Maestro
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on Pakistan's Prevention of Electronic Crimes Bill 2007, including definitions of cyber crimes, investigative powers, and international cooperation provisions. It notes areas where the bill's language differs from international standards or could impact businesses. The presentation raises concerns that only 20% of the bill is compatible with global frameworks and urges consideration of proper safeguards and balance between law enforcement and human rights.
The document discusses cyber crime in Nepal. It defines cyber crime and provides examples such as social media related crimes, piracy, fake profiles, threatening emails, website hacking, and unauthorized access. The document notes that cyber crime is a growing problem in Nepal and outlines the types of cyber crimes occurring there such as social media crimes, piracy, fake marketing, threatening emails, website hacking, unauthorized access, and restricted online businesses. It also discusses the effects of cyber crimes and Nepal's efforts to combat cyber crimes.
This document summarizes cybercrime and its impact in Bangladesh. It discusses the types and profiles of cybercriminals, as well as the reasons for and impacts of cybercrime. The legal responses to cybercrime in Bangladesh are also outlined, including the establishment of cyber tribunals. The document concludes that while small-scale cybercrime currently occurs, the extensive use of information technology increases the potential threat, so vigilance is needed.
Cyber Crime and Cyber Law of India BY VinayVinay Pancholi
This ppt contains details about various cyber crime and how can you prevent yourself from the cyber crime. This also includes cyber law of India and its various section.
This document presents on the topic of present trends in cyber crime in Bangladesh and outlines regulatory gaps and future directions. It discusses what cyber crime is, types of cyber crimes like hacking and identity theft, and present trends in Bangladesh such as the Bangladesh Bank heist of 2016. Regulatory gaps in current cyber laws are identified, such as the lack of provisions around intellectual property, electronic payments, anti-spamming, and mobile phone crimes. The document concludes that stronger cyber laws and enforcement capabilities are needed to protect Bangladesh's cyber security as internet usage grows. Recommendations include establishing a digital forensics lab and cyber police force to investigate crimes.
Edward Snowden leaked documents revealing the NSA was conducting mass surveillance programs like PRISM to collect data on American and foreign citizens. This raised debates on privacy violations versus national security. The document argues mass surveillance is justified for precautionary reasons in dealing with cyber threats from non-state actors and hostile states that exploit ambiguity. It also claims targeted surveillance would be ineffective given how cyber attacks can emerge from anywhere without links to sponsors. While revealing secret programs, mass surveillance has been publicly known and legally permitted for decades through laws like the Patriot Act.
Cyberstalking is defined as the repeated use of electronic communication devices like the internet or email to harass or threaten an individual or group. Females between the ages of 18-30 are most likely to be victims of cyberstalking. Common forms of cyberstalking include threatening emails, defamatory posts on message boards or websites, harassment in chat rooms or through instant messages, and creation of fake user profiles pretending to be the victim. Cyberstalking can have serious psychological effects on victims like changes in sleep and eating, nightmares, anxiety, and fear for their safety. All 50 U.S. states have laws against cyberstalking to protect victims.
This document discusses cyber crimes committed against children, including types like trafficking, pornography, morphing, kidnapping, and exploitation. It provides statistics on issues like child trafficking in India and cases of cyber bullying. The document outlines vulnerabilities children face, side effects of cyber crimes, and laws/legislations in place. It discusses the work of NGO Love146 and concludes by emphasizing the importance of parental involvement and guidance in protecting children from cyber crimes.
This document provides an overview of cyber crime for awareness purposes. It discusses why cyber crime is a growing issue due to increased computer and internet usage. It defines computer crime and profiles common cyber criminals. It outlines common types of cyber crimes like hacking, phishing, software piracy, and cyber stalking. It describes how credit card information can be stolen and how Nigerian scams operate. The presentation aims to increase understanding of cyber crime risks and techniques.
The document discusses various types of cybercrimes and email related crimes under Indian law. It provides examples and explanations of different cybercrimes like hacking, data theft, virus spreading, and intellectual property violations. It also examines specific email crimes such as phishing, spoofing, lottery scams, and sending threatening/explicit emails. For each crime, it summarizes the applicable Indian laws and sections along with examples of legal cases.
Jia's story illustrates the dangers of cybercrime and oversharing personal information online. Jia accepted a friend request from a stranger named Rahul on Facebook. Rahul convinced Jia to video chat and share personal photos, which he then leaked online. Jia's parents received the leaked video, and the cybercrime team was able to track down and arrest the person. The story emphasizes being careful about sharing private information or photos with strangers online, as it can enable cybercrimes like blackmail, harassment and identity theft if the information is misused or leaked publicly.
This document discusses cyber crime and provides an overview presented by Dr. Soreingam Ragui. It defines cyber crime as any illegal activity committed using computers or networks. India ranks 11th globally for cyber crime, constituting 3% of total cyber crime. Reasons for India's high rates include a rapidly growing internet user base. Common cyber crimes include hacking, phishing, and intellectual property theft. The document also discusses Indian cyber law and acts like the Information Technology Act of 2000.
The document discusses cyber crime and the IT Act in India. It defines cyber crime narrowly as offenses outlined in the IT Act and broadly as illegal acts using the internet. Cyber crimes are classified as old crimes committed online, new internet-created crimes, and using the internet to enable old crimes. The IT Act covers hacking, cyber pornography, and cyber fraud. It discusses provisions for tampering with computer source code, cyber terrorism, and defines key cyber crimes and offenses under the act. It also provides tips for individuals and organizations to prevent cyber crimes like using strong passwords, firewalls, and keeping systems updated.
This document provides an overview of cyber crime case studies from India and around the world. It begins with definitions of common cyber crime terms like malware, phishing, denial of service attacks, and unauthorized access. It then discusses the growth of cyber crime as a $105 billion business that now surpasses the illegal drug trade. Several case studies from India are presented that illustrate crimes like insulting images posted online and financial fraud. The document concludes with a section on cyber crime convictions and judgments in India.
In today's digital age, the threat of ransomware and data breaches is a growing concern for individuals and businesses. Ransomware is a type of malicious software that blocks access to a computer system or encrypts valuable data until a ransom is paid. Data breaches occur when unauthorized individuals gain access to sensitive information, often resulting in financial loss and reputational damage. Recent high-profile ransomware attacks have targeted organizations in various sectors, emphasizing the need for robust cybersecurity measures. The impact of these attacks can be devastating, leading to significant financial losses and disruptions in services. To prevent ransomware attacks, regular data backups, robust cybersecurity measures, employee training, and the use of cybersecurity tools and technologies are essential. Cybersecurity awareness and training play a crucial role in mitigating risks, and organizations must be prepared to respond effectively to an attack. Understanding cyber attack statistics and trends helps in staying informed and adapting defenses. Collaboration between government, law enforcement, and the private sector is vital in combating cybercrime through information sharing, legislation, and enforcement efforts. It is crucial for individuals and organizations to stay vigilant, implement preventive measures, and leverage advanced security technologies to protect against evolving cyber threats.
Exploring Cyber Attack Types: Understanding the Threat Landscapecyberprosocial
In today’s digitally-driven world, the prevalence of cyber-attacks poses a significant threat to individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide. Understanding the different types of cyber-attacks is essential for implementing effective cybersecurity measures and mitigating the risks posed by malicious actors
This document discusses cybercrime and provides information on various related topics. It begins with definitions of cybercrime and descriptions of some notorious cybercriminals. Statistics on the top 20 countries for cybercrime are presented from a Symantec report. Cyber attacks are analyzed based on motivation and technique. The document also summarizes the major Bangladesh Bank cyber heist in 2016 and the security and policy implications. Finally it outlines some common cyber security measures.
Brief Discussion of Cyber Crime issues Fahad Saleem
Cybercrime involves using computers or networks to commit illegal acts. This document defines and discusses various types of cybercrime such as hacking, bank fraud, sextortion, child pornography, cyberbullying, and cyber terrorism. It also outlines how cybercrime can be combated through diffusion, investigation, legislation, penalties, awareness, and intelligence efforts. As an example, the document discusses a case in Pakistan where a woman was arrested for blackmailing a man on social media in violation of the country's cybercrime laws.
Cyber crime refers to criminal activity involving computers or networks, where they are tools, targets, or places of crime. Common cyber crimes in India include phishing, fraud, and intellectual property theft. The document outlines several types of cyber crimes such as hacking, cyber stalking, and phishing. It also discusses Indian cyber laws and prevention methods. Overall, the document provides an overview of cyber crimes in India, the relevant laws, and importance of prevention through security measures and awareness.
The document discusses cyber crimes and the evolution of cyber threats. It provides examples of different types of cyber crimes such as credit card fraud, cyber pornography, intellectual property crimes, and phishing. The document also summarizes Indian laws related to cyber crimes and discusses challenges with enforcement of cyber crime laws in India such as lack of awareness and concerns about negative publicity or further attacks. It advocates for better enforcement initiatives such as increased public awareness campaigns, training of police officers, and coordination between law enforcement agencies to more effectively combat cyber crimes.
Cybercrime is a Phenomenon that Threatens Community PeaceMubarak Al Hadadi
The trend towards the use of electronic information networks has increased in recent times as an international communication tool in different walks of life, thus saving a lot of speed, distances and effort on the person. However the increased use of technological systems has led to many problems and risks, and has introduced types of crimes that were not previously known, called cyber crimes.
Important issues in Pakistan's Cyber Crime BillTeeth Maestro
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on Pakistan's Prevention of Electronic Crimes Bill 2007, including definitions of cyber crimes, investigative powers, and international cooperation provisions. It notes areas where the bill's language differs from international standards or could impact businesses. The presentation raises concerns that only 20% of the bill is compatible with global frameworks and urges consideration of proper safeguards and balance between law enforcement and human rights.
The document discusses cyber crime in Nepal. It defines cyber crime and provides examples such as social media related crimes, piracy, fake profiles, threatening emails, website hacking, and unauthorized access. The document notes that cyber crime is a growing problem in Nepal and outlines the types of cyber crimes occurring there such as social media crimes, piracy, fake marketing, threatening emails, website hacking, unauthorized access, and restricted online businesses. It also discusses the effects of cyber crimes and Nepal's efforts to combat cyber crimes.
This document summarizes cybercrime and its impact in Bangladesh. It discusses the types and profiles of cybercriminals, as well as the reasons for and impacts of cybercrime. The legal responses to cybercrime in Bangladesh are also outlined, including the establishment of cyber tribunals. The document concludes that while small-scale cybercrime currently occurs, the extensive use of information technology increases the potential threat, so vigilance is needed.
Cyber Crime and Cyber Law of India BY VinayVinay Pancholi
This ppt contains details about various cyber crime and how can you prevent yourself from the cyber crime. This also includes cyber law of India and its various section.
This document presents on the topic of present trends in cyber crime in Bangladesh and outlines regulatory gaps and future directions. It discusses what cyber crime is, types of cyber crimes like hacking and identity theft, and present trends in Bangladesh such as the Bangladesh Bank heist of 2016. Regulatory gaps in current cyber laws are identified, such as the lack of provisions around intellectual property, electronic payments, anti-spamming, and mobile phone crimes. The document concludes that stronger cyber laws and enforcement capabilities are needed to protect Bangladesh's cyber security as internet usage grows. Recommendations include establishing a digital forensics lab and cyber police force to investigate crimes.
Edward Snowden leaked documents revealing the NSA was conducting mass surveillance programs like PRISM to collect data on American and foreign citizens. This raised debates on privacy violations versus national security. The document argues mass surveillance is justified for precautionary reasons in dealing with cyber threats from non-state actors and hostile states that exploit ambiguity. It also claims targeted surveillance would be ineffective given how cyber attacks can emerge from anywhere without links to sponsors. While revealing secret programs, mass surveillance has been publicly known and legally permitted for decades through laws like the Patriot Act.
Cyberstalking is defined as the repeated use of electronic communication devices like the internet or email to harass or threaten an individual or group. Females between the ages of 18-30 are most likely to be victims of cyberstalking. Common forms of cyberstalking include threatening emails, defamatory posts on message boards or websites, harassment in chat rooms or through instant messages, and creation of fake user profiles pretending to be the victim. Cyberstalking can have serious psychological effects on victims like changes in sleep and eating, nightmares, anxiety, and fear for their safety. All 50 U.S. states have laws against cyberstalking to protect victims.
This document discusses cyber crimes committed against children, including types like trafficking, pornography, morphing, kidnapping, and exploitation. It provides statistics on issues like child trafficking in India and cases of cyber bullying. The document outlines vulnerabilities children face, side effects of cyber crimes, and laws/legislations in place. It discusses the work of NGO Love146 and concludes by emphasizing the importance of parental involvement and guidance in protecting children from cyber crimes.
This document provides an overview of cyber crime for awareness purposes. It discusses why cyber crime is a growing issue due to increased computer and internet usage. It defines computer crime and profiles common cyber criminals. It outlines common types of cyber crimes like hacking, phishing, software piracy, and cyber stalking. It describes how credit card information can be stolen and how Nigerian scams operate. The presentation aims to increase understanding of cyber crime risks and techniques.
The document discusses various types of cybercrimes and email related crimes under Indian law. It provides examples and explanations of different cybercrimes like hacking, data theft, virus spreading, and intellectual property violations. It also examines specific email crimes such as phishing, spoofing, lottery scams, and sending threatening/explicit emails. For each crime, it summarizes the applicable Indian laws and sections along with examples of legal cases.
Jia's story illustrates the dangers of cybercrime and oversharing personal information online. Jia accepted a friend request from a stranger named Rahul on Facebook. Rahul convinced Jia to video chat and share personal photos, which he then leaked online. Jia's parents received the leaked video, and the cybercrime team was able to track down and arrest the person. The story emphasizes being careful about sharing private information or photos with strangers online, as it can enable cybercrimes like blackmail, harassment and identity theft if the information is misused or leaked publicly.
This document discusses cyber crime and provides an overview presented by Dr. Soreingam Ragui. It defines cyber crime as any illegal activity committed using computers or networks. India ranks 11th globally for cyber crime, constituting 3% of total cyber crime. Reasons for India's high rates include a rapidly growing internet user base. Common cyber crimes include hacking, phishing, and intellectual property theft. The document also discusses Indian cyber law and acts like the Information Technology Act of 2000.
The document discusses cyber crime and the IT Act in India. It defines cyber crime narrowly as offenses outlined in the IT Act and broadly as illegal acts using the internet. Cyber crimes are classified as old crimes committed online, new internet-created crimes, and using the internet to enable old crimes. The IT Act covers hacking, cyber pornography, and cyber fraud. It discusses provisions for tampering with computer source code, cyber terrorism, and defines key cyber crimes and offenses under the act. It also provides tips for individuals and organizations to prevent cyber crimes like using strong passwords, firewalls, and keeping systems updated.
This document provides an overview of cyber crime case studies from India and around the world. It begins with definitions of common cyber crime terms like malware, phishing, denial of service attacks, and unauthorized access. It then discusses the growth of cyber crime as a $105 billion business that now surpasses the illegal drug trade. Several case studies from India are presented that illustrate crimes like insulting images posted online and financial fraud. The document concludes with a section on cyber crime convictions and judgments in India.
In today's digital age, the threat of ransomware and data breaches is a growing concern for individuals and businesses. Ransomware is a type of malicious software that blocks access to a computer system or encrypts valuable data until a ransom is paid. Data breaches occur when unauthorized individuals gain access to sensitive information, often resulting in financial loss and reputational damage. Recent high-profile ransomware attacks have targeted organizations in various sectors, emphasizing the need for robust cybersecurity measures. The impact of these attacks can be devastating, leading to significant financial losses and disruptions in services. To prevent ransomware attacks, regular data backups, robust cybersecurity measures, employee training, and the use of cybersecurity tools and technologies are essential. Cybersecurity awareness and training play a crucial role in mitigating risks, and organizations must be prepared to respond effectively to an attack. Understanding cyber attack statistics and trends helps in staying informed and adapting defenses. Collaboration between government, law enforcement, and the private sector is vital in combating cybercrime through information sharing, legislation, and enforcement efforts. It is crucial for individuals and organizations to stay vigilant, implement preventive measures, and leverage advanced security technologies to protect against evolving cyber threats.
Exploring Cyber Attack Types: Understanding the Threat Landscapecyberprosocial
In today’s digitally-driven world, the prevalence of cyber-attacks poses a significant threat to individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide. Understanding the different types of cyber-attacks is essential for implementing effective cybersecurity measures and mitigating the risks posed by malicious actors
Managed security services for financial services firmsJake Weaver
This document discusses managed security services for financial services firms. It notes that financial services firms are under constant attack from sophisticated cyber threats. Maintaining strong security in-house is challenging due to the evolving threat landscape and constant change. The document recommends that firms consider purchasing managed security services from expert providers. This outsourced approach can provide state-of-the-art protection that is more effective and less costly than building internal security capabilities. Key benefits of managed services include distributed denial of service (DDoS) mitigation, web application protection, and access to security expertise.
This document provides an overview of cyber security threats facing businesses in the 21st century. It discusses the scale of cyber crime, changing threats from insiders, hacktivists, organized crime and nation-states. It also covers common forms of malware, how malware infects systems and steals credentials, and tips for businesses to prevent account takeover and avoid being victims of cyber attacks.
Article is your organisation ready for the next ransomware attack - paul wr...Paul Wright MSc
May 2020 – Paul Wright authour of the Article in the CXO Insight Middle East
"Is Your Organisation Ready For The Next Ransomware Attack?"
https://bit.ly/3tzwC6o
Running Head CYBERSECURITY1CYBERSECURITY 15.docxtodd271
Running Head: CYBERSECURITY 1
CYBERSECURITY 15
Cybersecurity in Financial Sector
Student Name
Tutor’s Name
Date
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Background 3
Insiders Threats 5
Research Questions 6
Research Methodology 9
Data Analysis 10
Discussions 10
Conclusion 12
Reference 14
Introduction
Cyber threat has risen as a key danger to financial stability, following ongoing attacks on financial organizations. This research introduces a novel documentation of digital threats far and wide for financial organizations by breaking down the various sorts of cyber events and determining patterns by use of several datasets. As critical framework, financial establishments must execute the most elevated level of cybersecurity as the danger of a devastating cyberattack keeps on growing. Malignant actors, including disgruntled staff, state supported actors and conventional hackers, all have inspirations to attack the financial sector, and do so now and then. Be that as it may, the risk changes somewhat between financially stable organizations as well as new financial institutions. The challenging and multifaceted danger must be completely comprehended so as to appropriately address and dissect solutions to save the security of these foundations and the economy that they contribute to.Background
Financial institutions are a primary component, both to the US as well as the world in general. As basic foundation and guardians of cash, stuns felt in the business can resound, with outrageous results, into each element of American life, as outlined in the 2008 financial crisis. While banks, both momentously huge and modestly small, satisfy the desires to keep the variable worldwide economy generally steady, the risk of cyberattacks on such organizations keep on developing. Consistently, noxious actors, a classification that contains from state supported hackers to disappointed insiders, attack banks through specialized methods.
Some of the attacks are monetarily inspired; some are only interested to disturb and cause the tumult that happens when critical infrastructures are truly undermined. Information breach, a typical type of attack, leave a large number of clients' sensitive data available to anyone. This mixture of damaging variables has lead the money business to be the most elevated high-roller on cybersecurity much higher than the legislature (Rohmeyer & Bayuk, 2018). Albeit accessible literature has assessed the risk from numerous points of view, two key areas require a more top to bottom examination; the one of a kind circumstance looked by little and network banks, and the insider danger faced by organizations of any size. By comprehension and dismembering the danger faced by money related organizations, the expanded mindfulness makes it simpler to break down solution and look towards the eventual fate of the issue.
The dangers faced by financial organizations differ generally in source, methodology of attacks as .
As ransomware has become a matter of “when” rather than “if”, a ransomware recovery plan is as important as a business plan. With a documented and tested ransomware recovery plan, organizations, big and small, can make sure that their critical operations can recover quickly and critical information, such as PII, PHI, etc. is safe from ransomware.Ransomware attacks continue to grow in number, scale, and complexity. To make sure your critical data is protected, plan and prepare beforehand with backup and DR that uses air-gapping and immutability.
For more information visit : https://stonefly.com/storage/nas-storage
Exposing Cybercriminals Tactics: Understanding the Threat Landscapecyberprosocial
In today’s interconnected world, cybercriminals pose a significant threat to individuals, businesses, and governments alike. These malicious actors leverage the anonymity and reach of the internet to carry out a wide range of criminal activities, from stealing sensitive information to disrupting critical infrastructure.
Top 10 Cyber Security Threats and How to Prevent ThemChinmayee Behera
Modern business has been altered by growth of the Internet. Organizations are increasingly making news due to cyber security threats and how to prevent them. Organizations are increasingly making news due to cybersecurity breaches.Every year, these attacks cause damage to corporate networks, equipment, business processes, and data, costing companies billions of dollars in losses and missed opportunities. Today, firms must invest in deterrents to these cybersecurity dangers. Here are the top ten most common and costly cyber security threats today, as well as the actions a business may take to avoid them.
1.Phishing
Because it can be high-tech or low-tech, phishing is a widespread yet severe cyberthreat. Criminals act as genuine companies in these assaults to take advantage of victims’ trust, curiosity, greed, or charity. They send bogus emails in order to persuade their victims to submit sensitive information such as passwords, social security numbers, or bank account information.
Some of the most frequent phishing scam strategies used by hackers nowadays include:
Spear phishing is the use of personalized messaging to target certain organizations or individuals.
Pretexting is creating fictitious but realistic events in order to gain the target’s trust and obtain sensitive information.
Mortgage fraud entails defrauding individuals by using stolen identities or fabricated income and asset data.
Baiting is the use of enticing incentives or possible rewards to entice people to provide sensitive information.
Pharming is the practice of redirecting website users to bogus websites that seem authentic in order to collect sensitive personal information.
Whaling – Phishing assaults targeting an organization’s top leadership or high-profile workers, such as the Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer.
2.Malware
Malware is an abbreviation for harmful software. As the name implies, they are computer programs that are meant to harm a computer system, network, or device. Malware may take many forms, from innocuous bothersome pranksters to deadly and sophisticated programs that can leave a whole computer system inoperable.
This document discusses and categorizes various types of cyber crimes. It summarizes that cyber crimes can be broadly categorized into three types: crimes against individuals, property, and government. Crimes against individuals include cyber stalking, distributing pornography, and human trafficking. Crimes against property involve theft of personal or financial information for monetary gain. Crimes against government include hacking of government websites and systems to cause disruption. The document provides examples of specific cyber crimes like hacking, phishing, ransomware, and denial of service attacks. It emphasizes the importance of security software and safe browsing to help prevent falling victim to cyber crimes.
The document discusses internet and network security risks and solutions. It provides an overview of common security threats like cybercrime, malware, and social engineering attacks. It then describes intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS) as basic concepts. IDS passively monitors network traffic and alerts administrators of potential threats, while IPS actively blocks malicious traffic in addition to detecting and alerting. The document analyzes IDS/IPS solutions and their role in providing security for networks and systems.
Ransomware- A reality check (Part 1).pptxInfosectrain3
Ransomware is the type of malicious software or malware that prevents you from accessing your files, networks, or systems. They demand a ransom amount to get your access back.
Cybersecurity is important in the digital age to protect systems, networks, and data from cyber threats such as malware, ransomware, phishing attacks, and data breaches. Some key steps individuals and organizations can take include using strong passwords, keeping software updated, being cautious of links and emails, enabling multi-factor authentication, backing up data regularly, and investing in security programs and employee training. As cyber threats continue evolving, maintaining vigilance and adapting cybersecurity practices will be crucial.
This document summarizes a cyber security planning panel discussion. The panelists discussed (1) the importance of cyber security for all organizations, even small and medium enterprises, as attackers target any organization that may have assets; (2) that all organizations have cyber security responsibilities to customers, stakeholders, and authorities; and (3) that organizations can take action to improve their cyber security through basic measures and defenses. The panel then covered specific cyber security threats like ransomware and weaponized artificial intelligence, trends showing small businesses and public sectors are increasingly targeted, and best practices for mitigation including having a plan, insurance, and a cyber security partner.
The document discusses the evolving cyber threat landscape and the need for organizations to take a proactive approach to cyber security. It outlines how cyber attacks have advanced from disruptive worms to sophisticated, targeted attacks from well-resourced state actors, hacktivists, and criminals seeking intellectual property, money, or political goals. The threats are constantly changing and can damage an organization's reputation, finances, and competitive advantage. To address these evolving threats, the document argues that cyber security needs to move beyond IT and become a whole-of-organization priority requiring strategic engagement from boards and executives.
Network Insights of Dyre and Dridex Trojan BankersBlueliv
This document summarizes research on the Dyre and Dridex banking Trojans. It describes how they infect systems through malicious emails and documents containing macros or URLs. Both Trojans communicate with command and control servers over an encrypted peer-to-peer network to steal credentials, transfer funds, and avoid detection. The analysis provides insight into the complex architecture that allows these botnets to operate resiliently on a global scale.
Ways To Protect Your Company From Cybercrimethinkwithniche
The Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI saw a 217 percent increase in Cybercrime Reporting between 2008 and 2021. Last year, losses reached almost $7 billion. This is due to a highly skilled cyber-threat supply network that empowers threat actors with limited know-how and limited resources to put at risk personal, economic, and national security.
Security - intelligence - maturity-model-ciso-whitepaperCMR WORLD TECH
This document discusses the need for organizations to shift from a prevention-focused approach to cybersecurity to one focused on rapid detection and response. It notes that most organizations have mean times to detect threats of weeks or months, leaving critical systems vulnerable. The document introduces the concept of security intelligence and outlines a threat detection and response lifecycle that organizations should optimize to reduce their mean time to detect and respond to threats. This involves processes like discovering threats, qualifying them, investigating incidents, and mitigating risks.
Ransomware-as-a-Service: The business of distributing cyber attacksΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Ransomware is proving to be a profitable endeavor for cyber criminals. It is also what is fueling a newer trend: the business of offering management of ransomware attacks, or Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS).
Fueled in part by the ability to use cryptocurrency to avoid detection, cyber criminals are setting up shop as a managed service provider, helping other cyber criminals conduct business on their platforms for a fee. For that fee, cyber criminal groups get personalize access to platforms, complete with dashboard capabilities, that allow them to easily distribute their ransomware. Also included – technical support. Such full-service offerings mean that nearly anyone with internet access can launch a ransomware attack without any technical knowledge needed.
And why not? The estimated return on investment from ransomware campaigns can easily reach 1400%. The lure of a lucrative return could well attract beginners or anyone with a grudge. For organizations, the threat coming from a well-backed beginner is as damaging as one coming from a career criminal.
Similar to Digital Blackmail as an Emerging Tactic (20)
Ransomware-as-a-Service: The business of distributing cyber attacks
Digital Blackmail as an Emerging Tactic
1. DIGITAL
BLACKMAIL AS
AN EMERGING
TACTIC
September 9
2016
Digital Blackmail (DB) represents a severe and growing threat
to individuals, small businesses, corporations, and government
entities. The rapid increase in the use of DB such as
ransomware; the proliferation of variants and growth in their
ease of use and acquisition by cybercriminals; weak defenses;
and the anonymous nature of the money trail will only increase
the scale of future attacks. Private sector, non-governmental
organization (NGO), and government cybersecurity experts
were brought together by the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence and the Department of Homeland Security to
determine emerging tactics and countermeasures associated
with the threat of DB. In this paper, DB is defined as illicitly
acquiring or denying access to sensitive data for the purpose of
affecting victims’ behaviors. Threats may be made of lost
revenue, the release of intellectual property or sensitive
personnel/client information, the destruction of critical data, or
reputational damage. For clarity, this paper maps DB activities
to traditional blackmail behaviors and explores methods and
tools, exploits, protection measures, whether to pay or not pay
the ransom, and law enforcement (LE) and government points
of contact for incident response. The paper also examines the
future of the DB threat.
Examining
Strategies
Public and
Private Entities
Can Pursue to
Contain Such
Attacks
2. 1
Digital Blackmail as an Emerging Tactic
Team Members
Name Organization
Caitlin Bataillon FBI
Lynn Choi-Brewer FBI
James Dean TrueCourse Advisory Services
Julia Dorosz
WI Department of Justice –
Division of Criminal Investigation:
Wisconsin Statewide Intelligence
Center
Cindy Green-Ortiz Red Crystal Enterprises
Kurt Jordan Christian Emergency Network
Eric Kant Kant Consulting Group
Christopher Porter FireEye
Aaron Varrone Cisco
3. 2
Critical Briefing Paper Findings
“Digital Blackmail is almost a perfect storm of conditions for cyber-criminals – ease
of access, use, and distribution of the malware; difficult attribution; high-value
targets in low-security environments; and the ease of collection of ransom payments
all feed fuel to the criminals as low pressures and warm moist air feed a hurricane.”
Threat Analysis
• Digital Blackmail (DB), in particular Ransomware, will be a long-term persistent
threat
• The threat horizons have dramatically grown, and continue to grow at a rapid rate
• It is equal opportunity—threatening individuals, nonprofits, corporations of all
sizes, government entities, and NGOs
• Threats are non-discriminatory—with a slightly greater focus on sectors with low
cybersecurity maturity levels—small/medium-sized firms, NGOs, Healthcare, etc.
• Cybercriminal Ransomware kits are economical and easy to access, utilize,
customize, and distribute, and virtual currencies make payments non-attributable
• Ransomware holds a victim’s high-value targets (data) hostage for low payments
• If not prepared, victims have little choice but to pay or sacrifice the hostage data
• Ransomware may be used to maliciously coerce victims by threatening to
release sensitive personal information, intellectual property, or information
damaging to national security.
“However, the properly prepared individual, company, government, or non-
government entity has an excellent chance to detect and defeat an attack or to
recover from a successful intrusion. Absent preparation, all is lost.”
Countermeasures Analysis
• The majority of Ransomware threats can be mitigated by continuous and strict
adherence to standard cybersecurity best practices
• If the threat is successful, recovery is usually possible if proper adherence to
backup, recovery, and business continuity best practices have been followed
• There is a growing body of services providing decryption keys for specific
malware variants
• Greater outreach is needed by government to all sectors to stress the importance
of implementing and adhering to cybersecurity best practices
4. 3
The Threats We Face
Introduction
Digital blackmail (DB) is illicitly acquiring or denying access to sensitive data for the
purpose of affecting or controlling a person's, company’s, or government’s
behavior. Blackmail can threaten lost revenue, the bulk release of sensitive data, or
leaked embarrassing information, prevented only by a financial payoff to the attackers.
DB may originate from insider threats, individual hackers, organized cybercriminal
organizations, hacktivists, and state-sponsored actors. The tools for executing a
ransomware attack are not only easy for an attacker to obtain and use, but are also
relatively inexpensive.
Although “ransomware” for criminal financial gain naturally first comes to mind when we
think of DB, there are many other types of DB that may play out.
• Attackers threaten to publicly release incriminating images or communications
(e.g., “sextortion,” an already prevalent crime in Asia and Europe) unless a
government official provides sensitive information (such as passwords to classified
systems). Incriminating data could be personal, or that of close friends or relatives
who have had their systems compromised by intrusive malware.
• A military service member who receives an electronic threat that hostages will be
killed or an attack will be carried out if sensitive military data is not revealed.
• A government official receives a malware threat that attempts to coerce a change
in Government policy/activity or sensitive/damaging information about the
Government will be publicly released.
• A high-volume program trader is threatened by malware to execute high-volume
trades that can affect market activity—as in the “flash crash”—and destabilize the
financial system or produce illegal gains for criminal cartels or terrorist
organizations.
• A broker who has access to hundreds of high-value funds is coerced by malware
to transfer funds to a terrorist organization.
• The 2014 North Korean extortion cyber attack against Sony Pictures Entertainment
threatened the company with brand destruction.
5. 4
• An executive of a major financial services firm (or hospital, as has been prevalent
recently) is subjected to DB, threatened with the release of sensitive personal
information about specific, high-value customers in furtherance of state-sponsored
or hacktivist agendas.
Obviously, traditional blackmail is one of the oldest forms of coercion. Much is known
about that threat, which can be applied to today’s electronic version. However, DB differs
from traditional blackmail in its ease of development and delivery, the speed and volume
of attacks that can be mounted simultaneously, and its unique detection challenges. Still,
DB has much commonality with traditional blackmail in the techniques used to extort (i.e.,
money, ideology, compromise, ego) and its goals (intelligence gathering, destabilization
of the social fabric, influencing behavioral or policy change, financial gain, etc.). As such,
it is useful to keep in mind that, although the medium of delivery is different, DB is still a
traditional crime.
Although this briefing paper focuses on financially-driven ransomware, executives of
businesses and government institutions should keep in mind the other types of DB to
which they may be subjected. Fortunately, the majority of the mitigation approaches
outlined in this paper are effective against non-financial blackmail as well as financially-
oriented blackmail.
Despite the fact that ransomware is increasing at a dramatic rate, the mitigation
approaches outlined in this paper, such as maintaining common cyber-hygiene
techniques, utilizing good backup procedures, conducting anti-phishing training, and
formulating a comprehensive Business Continuity Plan, are all standard cyber best
practices—nothing new or extraordinary. If applied with good management discipline,
these best practices can be very effective against many cyber threats.
Ransomware – Types and History
Ransomware has developed significantly since the first observed ransomware incidents
in 1989, from simple blockers targeting Russian-speaking individuals to sophisticated
encrypting ransomware types affecting individuals and businesses globally. The evolution
of ransomware has been greatly influenced by ever-changing developments in culture,
economics, security, and technology over time.
In the past, malware was never specifically focused on the destruction of, or denial of
access to, data held in the systems it infected. Most actors were primarily concerned with
getting continued access to the data or the resources a system provided. Ransomware,
however, has shifted this focus toward extortion. Actors are now denying access to data
and demanding money in order to restore users’ access to this data.1
6. 5
Definition
Ransomware is a class of malware that has an end-goal of denying access to user data
by specifically targeting user files but avoiding damage to system files. Ransomware
behaves this way for two reasons: to ensure the user can be contacted and notified of
what happened to her files, and to provide a way for the user to pay the ransom to regain
access to her files.1
There are two basic types of ransomware in circulation. The most common type today is
crypto ransomware, which aims to encrypt personal or corporate data and files. The other
type, known as locker ransomware, is designed to lock the computer, disable a program
or function on the device, and prevent victims from freely using the device.3
Crypto Ransomware
This type of ransomware is designed to find and encrypt valuable data stored on
the computer, making the data useless unless the user obtains the decryption key.
As digital technology increases, more and more important data is stored on
personal and business computers and devices. Many users are not aware of the
need to, or know how to, create backups to guard against theft or loss of the
computer or hard disk failures. Even a smaller number of users are aware of the
need to protect against a possible crypto ransomware attack. Many companies are
unaware of how vulnerable their networks are until it is too late, and they have
already become a victim.3
Crypto ransomware targets these weaknesses in the typical user’s security posture
for extortion purposes. Creators of crypto ransomware know that data stored on
personal or business computers is likely to be important to individual users or the
company overall. Ransomware victims may be desperate to get their data back,
preferring to pay the ransom to restore access rather than simply lose it forever
and suffer the consequences. For some businesses and other agencies who do
not have strong cybersecurity—for example, a company that deals with personal
information in order to provide services but has no backup of client lists, a
healthcare provider that cannot access patients records, or a law enforcement
agency that cannot access case files—paying the ransom may be the only option
to recover lost data.3
After installation, a typical crypto ransomware threat quietly searches for and
encrypts files. Its goal is to stay below the radar until it can find and encrypt all of
the files that could be of value to the user. By the time the victim is presented with
the malware’s message that their data is encrypted, the damage is already done.3
7. 6
With most crypto ransomware infections, the affected computer continues to work
normally, as the malware does not target critical system files or disrupt the
computer’s functionality. Users can still use the computer to perform a range of
activities apart from accessing the data that has been encrypted.3
Locker Ransomware
Locker ransomware is designed to deny access to computing resources, usually
by locking the user interface of the computer or device, then asking the user to pay
a fee in order to restore access. Locked computers will often have limited
capabilities, such as only allowing the user to interact with the ransomware and
pay the ransom.3
Locker ransomware is typically only designed to prevent access to the computer
interface, largely leaving the underlying system and files untouched. Therefore, the
malware could potentially be removed to restore a computer to something nearing
its original state. In this way, locker ransomware is less effective at extracting
ransom payments compared to its more destructive relative crypto ransomware.3
Because locker ransomware can usually be removed cleanly, it tends to go to great
lengths to incorporate social engineering techniques that pressure victims into
paying. This type of ransomware often masquerades as law enforcement
authorities and claims to issue fines to users for alleged online indiscretions or
criminal activities.3
ORIGIN
Despite only receiving significant media attention in the past few years, ransomware has
existed for at least 26 years. The first publicly reported ransomware sample was observed
in 1989, when a medical doctor wrote and shared a type of encrypting ransomware via a
floppy disk, called the AIDS Trojan. However, ransomware remained scarce until around
2005, when reports surfaced about attacks against Russian-speaking individuals. It is
unclear exactly how ransomware spread at this time, but owing to the language limitation,
reports indicated that targeting did not extend beyond Russian speakers.2
The first instances of misleading applications began to appear in 2005, posing as fake
spyware removal tools (e.g., SpySheriff) or performance enhancement tools. These
applications typically exaggerated the impact of computer issues and said they would
resolve them if the user paid for a license, usually between $30 and $90. In reality, either
there was no issue or the software was not actually functional.3
8. 7
In early 2005, the first set of modern crypto ransomware appeared, using a symmetric
encryption algorithm. In other words, the same key was used for both encryption and
decryption, making it easy to overcome. By early 2006, crypto ransomware was already
evolving into variants like Trojan.Cryzip, which would copy data files to individual
password-protected files and delete the originals. However, at the time, the password
was written into the Trojan itself, making it also easy to overcome.3
Ransomware began gaining widespread attention in 2008 and 2009 with the release of
fake antivirus programs that mimicked the appearance and functionality of legitimate
security software. These programs would perform fake scans and find large numbers of
threats to the computer systems, then ask for payment between $40 and $100 to fix the
fake problems.3
Reports of ransomware in other countries have grown significantly since 2009. By 2012,
ransomware frequently targeted highly developed countries, most likely owing to three
factors. First, the introduction of ransomware builders allowed more individuals to create
their own variants. Second, the success of GPCode and other ransomware attracted
other cybercriminals to ransomware schemes. Third, the ransomware marketplace
developed to the point where ransomware developers rented out their malware to other
cybercriminals and used botnet-based distribution tactics (e.g., spam or secondary
payload installation) to infect significantly more targets.2
In 2011 and 2012, cybercriminals moved away from antivirus tools and toward locker
ransomware. They disabled access and control of the computer and requested payment
of around $150 to $200 to unlock the device.3
From 2013 to the present day, there has been a shift back to crypto ransomware. The
threats usually display an extortion message, offering to return data upon payment of
around $300 for a single computer. These variants are much more capable than earlier
versions, with stronger operational and encryption procedures.3
Current ransomware operations target geographic regions all around the world. In recent
months, ransomware campaigns have targeted many countries, including Japan, Korea,
Malaysia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil and the United States.
Ransomware operations are also beginning to impact previously untargeted countries. In
particular, ransomware is increasingly targeting East Asian nations. Major ransomware
families typically expand their operations over time, shifting from country to country to
both broaden their target pool and provide some defense against law enforcement
activities in particular countries.2
9. 8
In 2015, the top six countries impacted by all types of ransomware were the United States,
Japan, the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, and Russia.3
As devastating as it may be to an individual user to lose all of his personal files, larger
companies and government agencies are equally at risk. Cybercriminals may need just
one employee to accidentally click a malicious link in a phishing e-mail in order to gain
access to an entire network. While prevention and mitigation measures are discussed
later in this briefing paper, it bears mentioning here that, in today’s world of DB, it is
absolutely crucial to retain backups of data in off-site locations or cloud-based storage
systems to ensure data is not vulnerable to a single user error.
10. 9
Source: Chris Olive. (2016).The (Immediate) Future of Ransomware.
Evolution of Ransomware
The following chart depicts the aggressive increase of ransomware tools available to cybercriminals.
There is no anticipated reduction in the rate of new tools that will become available through the
dark web.
11. 10
THE ATTACK
The way malicious actors spread ransomware depends on the device affected by the
malware and the resources available to the actors. Ransomware campaigns continue to
primarily target Windows and Android devices. The current variants of ransomware seen
today tend to attempt to infect as many victims as possible rather than purposely targeting
specific sectors or businesses.2 Opportunistic or targeted, the results of ransomware to
the victim are the same.
Ransomware can be delivered through exploit kits, watering hole attacks, malvertising, or
mass phishing campaigns. Once delivered, ransomware typically identifies user files and
data via a sort of embedded file extension list. However, it specifically avoids certain
system directories to ensure system stability so that the victim may complete payment of
the ransom.1
Once the malware has encrypted the files, it usually self-deletes, leaving behind a
document that instructs the victim on where and how to provide payment to get her files
back. Some variants show their victim a countdown timer, with threats to increase the
ransom or to delete the decryption key if payment is not received in time.1
12. 11
Multiple actors are also using social engineering techniques, such as spoofing updates
to various web browsers and applications, to “trick” users into installing the ransomware.2
Ransomware affecting mobile devices typically spreads by socially engineering victims
into downloading fake applications, especially those with adult themes or are associated
with adult-themed websites. Social engineering tactics include masquerading as law
enforcement operations or spoofing legitimate application updates that require the victim
to enter confidential information. Mobile ransomware is also distributed via SMS
messages, spam e-mails, and within other forms of malware, such as credential theft
software. Because Android and iOS mobile operating systems require approval by the
device's owner to download an application and allow certain permissions on the device
(absent use of an exploit), the growth of mobile ransomware distribution will almost
certainly be determined by the development of social engineering campaigns. A variety
of mobile ransomware variants employ blocker techniques. One example of a type of
Android malware that spoofs legitimate application updates is the GM Bot. This botnet
includes a ransomware capability in which the victim is told that he must provide credit
card information to update Google Play, and the malware blocks normal use of the phone
until the data is provided.2
13. 12
PAYMENT METHODS
The use of direct and anonymous electronic payment methods has been a key factor in
making ransomware a profitable cybercrime activity. Ransomware developers have
previously used a range of payment systems including Qiwi, WebMoney, PerfectMoney,
Ukash, PaySafeCard, MoneyPak, CashU and Reloadit.2
In 2014 and 2015, Bitcoin became the preferred payment method for many ransomware
developers, to the exclusion of other payment methods. Many criminal actors prefer to
use Bitcoins for a variety of illicit activities because they are difficult to trace and help to
obfuscate the malicious activity.2
Another recently observed development in ransomware payment schemes involves a
fluctuating ransom price. Historically, once ransomware has infected a machine, it
requests the full amount up front in order for users to gain access to their locked files.
However, there has been some deviation from this trend. For example, one recently
observed type of ransomware includes a price increase every day until the ransom is
paid. Other ransomware samples reportedly change their ransom price after victims fail
to pay by a deadline. Also observed are ransomware kit authors claiming they will raise
the ransom price based on the number of attempts the victim makes to recover the stolen
data, though this approach could be difficult and such price hikes have not been
cofirmed.2
14. 13
First Lines of Defense
In the movie Spy Game, Robert Redford’s character asked the rhetorical question, “When
did Noah build the Ark?”—to which he replied, “Before the flood, before the flood!” There
are few better adages for a ransomware attack. If not prepared for an attack, there will be
few options to the victim except to sacrifice the files or pay the ransom.
However, for properly prepared firms, the majority of attacks can be detected and
deterred, and even if they are not defeated, recovery is very likely. There are a number
of steps to implement, but almost all of them are standard cyber-hygiene and IT best
practices. In addition, these protections are effective against many cyber threats and all
forms of DB, not just ransomware. From a cost effectiveness perspective, implementing
these actions has excellent economies of scale.
There may seem to be a lot of tasks to conduct and put in place. However, DB will be a
threat for a long time to come. To put the threat in context, extortion attempts have been
documented since the 12th Century, and we are still combating them today. Therefore, it
is recommended that an organization conduct gap analysis between its current
preparations and those outlined in this or other publications. The organization should then
develop a 12- to 18-month (or longer) duration plan with quarterly goals to bridge the
gaps. This plan will be unique to each entity depending on its current capabilities, staffing,
budget, risk acceptance levels, threat assessments, etc.
15. 14
Prevention Management
Often overlooked are several practices that must be in place or authorized by senior
management prior to an event occurring, be it general cyber attack or DB. First and most
important is an understanding that, although a cyber attack is a technology event, it is an
attack against the corporation and its assets, and the response needs to be driven by
business management, not just the technology team. The following items address the
management activities related to cyber attack prevention management.
1. Establish a Policy and Incident Response Team – If not already in place, create
an executive team that will define policies and provide direction and decision-
making in the event of an incident. A sample structure for such a team is shown
below.
Each firm’s structure will be unique, but as depicted, an attack may involve all
aspects of the business. Establishing the relationships and protocols before an
incident is essential to a quick and effective recovery.
2. Intelligence Gathering – Threats, sources, and methods are constantly changing
in the world of ransomware, so gathering intelligence and developing a threat
16. 15
matrix and various attack scenarios for the firm are an important first step in
developing a preventive strategy. Joining industry and government associations is
a good source of relevant industry intelligence. Examples include FBI InfraGard,
the appropriate Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ISAC), the National
Cyber-Forensics & Training Alliance (NCFTA), and many other available
organizations. Of course, latest intelligence is also available from the commercial
cybersecurity sector.
3. Develop a Prevention and Preparation Strategy – Developing and publishing an
overall strategy for attack prevention and preparation will ensure an integrated and
cohesive approach to managing and responding to a threat. It will ensure each
group within the firm knows its role and responsibility and help mitigate mistakes
made in the heat of an attack.
First creating an inventory of mission-critical files and systems will help prioritize
other aspects of the strategy. Another important part of the strategy is to define
which security standards (NIST, ISO2700x, PCI-DSS, etc.) the firm should
maintain, both internally and for third parties, and to ensure they meet any
insurance requirements for future cyber attack insurance claims.
Further, a policy for decision-making regarding the payment of a ransom should
also be developed early on. Financial impact, the culture of the company, branding,
and law enforcement concerns should also be a key part of the payment strategy.
The strategy should also include a methodology for ranking the degree of risk
posed by an incident. Is the incident isolated to one computer or the entire network
and backups? Does it affect third parties? The threat ranking will help determine
the level of response needed.
4. Establish an Incident Response Plan – This step should consist of a series of
protocols (or “playbooks”) based on the level of threat the attack poses, from single
desktop infection to an enterprise-level encryption attack. If a scenario requires
attribution, it is critical to bring in a professional cyber-forensics consultant early,
as significant evidence may be lost through an ad hoc stabilization or recovery
process.
5. Establish an Incident Communications Network – It is of significant benefit to a
victim company to have a pre-positioned network of trusted individuals that can be
contacted for expertise and advice related to an attack. These can include
cybersecurity consultants, public affairs and media consultants, legal firms
specializing in cybersecurity, law enforcement, and regulatory officers.
17. 16
Establishing relationships before they are needed and having a network that is
familiar with the response operations can be invaluable during a challenging event.
6. Conduct Business Continuity Planning – This step is often confused with backups
and recovery, but it is entirely different. Business continuity planning addresses
how the business will continue to run if systems are not available and the recovery
time is significant. Identifying critical business operations and developing
workarounds and alternative methods of documenting critical transactions are all
part of a good business continuity plan. Client and third-party communications are
also important. Conducting desk-top (a.k.a., tabletop) scenarios will help validate
the plan and itemize deficiencies.
7. End-User Training – The majority of ransomware is delivered as a result of poor
user cyber-hygiene. Responding to phishing e-mails, clicking links embedded in e-
mails, non-secure browsing activities, and keeping critical data on local drives that
are not corporately backed up are all common sources of compromise. Regular
training, awareness campaigns, and Employee Behavioral Penetration Testing are
effective prevention tools.
8. Communication Planning – Although ransomware attacks are often thought of as
internal events, depending on the scale of the attack and taking into consideration
the full scale of DB, an incident could affect relations with third-party vendors,
clients, the general public, shareholders, service providers, and others. In a pre-
planning exercise, developing a number of different attack scenarios and
determining which entities will need to be contacted is important. Identify who
within the third party to contact, who within the firm is responsible for making
contact, and what form of media (phone, e-mail, public notice) should be used.
Determining the legal implications of the communications and content beforehand
can spare the company from unnecessary liability and expense arising from a
future event. As part of the pre-planning effort, identifying which law enforcement
agency to contact and developing a relationship with a point of contact can be very
valuable when and if an event occurs.
9. Legal and Insurance Planning – It is also best-practice to have the legal team
review the scenarios and provide guidance as to potential liability issues,
communication protocols, documentation of incident actions, and approvals. It is
also critical to ensure legal departments review and approve threat information and
other actionable intelligence strategies shared with peer groups, peers, and law
enforcement. Depending on the insurance coverage a firm may have, ransom
payments, lost income from business interruption, costs related to recovery, and
even the ransom itself may be recoverable if certain actions and communications
18. 17
are taken during the event. To maximize insurance claim recovery, this information
should be contained in the response scenarios so that proper communication and
documentation are maintained during an event.
Prevention Activities
There is a large body of work available on best operational practices related to
ransomware. These best practices will constantly change, and at a rapid rate, owing to
the accelerated changes in threats and the technology environment. However, the
following are core best practices that should be applied at an operational level.
1. Backups/Contingency Planning – A backup policy/contingency plan, procedure,
and technology for systems should be developed and utilized in the event data
loss occurs. Unfortunately, many companies do not effectively test their recovery
plans, which should be done on a regular basis. Other key points include ensuring
backups are kept offline; plans are made for mobile, local, server and cloud-based
files; and backups are made on a regular basis, considering the application
requirements.
2. Patching Life Cycle – A patching level cycle should be utilized to deploy updates
to all systems for known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) in
commonly used software such as, but not limited to: Adobe Flash, Adobe Acrobat,
Microsoft Silverlight, Oracle Java, Microsoft Internet Explorer, and Microsoft Office;
where exploits can take advantage of programmatic errors and unsecure code.
3. Remediation/Upgrade Plan for Unsupported Operating Systems (OS) – Develop a
remediation/upgrade plan for unsupported and unpatched OS such as Windows
XP, Windows 2000, and Windows 2003, or consider the use of application
whitelisting.
4. Proactive Host-Based and Network-Based Security Defenses – Each system
should be protected with an updated Anti-Virus Scan Engine, Virus
Definitions/Signatures, and a Host-Based Firewall solution for detecting and
preventing the latest ransomware variants. Behavior-based antivirus solutions may
also be examined. At an organizational level, a Network Intrusion
Detection/Prevention System (IDS/IPS) and a Network-based Firewall should also
be utilized to detect and prevent the latest ransomware variants. Based on victim
interviews, the addition of SSL scanning to the Network-based Firewall has
stopped additional ransomware attacks.
19. 18
5. DNS (Domain Name System) Service Protection – Consider configuring the use
of a Public DNS service on systems, such as Google Public DNS or OpenDNS,
that provides phishing protection and content filtering of unknown domains. The
service is an additional layer of security to assist with preventing attacks by
expanding threat protection beyond the perimeter.
6. Network Segmentation – Segmenting the network will help limit an attack from
spreading through the entire enterprise or to third parties with network connections.
7. Disable macros – Disable all macro scripts from files sent via e-mail. Implement
software restriction policies or other controls to prevent programs from executing
from common ransomware locations.
8. Limiting Internet Access – Restrict access to the Internet to only those systems
with a need for access.
9. Limit Administrator Rights – Only provide administrator rights as needed based on
the principle of least privilege.
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Attack Response
Depending on how well an organization or individual is prepared, the response to an
attack can range from panic, confusion, and chaos to a calm, methodical approach to
recovery. The following are key steps when confronted by an attack.
1. Immediately Isolate the Infected Device – Remove it from the network to prevent
propagation of the infection to the network and shared drives.
2. Immediately Secure Backup Data – Take backups offline or remove them from the
system (if they are connected to the network).
3. Activate Incident Response Team – Notify the team of the attack status and initiate
the incident response plan.
4. Assess and Classify the Threat – The level of response and the number of
individuals and third parties affected will vary according to the level of the threat.
A single infected desktop computer with a low-value ransom will have a much
lower response activity than a network-level infection or backup encryption at a
corporate level.
5. Determine if the Threat is Isolated – Adversaries may use multiple attack vectors
to distract the victim from the true attack, which could range from exfiltration of
valuable intellectual property or illicit wire transfers to overseas accounts. While
evaluating the threat, do not fall prey to tunnel vision; take actions to determine if
any other unusual activities or incursions are occurring.
6. Collect details on specifics of the infection, including:
a. the ransomware variant
b. when the infection occurred
c. how you believe the infection occurred (i.e., infection vector)
d. what data was encrypted
e. which scenario matches the attack pattern
f. indicators that may help identify the attackers (e.g., Bitcoin wallets, URLs
used to communicate with the attackers, suspicious IP addresses)
7. Research Variant Type – Determine if decryption keys or processes are available
for the responsible malware variant. There are several services and websites (such
as nomoreransom.org) that provide access to keys and solutions to encrypted
data.
21. 20
8. Determine Course of Action – Based on the information obtained in items 5-7,
select the appropriate protocol or playbook to activate.
9. Execute Notifications – Depending on the protocol selected, one of the first steps
will be notifying appropriate external parties, potentially including cyber-forensic
consultants, the incident communication network, law enforcement, intelligence-
sharing organizations, insurance companies, and external law firms. One team
member should be assigned to manage or coordinate these communications to
ensure a consistent message and coordinated assessment of responses.
Recovery Services
There are several services and websites (such as nomoreransom.org above) that
provide access to keys and solutions to encrypted data.
22. 21
Involving the Federal Government
The FBI encourages organizations to contact a local FBI field office immediately to report
a ransomware event and request assistance. The FBI has a Cyber Task Force (CTF) in
each of the 56 field offices across the country that can deploy agents, analysts, and
computer scientists to address cyber incidents. Victims are also encouraged to report
cyber incidents to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complain Center (IC3), which supports a
mechanism for the public to submit information to the FBI concerning suspected Internet-
facilitated criminal activity. Reporting even unsuccessful or past ransomware incidents
could help the FBI to identify, pursue, and ultimately defeat the actors responsible. As
part of an incident response plan, organizations should consider under what
circumstances to involve the Federal Government and ensure concurrence from
appropriate members of the incident response team, especially legal, information
security, and privacy representatives.5
In July 2016, the Obama Administration released Presidential Policy Directive 41 (PPD-
41), which established a unified federal government response to potential cyber incidents.
When responding to a cyber incident, federal agencies are responsible for three
concurrent services: threat response, asset response, and intelligence support and
related activities. The first two services are especially relevant to victims when
considering Federal Government assistance during a cyber incident.6
• The Department of Justice, through the FBI and the National Cyber Investigative
Joint Task Force (NCIJTF), is the designated lead for threat response activities,
which include the investigative action related to cyber incidents, such as collecting
evidence, determining attribution, conducting law enforcement activity, and
identifying opportunities for further investigative action, intelligence gathering, and
threat pursuit and disruption.6
• The Department of Homeland Security, through the National Cybersecurity and
Communications Integration Center (NCCIC), is the designated lead for asset
response activities, which include mitigation of vulnerabilities and identification of
potential risks to other organizations or sectors that may be affected.6
• PPD-41 acknowledges threat and asset responders will share some
responsibilities and activities. Furthermore, victims in need of assistance should
trust that the Federal Government coordinates to ensure no single point of failure
in response. As such, whichever agency first becomes aware of a cyber incident
is required to rapidly notify other relevant agencies to ensure the optimal level of
response.6
23. 22
Importantly, two of PPD-41’s guiding principles for cyber incident response are to respect
and limit disruption to victims. In other words, to the extent permitted by law, Federal
Government responders will safeguard details of the incident and sensitive private sector
information, as well as generally defer to victims in notifying other affected private sector
entities and the public. Furthermore, federal response activities will balance investigative
and national security requirements, public health and safety, and the victim’s need to
return to normal operations as quickly as possible.6
Victims in need of threat response can prepare for their interaction with the FBI. You
should establish a trusted partnership with the local FBI field office prior to a cyber
incident. Such a partnership will not only allow you to receive FBI warnings about targeting
activity and technical indicators to help defend your network, but it will ensure you have
a trusted contact in the FBI who is responsive to and understands your needs in the event
of a cyber incident. It is also important to maintain sufficient logging on your network to
facilitate the FBI’s investigation. Tailor your logging toward your own organization, and try
to preserve and/or heavily monitor ongoing malicious activity. Your FBI contact can
ensure you understand what logging is needed. Finally, it is very beneficial to the FBI to
have appropriate company personnel—including network security personnel, computer
incident response teams, network administrators, and corporate law teams—ready to
assist in order to speed along the FBI’s investigation.7
With regard to state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) government response, SLTT law
enforcement usually will refer cyber incidents to the FBI because many cyber incidents
involve attackers outside SLTT jurisdiction, larger schemes impacting victims in other
jurisdictions, and federal statute violations. Per PPD-41, SLTT governments have
responsibilities, authorities, capabilities, and resources that can be leveraged in response
to a cyber incident, so the Federal Government should be prepared to partner with SLTT
governments when responding to an incident.6
24. 23
Key Federal Points of Contact8
Threat Response Asset Response
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
FBI Field Office Cyber Task
Forces:
http://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field
Internet Crime Complaint Center
(IC3):
http://www.ic3.gov
Report cybercrime, including computer
intrusions or attacks, fraud, intellectual
property theft, identity theft, theft of trade
secrets, criminal hacking, terrorist
activity, espionage, sabotage, or other
foreign intelligence activity to the FBI
Field Office Cyber Task Forces.
Report individual instances of
cybercrime to the IC3, which accepts
Internet crime complaints from both
victim and third parties.
National Cybersecurity and
Communications Integration Center
(NCCIC)
NCCIC:
(888) 282-0870 or NCCIC@hq.dhs.gov
Unites States Computer Emergency
Readiness Team (US-CERT):
http://www.us-cert.gov
Report suspected or confirmed cyber
incidents, including when the affected
entity may be interested in government
assistance in removing the adversary,
restoring operations, and recommending
ways to further improve security.
National Cyber Investigative Joint
Task Force (NCIJTF)
NCIJTF CyWatch 24/7 Command
Center:
(855) 292-3937 or
cywatch@ic.fbi.gov
Report cyber intrusions and major
cybercrimes that require assessment for
action, investigation, and engagement
with local field offices of federal law
enforcement agencies or the Federal
Government.
25. 24
When Does it Pay to Pay?
There is obvious controversy in the debate over whether or not to pay a ransom. The
better a company’s prevention strategies, the better the chance they will not face this
dilemma.
Some reasons listed in the brochure as to why the FBI discourages the ransom payment
include:
• “Paying a ransom does not guarantee an organization will regain access to their
data; in fact, some individuals or organizations were never provided with
decryption keys after having paid a ransom.
• Some victims who paid the demand have reported being targeted again by cyber
actors.
• After paying the originally demanded ransom, some victims have been asked to
pay more to get the promised decryption key.
• Paying could inadvertently encourage this criminal business model.”9
It is important for each firm to develop its own policy for ransom payment based on threat
level as a part of their threat assessment and prevention strategy efforts. Each company
will have to evaluate their need to pay a ransom based on several factors unique to the
organization and the threat, including:
FBI Comment
“We do not encourage paying a ransom. We understand that when businesses are
faced with an inability to function, executives will evaluate all options to protect
their shareholders, employees, and customers.”9
26. 25
• Culture of the company related to criminal activities
• Condition of backup/recovery capabilities
• Value of affected data
• Reputational damage from publication of the incident
• Recovery time implications
• Third-party impacts
• Price of the ransom
• Reputation of the ransom attacker
One decision table to assist companies making a decision related to payment is shown
below.
Source: Cisco Talos
27. 26
If a firm elects to pay a ransom, then prior to the payment, and depending on the amount
of the payment, the company’s insurance carrier should be contacted. The actual cost of
the ransom may be covered under business interruption or other clauses, but usually only
if the insurance approves the payment before it is made.
Conclusion and Future Considerations
DB will be a serious threat for some time to come. It is almost a perfect storm of conditions
for the criminals; ease of access to the code, ease of use and distribution, difficult
attribution, high-value targets in low-security environments, and the ease of ransom
payment collection all feed fuel to the criminals as low pressures and warm moist air feed
a hurricane.
In addition to the status quo, the attacks may get darker and deeper. New vectors may
attack everything connected to a network, including backups and cloud storage,
increasing the value of targets to adversaries. Alternative encryption methods are also
being explored by attackers, including master boot record and metadata encryption.
Rule of Thumb
“If the cost associated with paying the ransom is less than the cost associated with the loss of
data for that gap of time between off-site backups, then in all likelihood, the organization will
pay the ransom. Otherwise, the organization will accept the loss and begin the recovery
process." (Source: Cisco Talos.)
On the positive side, the Boy Scouts have the answer: “Always Be
Prepared!” The properly prepared individual, company, or
government entity has an excellent chance to detect and defeat an
attack, or to recover from a successful intrusion. The majority of the
preparation activities are standard IT best practices that are well-
known, documented, and tested. It is critical that individuals,
companies, and government entities, to protect themselves from this
growing and ever menacing threat, exercise strong discipline in
consistently applying the cybersecurity best practices covered in this
briefing paper to their cyber environment.
28. 27
References
1. Digital Blackmail as an Emerging Tactic Team Slides.
2. Cisco Talos. (11 April 2016). Ransomware: Past, Present, and Future.
3. FireEye, Inc. (27 July 2015). Overview of Ransomware History and Current Trends.
4. Symantec. (6 August 2015). The Evolution of Ransomware.
5. Department of Justice, FBI. (4 May 2016). Ransomware.
https://pdf.ic3.gov/Ransomware_Trifold_e-version.pdf.
6. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (26 July 2016). Presidential Policy
Directive – United States Cyber Incident Coordination. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-
press-office/2016/07/26/presidential-policy-directive-united-states-cyber-incident.
7. FBI, Cyber Division. Incident Preparedness: Building alliances to improve the nation’s
cybersecurity. Handout.
8. Department of Justice, FBI, IC3, NCIJTF, Department of Homeland Security, USSS,
Homeland Security Investigations, NCCIC. (11 August 2016). Cyber Incident Reporting,
A Unified Message for Reporting to the Federal Government.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Cyber%20Incident%20Reporting%20
United%20Message.pdf.
9. FBI. (29 April 2016). Ransomware: What It Is and What To Do About It.
https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/incidents-of-ransomware-on-the-rise.
29. 28
Further Reading
• FBI, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/incidents-of-ransomware-on-the-rise
• ODNI, Intelligence Community Analyst – 2014 PPS – “Understanding Cyber Threats”
• NJCCIC, http://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-analysis/ransomware-an-enduring-risk-to-
organizations-and-individuals
• NJCCIC, http://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-analysis/ransomware-lucrative-cyber-crime-
tactics-rapidly-evolving
• Sophos, https://www.sophos.com/en-
us/medialibrary/PDFs/technical%20papers/sophos-current-state-of-
ransomware.pdf?la=en
• LogRythm,
https://logrhythm.com/pdfs/infographics/IG_602_RansomwareGuide_Infographic_May16
.pdf
• Tripwire, http://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/security-data-protection/using-the-nist-
cybersecurity-framework-to-combat-ransomware-attempts/
• Sophos,
http://www.bankinfosecurity.com/whitepapers.php?wp_id=2685&user_email=james.dean
@truecourseadvisory.com&rf=2016-08-
08&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTTJGaE5tTTVZVFJoWVdRNCIsInQiOiJKekszMmxpT0RFSlwvM0tt
SXpnODRUY0VsMmk4YWxDemJTZmNROHhUdG1CRFlVQ0R2RDlkTFo1MVBBOFhT
ZTNLTUVuVXRlQTRUZUNcL1V6aU1ZYjM2emlYVEV2RVwvd3pUVGpIUmFDR2E4dHo
yTT0ifQ%3D%3D
All judgments and assessments are solely based on unclassified sources and are the product of joint public and USG efforts.