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MÉTODOS DE RESOLUCIÓN PARA DETERMINANTES DE ORDEN NXN
Definición:
Sea una matriz cuadrada 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑖𝑗 ] de orden 𝑛 llamaremos determinante de la matriz 𝐴, al número que
esté relacionado con los elementos de 𝑎 𝑖𝑗 de la matriz.
Notación:
| 𝐴|,det(𝐴)
Propiedades:
➢ | 𝐴| = | 𝐴 𝑇|
➢ | 𝐴 + 𝐵| = | 𝐴| + | 𝐵| , Cambio de un renglón o columna por el mismo más otro.
➢ | 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵| = | 𝐴| ∗ | 𝐵|
➢ | 𝐴 𝑚| = | 𝐴| 𝑚
, ∀ 𝑚 ∈ 𝑍+
➢ | 𝐴−1| = | 𝐴|−1
=
1
|𝐴|
➢ | 𝑘𝐴| = 𝑘 𝑛| 𝐴| , 𝑘 es un escalar y 𝑛 es el orden de la matriz.
➢ Si se intercambia 2 filas o 2 columnas el determinante cambia de signo.
➢ Si 2 filas o columnas son proporcionales el determinante es cero.
➢ Si una o más filas o columnas son nulas entonces el determinante es cero.
➢ Si A es una matriz triangular superior o inferior, el | 𝐴| es el producto de los elementos diagonales.
Aplicaciones:
➢ Resolución y discusión de sistemas de ecuaciones.
➢ Determina si una matriz es linealmente independiente o dependiente.
➢ Determina si una matriz es o no es invertible.
➢ Determina el sentido de giro.
➢ Determina el rango de una matriz.
➢ Halla la ecuación dado los puntos.
➢ Determina áreas y volúmenes |det(𝐴)|.
➢ Determina valores propios.
Ejemplo
𝐴 = [
1 4 6 3
3 −1 3 4
1 2 9 5
4 5 8 3
]
4𝑥4
2
MÉTODO DE LAPLACE O TEOREMA DE EXPANSION DE LAPLACE
| 𝐴| = |
1 4 6 3
3 −1 3 4
1 2 9 5
4 5 8 3
|
| 𝐴| = (−1)1+1
∗ 1 ∗ |
−1 3 4
2 9 5
5 8 3
| + (−1)1+2
∗ 4 ∗ |
3 3 4
1 9 5
4 8 3
| + (−1)1+3
∗ 6 ∗ |
3 −1 4
1 2 5
4 5 3
|
+ (−1)1+4
∗ 3 ∗ |
3 −1 3
1 2 9
4 5 8
|
| 𝐴| = [(−1)1+1
∗ (−1) ∗ |
9 5
8 3
| + (−1)2+1
∗ 2 ∗ |
3 4
8 3
| + (−1)3+1
∗ 5 ∗ |
3 4
9 5
|]
− 4 ∗ [(−1)3+1
∗ 4 ∗ |
3 4
9 5
| + (−1)3+2
∗ 8 ∗ |
3 4
1 5
| + (−1)3+3
∗ 3 ∗ |
3 3
1 9
|]
+ 6 ∗ [(−1)1+2
∗ (−1) ∗ |
1 5
4 3
| + (−1)2+2
∗ 2 ∗ |
3 4
4 3
| + (−1)3+2
∗ 5 ∗ |
3 4
1 5
|]
− 3 ∗ [(−1)2+1
∗ 1 ∗ |
−1 3
5 8
| + (−1)2+2
∗ 2 ∗ |
3 3
4 8
| + (−1)2+3
∗ 9 ∗ |
3 −1
4 5
|]
| 𝐴| = {−1 ∗ [(−1)1+1
∗ 9 ∗ 3 + (−1)1+2
∗ 5 ∗ 8] − 2 ∗ [(−1)2+1
∗ 8 ∗ 4 + (−1)2+2
∗ 3 ∗ 3]
+ 5 ∗ [(−1)1+2
∗ 4 ∗ 9 + (−1)2+2
∗ 5 ∗ 3]} − 4
∗ {4 ∗ [(−1)1+1
∗ 3 ∗ 5 + (−1)1+2
∗ 4 ∗ 9] − 8 ∗ [(−1)2+1
∗ 1 ∗ 4 + (−1)2+2
∗ 5 ∗ 3]
+ 3 ∗ [(−1)1+2
∗ 3 ∗ 1 + (−1)2+2
∗ 9 ∗ 3]} + 6
∗ {1 ∗ [(−1)1+1
∗ 1 ∗ 3 + (−1)1+2
∗ 5 ∗ 4] + 2 ∗ [(−1)2+1
∗ 4 ∗ 4 + (−1)2+2
∗ 3 ∗ 3]
− 5 ∗ [(−1)1+2
∗ 4 ∗ 1 + (−1)2+2
∗ 5 ∗ 3]} − 3
∗ {−1 ∗ [(−1)1+1
∗ (−1) ∗ 8 + (−1)1+2
∗ 3 ∗ 5] + 2
∗ [(−1)2+1
∗ 4 ∗ 3 + (−1)2+2
∗ 8 ∗ 3] − 9 ∗ [(−1)1+2
∗ (−1) ∗ 4 + (−1)2+2
∗ 5 ∗ 3]}
| 𝐴| = [−1 ∗ (27 − 40) − 2 ∗ (−32 + 9) + 5 ∗ (−36 + 15)] − 4
∗ [4 ∗ (15 − 36) − 8 ∗ (−4 + 15) + 3 ∗ (−3 + 27)] + 6
∗ [1 ∗ (3 − 20) + 2 ∗ (−16 + 9) − 5 ∗ (−4 + 15)] − 3
∗ [−1 ∗ (−8 − 15) + 2 ∗ (−12 + 24) − 9 ∗ (4 + 15)]
| 𝐴| = [−1 ∗ (−13) − 2 ∗ (−23) + 5 ∗ (−21)] − 4 ∗ [4 ∗ (−21) − 8 ∗ (11) + 3 ∗ (24)] + 6
∗ [1 ∗ (−17) + 2 ∗ (−7) − 5 ∗ (11)] − 3 ∗ [−1 ∗ (−23) + 2 ∗ (12) − 9 ∗ (19)]
| 𝐴| = (13 + 46 − 105) − 4 ∗ (−84 − 88 + 72) + 6 ∗ (−17 − 14 − 55) − 3 ∗ (23 + 24 − 171)
| 𝐴| = −46 − 4 ∗ (−100) + 6 ∗ (−86) − 3 ∗ (−124)
| 𝐴| = −46 + 400 − 516 + 372
| 𝑨| = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
3
MÉTODO DE GAUSS – JORDÁN
| 𝐴| = |
1 4 6 3
3 −1 3 4
1 2 9 5
4 5 8 3
|
| 𝐴| = {
(−3) ∗ 𝐹1 + 𝐹2
(−1) ∗ 𝐹1 + 𝐹3
(−4) ∗ 𝐹1 + 𝐹4
|
1 4 6 3
3 −1 3 4
1 2 9 5
4 5 8 3
|
| 𝐴| = {
(−
2
13
) ∗ 𝐹2 + 𝐹3
(−
11
13
) ∗ 𝐹2 + 𝐹4
|
1 4 6 3
0 −13 −15 −5
0 −2 3 2
0 −11 −16 −9
|
| 𝐴| = (
43
69
) ∗ 𝐹3 + 𝐹4
|
|
1 4 6 3
0 −13 −15 −5
0 0
69
13
36
13
0 0 −
43
13
−
62
13
|
|
| 𝐴| =
|
|
1 4 6 3
0 −13 −15 −5
0 0
69
13
36
13
0 0 0 −
70
23
|
|
| 𝐴| = 1 ∗ (−13) ∗
69
13
∗ (−
70
23
)
| 𝑨| = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
4
MÉTODO DE CHÍO O REGLA DE CHÍO
| 𝐴| = |
1 4 6 3
3 −1 3 4
1 2 9 5
4 5 8 3
|
| 𝐴| =
1
1(4−2)
∗
|
|
|
1 4
3 −1
| |
1 6
3 3
| |
1 3
3 4
|
|
1 4
1 2
| |
1 6
1 9
| |
1 3
1 5
|
|
1 4
4 5
| |
1 6
4 8
| |
1 3
4 3
|
|
|
| 𝐴| =
1
1(2)
∗ |
1 ∗ (−1) − 4 ∗ 3 1 ∗ 3 − 6 ∗ 3 1 ∗ 4 − 3 ∗ 3
1 ∗ 2 − 4 ∗ 1 1 ∗ 9 − 6 ∗ 1 1 ∗ 5 − 3 ∗ 1
1 ∗ 5 − 4 ∗ 4 1 ∗ 8 − 6 ∗ 4 1 ∗ 3 − 3 ∗ 4
|
| 𝐴| = |
−13 −15 −5
−2 3 2
−11 −16 −9
|
| 𝐴| =
1
(−13)(3−2)
∗ |
|
−13 −15
−2 3
| |
−13 −5
−2 2
|
|
−13 −15
−11 −16
| |
−13 −5
−11 −9
|
|
| 𝐴| = (−
1
13
) ∗ |
(−13) ∗ 3 − (−15) ∗ (−2) (−13) ∗ 2 − (−5) ∗ (−2)
(−13) ∗ (−16) − (−15) ∗ (−11) (−13) ∗ (−9) − (−5) ∗ (−11)
|
| 𝐴| = (−
1
13
) ∗ |
−69 −36
43 62
|
| 𝐴| = (−
1
13
) ∗ [(−69) ∗ 62 − (−36) ∗ 43]
| 𝐴| = (−
1
13
) ∗ (−2730)
| 𝑨| = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
5
MÉTODO DE CONDENSACIÓN DE LEWIS CARROLL
𝐴 = [
1 4 6 3
3 −1 3 4
1 2 9 5
4 5 8 3
]
| 𝐴| =
|
|
|
1 4
3 −1
| |
4 6
−1 3
| |
6 3
3 4
|
|
3 −1
1 2
| |
−1 3
2 9
| |
3 4
9 5
|
|
1 2
4 5
| |
2 9
5 8
| |
9 5
8 3
|
|
|
| 𝐴| = |
1 ∗ (−1) − 4 ∗ 3 4 ∗ 3 − 6 ∗ (−1) 6 ∗ 4 − 3 ∗ 3
3 ∗ 2 − (−1) ∗ 1 (−1) ∗ 9 − 3 ∗ 2 3 ∗ 5 − 4 ∗ 9
1 ∗ 5 − 2 ∗ 4 2 ∗ 8 − 9 ∗ 5 9 ∗ 3 − 5 ∗ 8
|
| 𝐴| = |
−13 18 15
7 −15 −21
−3 −29 −13
|
| 𝐴| = |
|
−13 18
7 −15
| |
18 15
−15 −21
|
|
7 −15
−3 −29
| |
−15 −21
−29 −13
|
|
| 𝐴| = |
(−13) ∗ (−15) − 18 ∗ 7 18 ∗ (−21) − 15 ∗ (−15)
7 ∗ (−29) − (−15) ∗ (−3) (−15) ∗ (−13) − (−21) ∗ (−29)
|
| 𝐴| = |
69 −153
−248 −414
| = |
−
69
1
−
153
3
−
248
2
−
414
9
|
| 𝐴| = [(−69) ∗ (−
414
9
) − (−
153
3
) ∗ (−
248
2
)]
| 𝐴| = 3174 − 6324
| 𝑨| = −𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟎 = −
𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟎
−𝟏𝟓
| 𝑨| = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
Autores: Franz Xavier Gonzalez Aranibar – Erik Augusto Gonzalez Aranibar
Pagina Web: https://www.facebook.com/Franzcorp-1985196535120860/

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Determinantes

  • 1. 1 MÉTODOS DE RESOLUCIÓN PARA DETERMINANTES DE ORDEN NXN Definición: Sea una matriz cuadrada 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑖𝑗 ] de orden 𝑛 llamaremos determinante de la matriz 𝐴, al número que esté relacionado con los elementos de 𝑎 𝑖𝑗 de la matriz. Notación: | 𝐴|,det(𝐴) Propiedades: ➢ | 𝐴| = | 𝐴 𝑇| ➢ | 𝐴 + 𝐵| = | 𝐴| + | 𝐵| , Cambio de un renglón o columna por el mismo más otro. ➢ | 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵| = | 𝐴| ∗ | 𝐵| ➢ | 𝐴 𝑚| = | 𝐴| 𝑚 , ∀ 𝑚 ∈ 𝑍+ ➢ | 𝐴−1| = | 𝐴|−1 = 1 |𝐴| ➢ | 𝑘𝐴| = 𝑘 𝑛| 𝐴| , 𝑘 es un escalar y 𝑛 es el orden de la matriz. ➢ Si se intercambia 2 filas o 2 columnas el determinante cambia de signo. ➢ Si 2 filas o columnas son proporcionales el determinante es cero. ➢ Si una o más filas o columnas son nulas entonces el determinante es cero. ➢ Si A es una matriz triangular superior o inferior, el | 𝐴| es el producto de los elementos diagonales. Aplicaciones: ➢ Resolución y discusión de sistemas de ecuaciones. ➢ Determina si una matriz es linealmente independiente o dependiente. ➢ Determina si una matriz es o no es invertible. ➢ Determina el sentido de giro. ➢ Determina el rango de una matriz. ➢ Halla la ecuación dado los puntos. ➢ Determina áreas y volúmenes |det(𝐴)|. ➢ Determina valores propios. Ejemplo 𝐴 = [ 1 4 6 3 3 −1 3 4 1 2 9 5 4 5 8 3 ] 4𝑥4
  • 2. 2 MÉTODO DE LAPLACE O TEOREMA DE EXPANSION DE LAPLACE | 𝐴| = | 1 4 6 3 3 −1 3 4 1 2 9 5 4 5 8 3 | | 𝐴| = (−1)1+1 ∗ 1 ∗ | −1 3 4 2 9 5 5 8 3 | + (−1)1+2 ∗ 4 ∗ | 3 3 4 1 9 5 4 8 3 | + (−1)1+3 ∗ 6 ∗ | 3 −1 4 1 2 5 4 5 3 | + (−1)1+4 ∗ 3 ∗ | 3 −1 3 1 2 9 4 5 8 | | 𝐴| = [(−1)1+1 ∗ (−1) ∗ | 9 5 8 3 | + (−1)2+1 ∗ 2 ∗ | 3 4 8 3 | + (−1)3+1 ∗ 5 ∗ | 3 4 9 5 |] − 4 ∗ [(−1)3+1 ∗ 4 ∗ | 3 4 9 5 | + (−1)3+2 ∗ 8 ∗ | 3 4 1 5 | + (−1)3+3 ∗ 3 ∗ | 3 3 1 9 |] + 6 ∗ [(−1)1+2 ∗ (−1) ∗ | 1 5 4 3 | + (−1)2+2 ∗ 2 ∗ | 3 4 4 3 | + (−1)3+2 ∗ 5 ∗ | 3 4 1 5 |] − 3 ∗ [(−1)2+1 ∗ 1 ∗ | −1 3 5 8 | + (−1)2+2 ∗ 2 ∗ | 3 3 4 8 | + (−1)2+3 ∗ 9 ∗ | 3 −1 4 5 |] | 𝐴| = {−1 ∗ [(−1)1+1 ∗ 9 ∗ 3 + (−1)1+2 ∗ 5 ∗ 8] − 2 ∗ [(−1)2+1 ∗ 8 ∗ 4 + (−1)2+2 ∗ 3 ∗ 3] + 5 ∗ [(−1)1+2 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 + (−1)2+2 ∗ 5 ∗ 3]} − 4 ∗ {4 ∗ [(−1)1+1 ∗ 3 ∗ 5 + (−1)1+2 ∗ 4 ∗ 9] − 8 ∗ [(−1)2+1 ∗ 1 ∗ 4 + (−1)2+2 ∗ 5 ∗ 3] + 3 ∗ [(−1)1+2 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 + (−1)2+2 ∗ 9 ∗ 3]} + 6 ∗ {1 ∗ [(−1)1+1 ∗ 1 ∗ 3 + (−1)1+2 ∗ 5 ∗ 4] + 2 ∗ [(−1)2+1 ∗ 4 ∗ 4 + (−1)2+2 ∗ 3 ∗ 3] − 5 ∗ [(−1)1+2 ∗ 4 ∗ 1 + (−1)2+2 ∗ 5 ∗ 3]} − 3 ∗ {−1 ∗ [(−1)1+1 ∗ (−1) ∗ 8 + (−1)1+2 ∗ 3 ∗ 5] + 2 ∗ [(−1)2+1 ∗ 4 ∗ 3 + (−1)2+2 ∗ 8 ∗ 3] − 9 ∗ [(−1)1+2 ∗ (−1) ∗ 4 + (−1)2+2 ∗ 5 ∗ 3]} | 𝐴| = [−1 ∗ (27 − 40) − 2 ∗ (−32 + 9) + 5 ∗ (−36 + 15)] − 4 ∗ [4 ∗ (15 − 36) − 8 ∗ (−4 + 15) + 3 ∗ (−3 + 27)] + 6 ∗ [1 ∗ (3 − 20) + 2 ∗ (−16 + 9) − 5 ∗ (−4 + 15)] − 3 ∗ [−1 ∗ (−8 − 15) + 2 ∗ (−12 + 24) − 9 ∗ (4 + 15)] | 𝐴| = [−1 ∗ (−13) − 2 ∗ (−23) + 5 ∗ (−21)] − 4 ∗ [4 ∗ (−21) − 8 ∗ (11) + 3 ∗ (24)] + 6 ∗ [1 ∗ (−17) + 2 ∗ (−7) − 5 ∗ (11)] − 3 ∗ [−1 ∗ (−23) + 2 ∗ (12) − 9 ∗ (19)] | 𝐴| = (13 + 46 − 105) − 4 ∗ (−84 − 88 + 72) + 6 ∗ (−17 − 14 − 55) − 3 ∗ (23 + 24 − 171) | 𝐴| = −46 − 4 ∗ (−100) + 6 ∗ (−86) − 3 ∗ (−124) | 𝐴| = −46 + 400 − 516 + 372 | 𝑨| = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
  • 3. 3 MÉTODO DE GAUSS – JORDÁN | 𝐴| = | 1 4 6 3 3 −1 3 4 1 2 9 5 4 5 8 3 | | 𝐴| = { (−3) ∗ 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 (−1) ∗ 𝐹1 + 𝐹3 (−4) ∗ 𝐹1 + 𝐹4 | 1 4 6 3 3 −1 3 4 1 2 9 5 4 5 8 3 | | 𝐴| = { (− 2 13 ) ∗ 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 (− 11 13 ) ∗ 𝐹2 + 𝐹4 | 1 4 6 3 0 −13 −15 −5 0 −2 3 2 0 −11 −16 −9 | | 𝐴| = ( 43 69 ) ∗ 𝐹3 + 𝐹4 | | 1 4 6 3 0 −13 −15 −5 0 0 69 13 36 13 0 0 − 43 13 − 62 13 | | | 𝐴| = | | 1 4 6 3 0 −13 −15 −5 0 0 69 13 36 13 0 0 0 − 70 23 | | | 𝐴| = 1 ∗ (−13) ∗ 69 13 ∗ (− 70 23 ) | 𝑨| = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
  • 4. 4 MÉTODO DE CHÍO O REGLA DE CHÍO | 𝐴| = | 1 4 6 3 3 −1 3 4 1 2 9 5 4 5 8 3 | | 𝐴| = 1 1(4−2) ∗ | | | 1 4 3 −1 | | 1 6 3 3 | | 1 3 3 4 | | 1 4 1 2 | | 1 6 1 9 | | 1 3 1 5 | | 1 4 4 5 | | 1 6 4 8 | | 1 3 4 3 | | | | 𝐴| = 1 1(2) ∗ | 1 ∗ (−1) − 4 ∗ 3 1 ∗ 3 − 6 ∗ 3 1 ∗ 4 − 3 ∗ 3 1 ∗ 2 − 4 ∗ 1 1 ∗ 9 − 6 ∗ 1 1 ∗ 5 − 3 ∗ 1 1 ∗ 5 − 4 ∗ 4 1 ∗ 8 − 6 ∗ 4 1 ∗ 3 − 3 ∗ 4 | | 𝐴| = | −13 −15 −5 −2 3 2 −11 −16 −9 | | 𝐴| = 1 (−13)(3−2) ∗ | | −13 −15 −2 3 | | −13 −5 −2 2 | | −13 −15 −11 −16 | | −13 −5 −11 −9 | | | 𝐴| = (− 1 13 ) ∗ | (−13) ∗ 3 − (−15) ∗ (−2) (−13) ∗ 2 − (−5) ∗ (−2) (−13) ∗ (−16) − (−15) ∗ (−11) (−13) ∗ (−9) − (−5) ∗ (−11) | | 𝐴| = (− 1 13 ) ∗ | −69 −36 43 62 | | 𝐴| = (− 1 13 ) ∗ [(−69) ∗ 62 − (−36) ∗ 43] | 𝐴| = (− 1 13 ) ∗ (−2730) | 𝑨| = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
  • 5. 5 MÉTODO DE CONDENSACIÓN DE LEWIS CARROLL 𝐴 = [ 1 4 6 3 3 −1 3 4 1 2 9 5 4 5 8 3 ] | 𝐴| = | | | 1 4 3 −1 | | 4 6 −1 3 | | 6 3 3 4 | | 3 −1 1 2 | | −1 3 2 9 | | 3 4 9 5 | | 1 2 4 5 | | 2 9 5 8 | | 9 5 8 3 | | | | 𝐴| = | 1 ∗ (−1) − 4 ∗ 3 4 ∗ 3 − 6 ∗ (−1) 6 ∗ 4 − 3 ∗ 3 3 ∗ 2 − (−1) ∗ 1 (−1) ∗ 9 − 3 ∗ 2 3 ∗ 5 − 4 ∗ 9 1 ∗ 5 − 2 ∗ 4 2 ∗ 8 − 9 ∗ 5 9 ∗ 3 − 5 ∗ 8 | | 𝐴| = | −13 18 15 7 −15 −21 −3 −29 −13 | | 𝐴| = | | −13 18 7 −15 | | 18 15 −15 −21 | | 7 −15 −3 −29 | | −15 −21 −29 −13 | | | 𝐴| = | (−13) ∗ (−15) − 18 ∗ 7 18 ∗ (−21) − 15 ∗ (−15) 7 ∗ (−29) − (−15) ∗ (−3) (−15) ∗ (−13) − (−21) ∗ (−29) | | 𝐴| = | 69 −153 −248 −414 | = | − 69 1 − 153 3 − 248 2 − 414 9 | | 𝐴| = [(−69) ∗ (− 414 9 ) − (− 153 3 ) ∗ (− 248 2 )] | 𝐴| = 3174 − 6324 | 𝑨| = −𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟎 = − 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟎 −𝟏𝟓 | 𝑨| = 𝟐𝟏𝟎 Autores: Franz Xavier Gonzalez Aranibar – Erik Augusto Gonzalez Aranibar Pagina Web: https://www.facebook.com/Franzcorp-1985196535120860/