This 15-year-old male presented with polyuria, fatigue, and weight loss over the past month. His labs showed severely elevated blood glucose and ketones, along with an A1C of 13%. He was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and started on basal and bolus insulin therapy. Type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, whereas type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance along with relative insulin deficiency. This patient's presentation with ketoacidosis and need for insulin therapy indicates he has type 1 rather than type 2 diabetes.

1. Diabetes: A survival guide
Joyce Lee, MD, MPH
Robert Kelch Professor of Pediatrics
University of Michigan
http://www.doctorasdesigner.com/
Twitter: @joyclee

2. This is not medical advice for patients with diabetes.
These are rules of thumb shared with residents who are
usually taking care of new onset patients who have the
right to call the endocrinology service anytime!

3. Lilly Novo Nordisk Start Peak End
Humalog Novolog 10 min 1.5 hr 3 hr
Humulin N
(NPH)
Novolin N
(NPH)
1.5 hr 4-6 hr 12 hr
Humulin R
(Regular)
Novolin R
(Regular)
20 min 3-4 hr 6 hr
Humalog Mix
70/30
Novolog
Mix 70/30
70% NPH +30% Novolog
Humulin Mix 70/30 Novolin Mix 70/30 70% NPH +30% Regular
Lantus, Levemir, Toujeo 1 hr - 24 hr
The suffix hints at the onset and duration of action

4. Basal Insulin
(Lantus/Levemir/Basaglar/Tresiba)
Controls blood sugar between meals and
overnight
Beginning Dose: 50% of Total Daily Dose of
insulin
Must be given at a consistent time each day and
cannot be mixed with other insulins
Bolus Insulin
(Humalog/Novolog/Apidra)
Covers food at meals & large snacks
Lowers a high blood sugar
Type of insulin used in pump

5. Start with a total daily dose of 0.5 U/kg/day and bump it down or up based
on clinical presentation
0.5 U/kg/d0.3 0.7
Younger, No ketones Older, DKA
Insulin doses for a New Onset Patient
30 kg x 0.5 u/kg/day=15 units/day

6. Basal Insulin
(Lantus/Levemir/Basaglar/Tresiba)
50% of the total daily dose (TDD)
TDD 15 units
Lantus 7.5 units
Bolus Insulin
(Humalog/Novolog/Apidra)
Carb ratio “500 rule” (500/TDD)
Correction factor “1800 rule” (1800/TDD)
Carb ratio 500/15=33 → 1 unit insulin: 30 gm
Correction 1800/15=120 → 1 unit insulin to drop BS by
120 pts (correct to target blood glucose)
Target BG 120

8. Regimen: 7.5 U Lantus; Carb ratio 1:30; Correction ratio 1:120
BS was 240 pre lunch
Child plans to eat 60 gm carb
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient?

9. Regimen: 7.5 U Lantus; Carb ratio 1:30; Correction ratio 1:120
BS was 240 pre lunch
Child plans to eat 60 gm carb
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient?

10. Regimen: 7.5 U Lantus; Carb ratio 1:30; Correction ratio 1:120
BS was 240 pre lunch
Child plans to eat 60 gm carb
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient?
2 for Carbs, 1 for correction=3

11. Patients must always get their Lantus!
Avoid dextrose in IVF for diabetics.
Exception: Aggressive insulin tx with hypo/normoglycemia
(SQ, Insulin Drip)
Mod/large ketones=insulin deficiency
Mod/large ketones-give extra insulin
Small/trace ketones-drink more water
In the hospital hypoglycemia is worse than hyperglycemia as
long as there are no ketones
Pearls

12. Regimen?
Ketones?
Last dose of insulin?
Last meal?
Things to think about when dosing insulin:

13. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Large
Last dose of insulin? 3U Novolog at dinner
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
What dose of insulin do you give to your 8 yo patient
with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?

14. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Large
Last dose of insulin? 3U Novolog at dinner
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
What dose of insulin do you give to your 8 yo patient
with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?
Large ketones: 2x correction dose or 20%TDD
Moderate ketones: 1.5 x correction dose or 10%TDD
6 units Novolog + Lantus

15. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Trace-small
Last dose of insulin? 3U Novolog at dinner
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?

16. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Trace-small
Last dose of insulin? 3U Novolog at dinner
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?
Full, half, or no insulin correction dose at bedtime;
No correction at 2 AM
Give Lantus!

17. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Moderate
Last dose of insulin? Novolog 4U 1hr ago
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?

18. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Moderate
Last dose of insulin? Novolog 4U 1hr ago
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?
Reassess for ketones 3 hours after last insulin dose
No Novolog yet (just got some 1 hr ago!)
Give Lantus

19. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Moderate
Last dose of insulin? Novolog 4U 1hr ago
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?

20. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Moderate
Last dose of insulin? Novolog 4U 1hr ago
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?
Reassess for ketones 3 hours after last insulin dose
No Novolog yet (just got some 1 hr ago!)
Give Lantus

21. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Moderate
Last dose of insulin? Lantus qhs
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?

22. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Moderate
Last dose of insulin? Lantus qhs
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 480 at bedtime?
Large ketones: 2x correction dose or 20%TDD
Moderate ketones: 1.5 x correction dose or 10%TDD
Try 4.5 units Novolog. Check for ketones q3 hrs.

23. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Trace-small
Last dose of insulin? 3U Novolog at dinner
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 120 at bedtime?

24. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Trace-small
Last dose of insulin? 3U Novolog at dinner
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with T1D with BS 120 at bedtime?
Give Lantus

25. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Large
Last dose of insulin? 3U Novolog at dinner
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with BS 120 at bedtime?

26. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? Large
Last dose of insulin? 3U Novolog at dinner
Last meal? Dinner (5 PM)
You are on call, how much insulin do you give to
your patient with BS 120 at bedtime?
Large ketones: 2x correction dose or 20%TDD
Moderate ketones: 1.5 x correction dose or 10%TDD
6U Novolog. Give glucose through IV or make pt
eat something. Check BS q 2 O/N. Give Lantus!

27. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? none
Last dose of insulin? 3 at dinnertime
Your 8 yo pt with T1D has a BS of 120 and is
NPO for an Abd US in the AM. What should you do
about the Insulin and should you start IVF?

28. Regimen? 7.5 L, 1:30, 1:120
Ketones? none
Last dose of insulin? 3 at dinnertime
Your 8 yo pt with T1D has a BS of 120 and is
NPO for an Abd US in the AM. What should you do
about the Insulin and should you start IVF?
Pts always need their Lantus, even if NPO!
Give Lantus, no dextrose in IVF

29. Patients must always get their Lantus!
Avoid dextrose in IVF for diabetics.
Exception: Aggressive insulin tx with hypo/normoglycemia
(SQ, Insulin Drip)
Mod/large ketones=insulin deficiency
Mod/large ketones-give extra insulin
Small/trace ketones-drink more water
In the hospital hypoglycemia is worse than hyperglycemia as
long as there are no ketones
Pearls

30. Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Joyce Lee, MD, MPH
Robert Kelch Professor of Pediatrics
University of Michigan
http://www.doctorasdesigner.com/
Twitter: @joyclee

32. 15 year old male
CC: “polyuria”
HPI: Over the last month pt has been complaining of:
Drinking lots of water and urinating 20-30 x a day
Fatigue
Weight loss of 15 lb
No excess hunger
No abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea
Social History: 10th grade
Family History: Mom had gestational diabetes which became type 2 diabetes; 3
generations of type 2 diabetes in the family

33. Physical Exam
T 37.2, HR 77, RR 18, BP 141/70
Weight 90.4 kg, Ht 167 cm, BMI 32.2 (99%)
HEENT: PERRL, EOMI, sclera anicteric, MMM
Neck: Supple, no LNpathy, no goiter, +AN
Heart: RRR, no murmurs
Lungs: CTA bilat
Abdomen + BS, Soft, NT, no HSM or masses
Extremities are warm and dry, normal

34. Labs
Na 130 K 4.4 Cl 96 CO2 22 BUN 18 Cr 1.1 Glu 603 Ca 9.8 Mg 2.2 Phos
4.8
pH 7.37 pCO2 39 pO2 60
UA: 1 g/dl glucose, 30 mg/dl ketones
Hemoglobin A1c: 13.0% (3.8-6.4)
AST 28 (8-30) ALT 46 (7-35)
C-peptide: 1.3 ng/ml
GAD65 Antibody: 0

35. Management
NS bolus
IVF ½ NS with KPhos and KCl
30 units Lantus insulin (basal) and 10 units of Novolog insulin (short-acting) with
each meal
What type of diabetes does this child have?
How does this affect his management?

36. Random Fasting Plasma
Glucose
Oral Glucose
Tolerance Test
(2 hr value)
Hemoglobin
A1c
Normal <200 <100 <140 <5.7%
Prediabetes - 100-125 140-199 5.7-6.0%
Diabetes* ≥200 ≥126 ≥200 6.5%
Diabetes Definition
*Tests must be abnormal on two separate days

37. Risk of Retinopathy

38. In 1998, the fasting glucose threshold was changed from
≥ 140 mg/dl to ≥126 mg/dl & HbA1c was adopted for diagnosis in 2010

39. CDC
3
10.7
9.9
1.6
3.6
2.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Diagnosed
Undiagnosed
Age Group (yrs)
%withdiabetes
18-44 45-64 ≥65
% of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes among US adults aged
≥18 years in 2015

40. Insulin-Dependent Non-Insulin
Dependent
Age Child Adult
Body Habitus Thin Obese
Signs of Insulin
Resistance
No AN,PCOS, HTN,
dyslipidemia
Onset Acute Indolent
Sx Polys, wt loss Asx
Ketoacidosis Yes No
Insulin? Yes No

41. Spectrum of Diabetes
Autoantibodies
Insulin Secretion (C-peptide)
Type 2 DM
Insulin resistance
Usually with obesity
Insulin secretory defect
Negative autoantibodies
High insulin secretion
(C-pep ≥ 0.8)
Type 1 DM
B-cell destruction
Prone to ketoacidosis
Autoimmune
Positive autoantibodies
Low insulin secretion
(C-pep < 0.8)
Libman I, Becker D 2006
Diabetes Classification

42. “2 Hit Disease”
Insulin Resistance + Beta-cell Failure

43. “2 Hit Disease”
Insulin Resistance + Beta-cell Failure

44. Children with T2D have lower insulin sensitivity, lower insulin
secretion, and a lower glucose disposition index

45. 9.8% (n=118) 90.2 % (n=1088)
Klingensmith, Diabetes Care, 2010
Prescreening for the TODAY study
Treatment options for youth with new onset type 2 diabetes
GAD65/IA-2 Ab
Assays
T2D
Phenotype
Autoantibody
Positive
Autoantibody
Negative
Obese T1D T2D

46. SEARCH
5 centers supported by CDC and NIDDK
– California (Kaiser Permanente Southern California, excluding San Diego
[7 counties])
– Colorado [14 counties, including Denver]
– Ohio [8 counties, including Cincinnati]
– South Carolina [4 counties, including Columbia]
– Washington state [5 counties, including Seattle]
Type 1a (Ab+, low c-pep(<0.6)); Type 1b (Ab-, low c-pep); type 2
The study population included youth younger than 20 years residing in the
geographic study areas or who were members of participating health plans in
2001 and 2009.
Dabelea, JAMA 2014

47. Over the 8-year
period, the adjusted
prevalence of type 1
diabetes increased
21.1% (95% CI,
15.6%–27.0%) among
US youth.
Increases were
observed in:
-Both sexes
-White, black,
Hispanic, and -Asian
Pacific Islander youth
-Age 5 years or older

48. The overall prevalence of
type 2 diabetes between
2001 and 2009 increased
by 30.5%
Highest prevalence of T2D
was in:
-American Indians,
followed by black,
Hispanic, and Asian
Pacific Islander youth
-Lowest prevalence in
white youth

49. Mayer Davis NEJM 2017
Adjusted relative annual
increase in T1D=1.8%
(p<0.001)
Adjusted relative annual
increase in T2D=4.8%
(p<0.001)

51. TODAY
Inclusion Criteria
10–17 years old with T2D for less than two years
BMI ≥ 85%
Fasting c peptide > 0.6 ng/mL and no autoantibodies
Exclusion criteria: Renal insufficiency, uncontrolled hypertension, liver disease,
uncontrolled hyperlipidemia
699 subjects were randomized to
Metformin monotherapy
Metformin plus rosiglitazone
Metformin plus an intensive lifestyle intervention
Primary outcome:
Length of time to glycemic failure, defined as a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥
8% for at least six months or the inability to wean from insulin injections for
at least three months after acute metabolic decompensation

52. Nearly half (45.6%) of all TODAY
participants reached glycemic
failure over an average time of 3.86
years
The difference between the
metformin monotherapy and
metformin plus rosiglitazone arms
was statistically significant,
suggesting that adding a second
oral medication early in the disease
process of youth-onset
T2D may help to promote durable
glycemic control

53. Metformin plus rosiglitazone was more effective at preventing glycemic failure in girls (65% of the cohort) than in boys
Among girls, those in the metformin plus rosiglitazone group did better than girls in the other two treatment arms
There were no treatment group differences in the boys.

54. Non-Hispanic blacks had the highest rates of glycemic failure (52.8%), followed by Hispanics (45%) and whites (36.6%)
Metformin monotherapy was least effective in non-Hispanic blacks compared to other racial/ethnic groups
No significant differences were found in other treatment arms

60. Tx of T2D
Lifestyle Management to achieve 7–10% decrease in excess weight & 60 min of
moderate to vigorous physical activity per day
Metabolically stable patients (A1C <8.5% and asymptomatic), use metformin.
Youth with marked hyperglycemia (blood glucose ≥250 mg/dL, A1C ≥8.5% without
ketoacidosis at diagnosis who are symptomatic with polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, and/or
weight loss should be treated initially with NPH or basal insulin (0.25 – 0.5 units/kg
starting dose) is while metformin is initiated and titrated
When the A1C target (6.5%) is no longer met with metformin monotherapy, or if
contraindications or intolerable side effects of metformin develop, basal insulin therapy
should be initiated.
No other T2D meds approved by the FDA for kids

61. Screening of Children with T2D for complications
Retinopathy
Urine microalbumin
BP
Cholesterol
Goal LDL-C <100 mg/dL); HDL > 35 mg/dL; Triglycerides <150 mg/dL
NAFLD
PCOS