Programs, processes, and threads are related but distinct concepts. A program is a passive set of instructions stored on disk. When executed, a program becomes an active process, which has its own memory space and resources. A process can contain multiple threads of execution that can run concurrently within the same memory space, allowing for parallelism. Threads are lightweight in comparison to processes and provide a way to improve application performance through parallel computing.

1. Programs vs Process vs Threads

2. What is Program?
Program is the set of instructions that are arranged in the
defined sequence to perform a particular task. the program
generally resides in secondary memory (hard disk) and is
comparatively larger. the process is a passive entity.

3. What is Process?
The program under the execution is known as a process, each
process is managed inside the main memory (RAM) and control
and executed by using the microprocessor. each process has
some properties such as process state, process id, program
counter, stack pointers registers, accounting data, memory
limits, etc. all this process information contains by the process
control block.

4. What is Thread?
Thread is an execution unit that is part of a process. A process can
have multiple threads, all executing at the same time. It is a unit of
execution in concurrent programming. A thread is lightweight and
can be managed independently by a scheduler. It helps you to
improve the application performance using parallelism.
Multiple threads share information like data, code, files, etc. We can
implement threads in three different ways:
1.Kernel-level threads
2.User-level threads
3.Hybrid threads

6. Program
An executable file residing on disk
Process
One or more executing instances of a program. Processes have separate
address spaces.
Thread (or lightweight process)
one or more threads of control within a process. Threads share the same
address space.

7. Parameter Process Thread
Definition
Process means a program is in
execution.
Thread means a segment of a
process.
Lightweight The process is not Lightweight. Threads are Lightweight.
Termination time
The process takes more time to
terminate.
The thread takes less time to
terminate.
Creation time It takes more time for creation. It takes less time for creation.
Communication
Communication between
processes needs more time
compared to thread.
Communication between threads
requires less time compared to
processes.
Context switching time
It takes more time for context
switching.
It takes less time for context
switching.
Resource Process consume more resources. Thread consume fewer resources.
Treatment by OS
Different process are tread
separately by OS.
All the level peer threads are
treated as a single task by OS.
Memory The process is mostly isolated. Threads share memory.
Sharing It does not share data
Threads share data with each
other.

8. Program vs Process
some key differences between Program vs Process :
1. A program and process both are related terms from each other, the
lifespan of the program is longer than the process, it is considered as a
system activity in the batch operating system it is called sequential
executing instruction/jobs while in the real-time operating system it is
called program.
2. User can run multiple programs parallel in the operating system the
terms refer to programming operating system in which the operating
system manages its program-related activity such as memory
management, cache management, etc.

9. Program vs Process
3. A program is considered as a passive entity, in the operating system,
for example, a batch file or executable file contains an ordered set of
instruction/commands for performing any specific task, It is called passive
because it does not perform any action by itself, it needs to execute the
instruction one by one to get the specific task done.
4. For executing the program operating system allocates the memory to
it. the address space of the program composed the address for
instruction, data, and pointers. for eg. if P is the program the operating
system will allocate the memory to P (before execution) and will explore
the P’s address space then the operating system will schedule the
execution of the p program and allocates the resource.

10. Program Process
A program is a set of sequential ordered
operations to accomplish a programming goal.
Executing part of the program is known as a
process.
Program is generally static. Process is generally dynamic.
The program needs memory (primary/secondary)
for storage.
The Resource requirement is high for the
process.
There is no duplication needed in the case of the
program.
A new sub/child process requires
replication/duplication of their parent process.
A program is stored on disk (secondary memory)
or in it contains by some file for eg. batch script
and does not require any other resources.
Process captures resources like CPU,
memory(primary), address, disk, I/O, etc and
sometimes it produces deadlock situations.
A program needs memory space on the disk to
store all instructions.
A process occupies many resources like memory,
disk, mouse, keyboard, and other external
devices.
The nature of the program is passive, does not do
anything until it gets executed by allocating the
resource.
The process is an instance of the program
executed.

11. Program has no computation time and cost.
Process has considerable single fact access and
computation time.
Program can be optimized to reduce the execution
time and process.
Process is a singleton entity and the execution
depends on the processor.
Deadlock creation and prevention depend on the
program.
Deadlock condition process stucks and waits for the
resource consumed by the process which is waiting
for the resource holding by the previous process.
Program can control the memory resources and data
needs to be used by memory.
Process and its information can be controlled by
process control block (PCB).
Program cannot be decomposed or divided further
and there is no such threshing in the program.
The process can be further decomposed into the
thread which is a part or instance of the single
process.
Program can contain the instruction to use cache for
its data.
Process can use cache to store and retrieve the data
as it uses operating system paging scheme and cache
replacement policy such as FCFS, LIFO, LRU, RR.

12. THANK YOU
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