The document discusses the differences between organization alerts, alarms, signals, signs, and indicators, particularly in the context of business management and risk assessment. It emphasizes that alerts signal attention to something, whereas alarms indicate immediate danger; furthermore, it illustrates how indicators can be composed of multiple signals, using examples related to COVID-19 and other scenarios. The text underlines the importance of timely reactions to indicators to prevent risks and improve organizational responses.

1. Difference between an organization alert
and an organization alarm, signals, signs
and indicators
BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH DEV
BIRD
Source: author

2. THE DEFINITION OF A BUSINESS INDICATOR
• “AN INDICATOR (I) IS IN FACT COMPOSED OF TWO
INDICATORS” (ANDREW GROVE, INTELL
PRESIDENT), IN HIGH OUTPUT MANAGEMENT
• A FIRST INDICATOR IS TO INFORM OF A COMING
RISK? IN SUCH A WAY THAT YOUR ORGANIZATION
HAS ENOUGH TIME TO ORGANIZE (FROM THE
POTENTIAL CONFLICT (OCCURING RISK…) TO THE
POTENTIAL PEACE AND SECURITY
• THE POTENTIAL PEACE AND SECURITY IS DEFINED
BY THE 2ND INDICATOR, IF YOUR ORGANIZATION
DID NOT REACT/ACT/RESPONDE/PREPARE AT THE
TIME OF THE FIRST INDICATOR…IN PRINCIPLE AND
IT PRATICAL ACTION IT IS TOO LATE TO STOP OR
COMBAT OR PROGRESSIVELY REDUCE THE RISK
OCCURING AT EARLIEST (INDICATOR ONE) WITH
THE MAN OR TECHNOLOGIES AT LATEST
(INDICATOR TWO)
First
indicator
2nd
Indicator
Reduction
(Time to reduce
Time to act)
T
T1
T2
(T2 – T1)
GENERALIZATION: T (IS FOR TIME, TEMPERATURE, THREATS, OPPORTUNITY
(O) OR WHATEVER IS STUDIED IN THE ORGANIZATION: MONEY (M), STOCK (S)…)
T (T1,T2), O(O1,O2), M (M1, M2)…T, O, M…ARE INDICATORS BECAUSE
THEY ARE TWO INDICATORS T1&T2), (O1&O2), (M1&M2)…ECT.
CASE OF A TIME INDICATOR T: T(T1,T2)
ΔO=O2-O1, ΔS= S2-S1 is a delay to responde
(act, react, neutral) to the occurrence (1) of
a risk: opportunity, or danger (2)
S= Stock, quantity of goods, M= money, business margins, 1: business opening, 2: business closure
(Disaster, Risk…)
Probably it is better to
tackle the disaster or
the risk up stream (in
preventing or resiliency
After it is too late, it
about manging dead
bodies, recoveries,
and repairs
Source: author

3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SIGNAL AN INDICATOR, AND SIGNAL AND SIGNS
(and alert)
• Distinguish between signs and signals
• Signals can move—blink, rise through the air; signs not so much.
Signals alerts to present or future conditions; signs can be seen in
hindsight. A Sign is a clearly visible object, generally flat, bearing a
short message in words or pictures.
BUSINESS
PROCESS
THE INDICATOR TEMPERATURE
GIVES AN INSIGHT OF THE PROCESS
OF AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATION
UNDER THE SUN ENERGY IN THE
GALAXY
6000° C
(LIKE A
NUCLEAR
BOMB)
The sun
(energy)
GALAXY
The travel (----) of the
signal ( ) from the
sun to the termometer
Termomether A SIGN
A SIGNAL
A SIGN IS AN HINDSIGHT OF THE INDICATOR
For example if a child has a fever, a nurse can record to
temperature increases (T1= Body temperature, T2= temperature
of Illness), which is signal by the changes of temperature of the
child body and it gives an hindsight of the fever mechanism
Example of covid 19 (and the fever recorded
by the nurse, case of 1 indicator = 1 signal
The case of 1 indicator, 1 signal and 1 sign.
The alert
helps to
signal
Source: author

4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ALERT AND AN ALARM
ALERT HELPS
TO SIGNAL ON
SOMETHING
ALARM DRAWS
ATTENTION ON A
DANGER
1
2
INDICATOR
1
2
INDICATOR
Source: author

5. • An alert is any signal that
draws attention to
something.
• A state of alert refers to an
extended period of time
during which heightened
vigilance remains in force
(hence 'red alert' Etc).
• An alarm is a short
warning, drawing instant
attention to some danger.
It does not, mostly, refer to
an extended period.31
mars 2002
Alert =
Signal attention
To something
SIGNAL
Time to react
To act
Preparedness
Emergency
evacuation
A hazard ARRIVAL
Treat to Peace,
Breach of Peace
FROM
A
POTENTIAL
DANGER
(conflict)
TO
A
POTENTIAL
SECURITY
State of
alert =
red alert
=
vigilance
in force
Occurrence of a risk
(action can be taken
Multihazard Early
warning System)
“Zero risk”
0
Danger is real, it is
too late to take
action
One signal = one indicator
INDICATOR
Alarm draws
attention on
the danger
Source: author

6. LINKAGES (INTRO, INTER) BETWEEN SIGNAL AND INDICATOR FROM THE
LINEARITY THINKING RIGID ORGANIZATION ASSESSMENT
(S1 <-> T1) TO A FLEXIBLE ORGANIZATION ASSESSMENT
• Generally, signals and indicators are calculated the same way. However
there are few nuances, such as the fact that there can be several
signals ...
S1
S2
S3
T1
S1 T1
S’1
S’2
S’3
signal
Indicator
signal indicator
Same way to calculate a
signal and an indicator
However, there are few nuances….in fact there can
be several signals…
Example of a rigid organization:
Temperature measurement
Example flexible
organization:
shipping sea
route assessment
EXAMPLE OF STATE OF
ART = COVID VACCINE
FLEXIBLE ORGANIZATION
RIGID ORGANIZATION
Source: author

7. Calculation of a signal…
Signal
source
Signal Plot (s)
-can define the
trajectory…-
Sun energy
T = 5000°C
Signal
T = 7000°C
T = 4000°C
T = 6000°C
Indicator (T) = T2 – T1 = 3000° C
Hinsight
Sign [of (T)]
Trajectory T= F (T= θ°C)
Source: author

8. Calculation of an indicator
with one signal S(t) = T
Fridge
Indicator
3
M T
6
W
4
Signal
S(t)
t
Temperature =
Indicator T = S
plots
S -- T
Signal Indicator
Signal =
S (M, Tm =3)
+ S (T, Tt = 6)
+ S (W, Tw= 4)
Plots
T = 3 (M)
T = 6 (T)
T = 4 (W)
In this case (S1 <-> T1) it is slight difference between a signal and an indicator,
however, it is rigid, as any alert can create a signal issue (or indicator issue)
due to the linearity equation between S (signal) and T (indicator)
Signal and indicators are
calculate in the same way

9. For example, it is rigid because, nobody would dare to assess the position of a vessel at sea on the smoke of a Tower
The signal represented by the smoke(s) gives 3 positions of the boat, while the boat is broken (wreckage of the boat=
position has not changed at t1, t2 and t3, there is measurement risk of an indicator with the measure of a signal
(smoke). For 1 indicator with 1 signal, the measurement is almost the same, however, we can see the measurement
risk (uncertainty) to use a signal as an indicator to assess the organization risk (with an alert/an alarm)
Si (i=1,2,3) = signal is the smoke (s)
t
1
t
2
S2
Average
wind
No wind
t
3
Strong
wind
Tower Tower Tower
Coastal line
The smoke is not a signal for the boat position
S1 P (x, y , t)
Where is the boat if the smoke
changes with the wind
P1 (t1)
Wind 1
P2
Wind 2
P3
Wind 3
X1 X2 X3
Y3
Y1
y2
S3
S1
Wreckage boat due to thunderstorm; the boat is anchored,
while smoke shows that the boat is moving (P1, P2 and P3)
smoke
smoke
smoke
a
b c

10. Indicator with several signals, can create the flexible measure: “example of a sea navigation of a vessel (a boat)
can use several signals (one signal is combining several sub signals) for the definition of sea route of the boat”
Position P1, P2, P3 that are indicators from the signal plots can give an hindsight of the wind direction during
the boat set sailing. If the boat is in wreckage the signal will show a unique Position P = P1=P2=P3
The indicator of position gives an hind-sights on the strength
of the wind (a sign)- one can use fixed and combining signal to
assess the ship position and alert if the boat is going on the
dangerous route that can create the capsize of the boat (S1 <-
> P1), and eventually near a boat wreckage send an alarm for
the security team that can travel where the drama Iis located,
before it too late (Indicator 2 S3 <->P3)
Sea route
(= indicator of
trajectory of the boat)
Y = f(t)
t
Plots
signals
S1
S2
S3
Indicator Y = Ya(ta)+Yb(tb)+Yc(tc)
Y (a) = f(S1,S2, S3, ta)
Y(b) = f (S’1, S’’2, tb)
Y© = f (S’’1, tc))
Y(a)
T(a)
T©
T(b)
Y(b)
S’1
S’2
S’’’ (1)
S’ -> S’1 + S’2+S’3
S” -> S’’1 + S’’2
S’’’ -> S’’’1
Source: author

11. An indicator in fact can be composed of
several signals
S’ -> S’1 + S’2+S’3
S” -> S’’1 + S’’2
S’’’ -> S’’’1
Indicator Y = Ya(ta)+Yb(tb)+Yc(tc)
Y (a) = f (S1,S2, S3, ta)
Y(b) = f (S’1, S’’2, tb)
Y© = f (S’’1, tc))
Signals
Case of an
indicator with
maximum of 3
signals
A sign An hindsight for the indicator
Near a danger
one can send
an alarm
Alert helps to inform about something
Signals
alerts
Composed
of plots

12. SAMPLES OF COVID 19 INDICATORS, SIGNALS,
SIGNS, ALERT AND ALARM
Source: author

13. Covid 19 illness used an indicator related to death using 3 signals
• Covid 19 charting the deathtoll
N3 (Max) = 300-600/DAY FRANCE)
Dec. 2020
Number (N)
of DEAD
BODIES per
day (D)
Indicator (N)
Day (D)
Dec 2019
Wuhan
Maket
(China)
N1 = 50
16 march
Pandemic declaration
WHO director said too
many hospital workers
were passing
-> raised the alert
ΔT2
N2=?
First alert
Something
attract the
attention
On death
IDINCATOR 1
N = N1
“WHO” RAISED
THE ALERT WITH
THE PANDEMIC
DECLARATION
WHO INVES-
TIGATION
IN CHINA
THERE IS NO LINKAGE IN THE
TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS TO
MAN ON TRACES OF VIRUS DNA
ON THE CHAIRS, TABLES….
N total= 2,000.000
dead bodies
ALARM
ALERT
PRODUCTION OF
SPEED VACCINES
ΔT3
ΔT1
Industrial
production
of vaccines
Covid 19 new normal
21-22
N 4( min)
Signal:
Covid Vaccine
NEW ALERT
Source: author

14. ON THE VIEWPOINT OF SPEED VACCINES
• IT WAS ALREADY TOO LATE ON THE
VIEW POINT THAT VACCINE CAN
REDUCE MORTALITY WHICH THE
MONITORING INDICATORS THAT CAN
GIVE AN HINDSIGHTS OF THE COVID
ILLNESS BASED ON THE SIGNS OF THE
ILLNESS
• BODY FEVER
• COUGHING
• DIFFICULTY TO BREATH
• SANITATION MEASURES (WASHING
HANDS, SOCIAL DISTANCING…)
Indicator 1: illness risk
occurrence one can
save lives
Alert
N1
[There is
something…]
Preparedness
Precautionary
Principle
Production of
vaccines
Social distancing
…..
In order to
reduce N
Indicator 2
It is too late to
save lives
indicator
Zero mortality
Wuhan
market
mortality
Raised the alert =
Pandemic declaration
WHO
investigation
+ increase
deaths of
helath
workers
Production of vaccines is out of the timeframe of an indicator, because
an indicator is designed to prevent death and to save lives Covid alarm
Z
o
n
e
T
o
A
c
t
Government actions were outside the
timeframe of an indicator to save lives
Red Line
Source: author

15. Production of vaccines starts when the indicator of mortality is diverging with the signals of covid 19
death- vaccine production was not in time (Just in Time and qualitive) 2 millions death and before there
were the fake-news
Conclusion there was no linearity indicator between the signal of covid 19 with the plotting of deaths by
the municipalities, the hospitals…or organizations recording disasters (such as EMDAT Belgium Emerging
Data base), we have seen that all dead bodies whatever the causes of death were covid 19 deaths
CLOCK
T° = 0
ALERT
USES
SIGNALS
AND SIGNS
INDICATORS
N = N1 –N3
DRAW
ATTENTION
ON SOMETHING
Arrival of
covid 19
Too late to save lives
Lives can be saved
CLOCK
T2
ALARM
DRAWING ATTENTION
ON THE DANGERS OF
COVID DEATH
TOO LATE ZONE FOR AN
INDICATOR WHICH IS
DESIGNED TO SAVE LIVES
CLOCK
T1= t
Increased
alert
ACTION ZONE ACTION ZONE
Reinforced
vigilance
T2- T1 (MUST BE) = 0
In order to save all lives
Source: author

16. Indicator (N) of mortality, before and after covid 19 vaccines [in order to assess the
governmental objectives (to produce a vaccine that can signal the effective and
collective benefit to reduce the death-toll (N)]
• Signal (s)=
Medical
Professionals
Health workers
S’ 1= N1
(hospital)
Older persons
ages > 65 y.o.
Workers
Adults
18 y.o>, < 65y.o.
Children
< 18 y.o.
S’2= N2
Older
person
houses
S’ 3 = N3
(business
restrictions)
S’4 = N4
(schools)
Signal S’
Covid
Masks
Age Group
(vaccines)
Signal S‘’
Governm
ental
stocks of
Masks in
Hospitals
Imported
mask(s)
From
China
S’’1= M1
S’’2= M2
Signed Documents (D), schedule, visitor
locations, itinerary, motivation & distances…
Caring for a pet
Food shop, sport
Travel to the
medical doctor,
justice or court,
police or
administration
Travel in a foreign
country, visit a
member of the family
>100 KM
10 KM <
Entre 10KM et 100KM
S’’’1 = D1
S’’’2 = D2
S’’’3 = D3
S’’’4 = D4
S’’’ 5 =D5
STATE OF ART
= COVID VACCINE
Signal S‘’’
Source: author

17. Modelling (N) indicator of mortality related to the
several signals within a national coverage of networks:
several signals are used for one indicator.
S’
S’’
S’’’
S’’’’
N
S’
S’
S’’
S’’’
S’’’’
Signals
Indicator
> 600
300-600
200
100
50
COVID
VACCINE
(S’’’)
1
2
3
S’’’3
S’’’1+S’’’2
Map of France and the networks
Source: author

18. ALERT
ALARM
4° C
95° C
Start to
defrost
Boiling
water
Frozen
water
Drinking water:
From cold to
lukewarm water
Danger
Draw
attention
Bottle of water can be
broken because of water
expansion at 4°C
ALARM
ALERT = SIGNAL ATTENTION
SHORT WARNING
DRAWING ATTENTION
TO SOME DANGER
ALARM = SIGNAL DANGER
STATE OF ALERT=
HIGHIGHTENED
VIGILANCE
Source: author

19. Business Innovation Research Dev
• Hi,
• If you would like to participate in the United Nations Sustainable
Development Golas (SDG) acceleration and Agenda For action 2030
• Email BIRD CEO
• georges.radjou@yahoo.com
• georgesradjou@gmail.com
• Thanks!