The document discusses the factors that led to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. It explains that capitalism and intense competition between businesses drove technological innovation. Globalization and Britain's colonial empire also contributed capital for investment. The Scientific Revolution fostered a culture of curiosity and experimentation that led to new inventions. Britain was well-positioned to take advantage of these factors through its dominant global trade, high wages, skilled workforce, and agricultural reforms that increased food production. Technological advances in key industries like textiles, iron production, and steam power were the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution.
This work presents the impact of technological innovations in international business. The objective will be to demonstrate that technological ecosystems are promoters of international business and its application in Peru will bring amazing benefits for the entire state: government, business, society.
Chapter I explains how technological innovations have been around since the dawn of time and have evolved along with humans providing opportunities for commercial and business development internationally. Then, as the second chapter discusses two countries have been developing successful technological ecosystems, international engine companies we know today as HP, Apple, and others. And like innovation model for emerging countries like Peru. To end the situation in Peru is evaluated with respect to the creation of structures for the development of technological innovations.
Finally, we conclude with a positive attitude towards the initiatives of the Peruvian government in including steps to encourage innovation measures, which added to the change of mentality of Peruvian companies and international support in education and investment, will be able to generate a substantial change in Peruvian exports.
Consumerism is the theory that individuals who consume goods and services in large quantities will be better off. Some economists believe that consumer spending stimulates production and economic growth. Consumerism is the selfish and frivolous collecting of products, or economic materialism. Consumerism is the idea that increasing the consumption of goods and services purchased in the market is always a desirable goal, and that a person's well-being and happiness depend fundamentally on obtaining consumer goods and material possessions.
In the economics sense, consumerism is related to the predominantly Keynesian idea that consumer spending is the key driver of the economy and that encouraging consumers to spend is a major policy goal. From this point of view, consumerism is a positive phenomenon that fuels economic growth.
Others view the drive to obtain more material possessions as a problematic, causing individual anxiety and eroding the social fabric.
This work presents the impact of technological innovations in international business. The objective will be to demonstrate that technological ecosystems are promoters of international business and its application in Peru will bring amazing benefits for the entire state: government, business, society.
Chapter I explains how technological innovations have been around since the dawn of time and have evolved along with humans providing opportunities for commercial and business development internationally. Then, as the second chapter discusses two countries have been developing successful technological ecosystems, international engine companies we know today as HP, Apple, and others. And like innovation model for emerging countries like Peru. To end the situation in Peru is evaluated with respect to the creation of structures for the development of technological innovations.
Finally, we conclude with a positive attitude towards the initiatives of the Peruvian government in including steps to encourage innovation measures, which added to the change of mentality of Peruvian companies and international support in education and investment, will be able to generate a substantial change in Peruvian exports.
Consumerism is the theory that individuals who consume goods and services in large quantities will be better off. Some economists believe that consumer spending stimulates production and economic growth. Consumerism is the selfish and frivolous collecting of products, or economic materialism. Consumerism is the idea that increasing the consumption of goods and services purchased in the market is always a desirable goal, and that a person's well-being and happiness depend fundamentally on obtaining consumer goods and material possessions.
In the economics sense, consumerism is related to the predominantly Keynesian idea that consumer spending is the key driver of the economy and that encouraging consumers to spend is a major policy goal. From this point of view, consumerism is a positive phenomenon that fuels economic growth.
Others view the drive to obtain more material possessions as a problematic, causing individual anxiety and eroding the social fabric.
School Essay: Why i want to be a model essay. Model Essay I. Model Essays 3 | Scholastic International. Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. Write Esse: Narrative essays examples for students. 015 Essay Example My Role Model Is Sister L ~ Thatsnotus. Essay websites: Why i want to be a model essay. Lesson: A model essay - YouTube. MODEL ESSAY. Skip to main content. Model Essays - English Literature Weatherhead. My role model is my grandfather Free Essay Example. My Role Model Essay â Telegraph. A logical model sample essay. example model essay. Model Essays 1 | Scholastic International. Lesson 20 A model essay - YouTube. A-Level General Paper Model Essays â Write Your Way to an 'A' - CPD .... Full Model Essay for a Task 2 Question Seen in Brisbane | Quality Of .... Model Essays 2 | Scholastic International. model essay. Model essay one | The Learning Centre â Online Programs. 007 Role Model Essay My Personality In Family Example Of Descriptive .... (PDF) Role of Model Essays in Developing Students Writing Skills in .... Showing Writing Essay Model - YouTube. Model Essay. Essay Writing Assignment - A+ Essays: A Structured Approach to .... Role Model Essay | PDF | Grandparent | Father. Model essays - The Oscillation Band Why I Want To Be A Model Essay
The Industrial Revolution has four major causes. Capitalism thoug.docxMARRY7
Â
The Industrial Revolution has four major causes. Capitalism though is the most important cause of the Industrial Revolution. Capitalism allowed the new generation of people to gain money and become involved and interested in the idea of investment. The investments allowed inventors and entrepreneurs to build the inventions that rocked the world, such as the blast furnace, railroads, vaccinations and much more. The impact of the Industrial Revolution had profound effects on the Civil War and the history of the United States. If it wasnât for the railroads that the north utilized to carry supplies and troops, the United States would be a different place.
Private investments, which are a form of capitalism, became a huge factor in allowing countries, such as Great Britain, to succeed in industrialization faster than other European countries, such as the Germanic states. Although some could attempt to argue that another major cause, such as the Agriculture Revolution, would be the most important, they would fail to take notice of Great Britainâs capitalist policies and their connections to how fast countries industrialized.
Civil War Era
The Industrial Revolution in the 1800âs had a major impact on the Civil War and by using the lessons learned through the revolution the United States was able to continue to increase its industrial potential and become the leading producer in the world in the early 1900âs. The history of United States development could never have happened if it was not from the industrialization of the country. The country was able to innovate and create new manufacturing methods and became the leader in manufacturing. The advent of different kinds of transport also aided in the growth. The import and export of core minerals was made possible through transportation and industrial revolution. The lives of the American charged dramatically after the revolution as new channels of work emerged. The invention of the steam engine made it possible for factors to migrate and travel .this enabled the shift of skill and mobility of invention to happen.
The growth of the largest transportation system which took place during the industrial revolution and was ably supported by the civil war was the birth of the rail road system. Northern transportation industries boomed during the conflict as well particularly railroads. The North's larger number of tracks and better ability to construct and move parts gave it a distinct advantage over the South. Union forces moving south or west to fight often rode to battle on trains traveling on freshly lain tracks. In fact, as Northern forces traveled further south to fight and occupy the Confederacy, the War Department created the United States Military Railroads, designed to build rails to carry troops and supplies as well as operating captured Southern rail lines and equipment. By war's end, it was the world's largest railroad system.
The American economy was caught in transition on the eve of ...
The Industrial Revolution Essay
Essay on The Industrial Revolution
Essay on The First Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Essay on Industrial Revolution
Essay on The Industrial Revolution
Essay about Industurial Revolution
Industrial Revolution Essay
Essay on Industrial Revolution
Essay on Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution Essay example
Industrial Revolution
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
Â
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. Whatâs changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Â
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Â
Clients donât know what they donât know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clientsâ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Â
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
⢠What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
⢠How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
⢠How to get started with SAP Fiori today
⢠How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
⢠How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
⢠How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Â
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Â
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
Â
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
School Essay: Why i want to be a model essay. Model Essay I. Model Essays 3 | Scholastic International. Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. Write Esse: Narrative essays examples for students. 015 Essay Example My Role Model Is Sister L ~ Thatsnotus. Essay websites: Why i want to be a model essay. Lesson: A model essay - YouTube. MODEL ESSAY. Skip to main content. Model Essays - English Literature Weatherhead. My role model is my grandfather Free Essay Example. My Role Model Essay â Telegraph. A logical model sample essay. example model essay. Model Essays 1 | Scholastic International. Lesson 20 A model essay - YouTube. A-Level General Paper Model Essays â Write Your Way to an 'A' - CPD .... Full Model Essay for a Task 2 Question Seen in Brisbane | Quality Of .... Model Essays 2 | Scholastic International. model essay. Model essay one | The Learning Centre â Online Programs. 007 Role Model Essay My Personality In Family Example Of Descriptive .... (PDF) Role of Model Essays in Developing Students Writing Skills in .... Showing Writing Essay Model - YouTube. Model Essay. Essay Writing Assignment - A+ Essays: A Structured Approach to .... Role Model Essay | PDF | Grandparent | Father. Model essays - The Oscillation Band Why I Want To Be A Model Essay
The Industrial Revolution has four major causes. Capitalism thoug.docxMARRY7
Â
The Industrial Revolution has four major causes. Capitalism though is the most important cause of the Industrial Revolution. Capitalism allowed the new generation of people to gain money and become involved and interested in the idea of investment. The investments allowed inventors and entrepreneurs to build the inventions that rocked the world, such as the blast furnace, railroads, vaccinations and much more. The impact of the Industrial Revolution had profound effects on the Civil War and the history of the United States. If it wasnât for the railroads that the north utilized to carry supplies and troops, the United States would be a different place.
Private investments, which are a form of capitalism, became a huge factor in allowing countries, such as Great Britain, to succeed in industrialization faster than other European countries, such as the Germanic states. Although some could attempt to argue that another major cause, such as the Agriculture Revolution, would be the most important, they would fail to take notice of Great Britainâs capitalist policies and their connections to how fast countries industrialized.
Civil War Era
The Industrial Revolution in the 1800âs had a major impact on the Civil War and by using the lessons learned through the revolution the United States was able to continue to increase its industrial potential and become the leading producer in the world in the early 1900âs. The history of United States development could never have happened if it was not from the industrialization of the country. The country was able to innovate and create new manufacturing methods and became the leader in manufacturing. The advent of different kinds of transport also aided in the growth. The import and export of core minerals was made possible through transportation and industrial revolution. The lives of the American charged dramatically after the revolution as new channels of work emerged. The invention of the steam engine made it possible for factors to migrate and travel .this enabled the shift of skill and mobility of invention to happen.
The growth of the largest transportation system which took place during the industrial revolution and was ably supported by the civil war was the birth of the rail road system. Northern transportation industries boomed during the conflict as well particularly railroads. The North's larger number of tracks and better ability to construct and move parts gave it a distinct advantage over the South. Union forces moving south or west to fight often rode to battle on trains traveling on freshly lain tracks. In fact, as Northern forces traveled further south to fight and occupy the Confederacy, the War Department created the United States Military Railroads, designed to build rails to carry troops and supplies as well as operating captured Southern rail lines and equipment. By war's end, it was the world's largest railroad system.
The American economy was caught in transition on the eve of ...
The Industrial Revolution Essay
Essay on The Industrial Revolution
Essay on The First Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Essay on Industrial Revolution
Essay on The Industrial Revolution
Essay about Industurial Revolution
Industrial Revolution Essay
Essay on Industrial Revolution
Essay on Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution Essay example
Industrial Revolution
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
Â
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. Whatâs changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Â
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Â
Clients donât know what they donât know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clientsâ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Â
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
⢠What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
⢠How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
⢠How to get started with SAP Fiori today
⢠How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
⢠How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
⢠How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Â
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Â
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
Â
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Â
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
Â
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties â USA
Expansion of bot farms â how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks â Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
Â
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
Â
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
⢠Communication Mining Overview
⢠Why is it important?
⢠How can it help todayâs business and the benefits
⢠Phases in Communication Mining
⢠Demo on Platform overview
⢠Q/A
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Â
Monitoring and observability arenât traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current companyâs observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumbleâŚ.many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bankâs data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sectorâs adoption of graph technology.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
Â
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more âmechanicalâ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
Â
Decoding X Industrial Revolution - Kgadi Mmanakana
1.
2. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
Introduction
Why I wrote the book
To Expand on The 4th Industrial Revolution and Career
Choices (2019)
To build on The 4th Industrial Revolution and Career:
What it really takes to succeed today, the book I wrote
for Students, Unemployed Graduates, and the Misfits on
what it takes to succeed today with the emergence of
the 4thIndustrial Revolution(4IR) and how it is changing
the world of work and making some skills irrelevant. The
book landed in the intended hands â students,
graduates, parents, teachers, academics â from across
South Africa to Botswana and Uganda. Besides the
appreciation received for the book â how insightful and
truthful it is, two post reading conversations inspired
me to write this book to expand on the concept of the
4th Industrial Revolution; a teacher wanted to know
what The 4th Industrial Revolution that she hears people
talking about is, and how 4IR can benefit her and her
students. And a business owner that was afraid of failing
because âthey say we should adapt (4IR) or die. He
wanted to understand what 4IR means.
3. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
To create clarity and ease
The dawn of 4IR left everyone â from businesses,
government to individuals â in panic mode. Businesses
are caught up in the buzzword and they retreat by
trying to build technology products and by retrenching,
government driving tech startup movement in the
entrepreneurship development ecosystem and playing
catch-up with other countries, individuals (employees
and students) panicking about jobs being on the line
and lack thereof, respectively. As a result, the society
ends up resisting the change because they donât
understand it and regard it as an enemy. So, with this
book Iâm trying to simplify the buzzword by briefly
giving them context of the concept of Industrial
Revolution, where how and why it started â it is better
to deal with something you know than what you donât
know, whether it impacts you positively or negatively â I
think. I think grasping the concept will enable them to
embrace change, participate in the revolution, and align
themselves accordingly whether itâs in revising policy
and legislation (for government), revising business
models (for businesses), or updating skills and
knowledge (for individuals â students and employees).
4. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
Acknowledgements
This book was possible because of the remarkable work
of fellow academics and researchers - their primary
research was instrumental in organizing this intel. The
Fourth Industrial Revolution (2016) by Professor Klaus
Schwab, The Industrial Revolution (2017) by Robert C.
Allen.
Heartfelt gratitude to all those that read The 4th
Industrial Revolution and Career Choices (2019), your
feedback, interest in and willingness to understand the
Industrial Revolution concept, inspired this book â
another easy read for you to catch up.
5. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
Genesis of Industrial Revolution
Capitalism
One influential theory attributes the Industrial
Revolution to the rise of capitalism. According to
socialist revolutionary, Karl Marx (1818-1883), who
stressed this explanation, capitalism was the only
economic system in which incentives led to economic
growth. In previous systems, redistributing income,
rather than creating new income, was the surest way
for people to improve their standard of living. Marx
conceived capitalism as a system with many competitive
firms where each firm had to increase its productivity,
or it would be driven out of business by competitors
who would do so. The result was a high rate of capital
accumulation and technological change. The secret to
explaining growth was, therefore, explaining the rise of
capitalism. Marx thought capitalism rose as a result of
reorganization of the rural society â feudal lords and
peasant farmers operating in the open fields were
replaced by landless labourers and large-scale âcapitalâ
farms. While rural society did evolve in this way, it turns
out that capitalist agriculture was not much more
productive than the peasant agriculture which it
replaced. On the other hand, âthe historical process of
divorcing the producer from the means of productionâ,
that is, depriving the peasants of land, implements, and
livestock so they had to become employees in order to
survive, may have increased their readiness to take up
handicraft production and migrate to cities to find work.
6. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
Key takeaway: Capitalism (read as one man for himself)
leads to intense competition which then pushes
businesses to change how they do things to be
outperform their rivals.
Globalisation
Marx also stressed the importance of globalization in
transforming the English economy. Europeâs overseas
expansion was accomplished by states competing for
hegemony, and each used imperialism and trade policy
to expand its wealth at the expense of its competitors.
Countries aimed to secure as much as possible of their
coloniesâ trade for their own nationals through
âmercantilistâ policies that excluded foreigners. When
tariffs failed, war was an acceptable alternative. In this
world, a country could succeed only through aggressive
imperialism, and England proved to have one of the
most growth promoting empires in Europe.
Slavery was a central feature of the global
economy.
Sugar, tobacco, and cotton were grown in the
Caribbean and USA on plantations operated by
slaves. These trades were substantial and
lucrative, and the raw cotton imported by Britain
from the USA after 1800 was the essential raw
material of the Industrial Revolution. Many
believe that the slave system was the foundation
of the Industrial Revolution, and, in particular,
that profits from slavery financed the
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accumulation of capital in Britain. But while
there were case-by-case connections, profits
from slavery in total were not substantial
enough to explain the rise in investment that
took place during the Industrial Revolution.
Key takeaway: Competition between nationalities and
countries. The country/nation that dominated the
market had the capital to invest in new systems and had
power to carve paths for new business models. (If you
may, call this capitalist nations)
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution of the 17thcentury contributed
both new knowledgeâin particular, the discovery of
atmospheric pressure and the vacuumâand new
attitudes and practices. People came to study the world,
including technology, âscientificallyâ, and that approach
brought rewards in the realm of invention.
Breakthroughs were due to âmacro inventorsâ, who
thought outside of the box and created wholly novel
technologies. The macro inventors were often leading
scientists or were influenced and informed by students,
associates, or friends. Many people were connected to
the scientific vanguard through networks that diffused
the knowledge and attitudes of the Enlightenment
across a broad swath of British society, making it more
technologically creative.
The Royal Society, founded in 1660, was at the
apex of this network, which also included
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provincial associations like Birminghamâs Lunar
Society as well as a myriad of coffee houses and
similar venues where scientific demonstrations
were performed. These communication
channels, as well as the widely held belief that
technology could be advanced by observation
and reason, is referred to as the âIndustrial
Enlightenmentâ. The formation of those
networks and the adoption of those attitudes
could, of course, have been responses to an
increase in the profitability of invention, but
proponents of the Industrial Enlightenment view
of the Industrial Revolution see it as a cultural
development whose origin lay in the Scientific
Revolution and the broader Enlightenment
rather than in economics.
Key takeaway: Curiosity unlocked creative thinking in
individuals which led to inventions.
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Why Britain and Industrial Revolution are inseparable.
The Industrial Revolution was Britainâs path breaking
response to the challenges of the first globalization
launched by the voyages of Vasco da Gama and
Christopher Columbus.
There were several connections; First, the
growth in world trade brought new products to
Britain including Chinese porcelain and Indian
cotton cloth. They were in high demand, and
British firms sought to imitate them. Second, the
growth in trade and empire opened new
markets for British products, and the ensuing
expansion of production and commerce
generated unusually high wages and cheap
energy. How to compete in that environment
was the overriding engineering challenge that
British industry so creatively met. Third, the
commercial expansion and the rise in wages
aided British industry in meeting the challenge of
foreign competition by improving the health and
strength of the workforce and by raising the
returns to education and skill. The result was a
rise in literacy, numeracy, and trade skills that
underpinned the manufacturing sector.
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The Industrial Revolution begins
The Industrial revolution took place from the 18th up
until the mid-19th century, marking a process of
increased manufacturing and production which boosted
industry and encouraged new inventions and
innovations.During Industrial Revolution, manufacturing
technology was revolutionized as factories replaced
handicraft methods, Productivity leaped up through the
invention of machines to spin and weave cloth; the
perfection of the steam engine so that it became a
widely used source of power; the replacement of
charcoal by coal in the smelting and refining of iron; and
the construction of the first railways. The continuous
search for improved methods of production became
normal business practice. Cities grew as people shifted
from farming to industry and commerce.
Although the revolution brought about productivity and
boosted the industry, it also had a dark side â technical
change threw many people out of work. 12-hour
workdays were normal in the new factories, and the
remuneration was meagre. Workersâ housing in the
expanding cities was often squalid and lacked effective
sanitation and safe drinking water. The cities were
polluted.
There were great gainers as well as great losers in the
Industrial Revolution, and their aspirations and
predicaments influenced social and political life
generally.
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Most agricultural land was owned by perhaps
15,000 families, and members of this group
dominated parliament and held most of the high
political offices throughout the Industrial
Revolution. While the landowners claimed to act
in the national interest, they often advanced
their own at the expense of other groupsâa
notable example being the Corn Laws of 1815,
which aimed to keep the price of wheat high in
Britain by excluding cheap imported grain. Mass
mobilization to extend the franchise and
increase the representation of cities in
parliament led to the Reform Act of 1832, which
gave the vote to many in the middle class but
not to the workers of the country. The Chartist
movement in the 1830sand 1840s sought
universal male suffrage, but these petitions were
always rejected. The upper classes regarded
democracy as a threat to their property and
power so long as wages were stagnant, and
poverty was a source of discontent. It was only
in the mid-19th century that machine production
finally liquidated the hand trades. After that,
wages started to rise as high productivity jobs
were created faster than low productivity jobs
were destroyed. The Industrial Revolution was
finished, and, in 1867, the upper strata of the
working class at last got the vote.
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The Industrial Revolution was the result of economic
change as well as the cause of it, and this is because of
the events that built up to the revolution itself.
Reinforcing revolutions â building up to the Industrial
Revolution
⢠Technological changes - Technological change is
the motor that powers economic growth, and a
technological revolution was at the heart of the
Industrial Revolution. The most celebrated
gadgets were in the iron and cotton industries,
and in power generation.
Abraham Darbyâs successful smelting of
pig iron with coke rather than charcoal,
the traditional fuel, in 1709initiated the
changes in the iron industry. Huntsman
revolutionized the production of steel
with the crucible process in the 1740s;
Cotton had always been spun by hand on
wheels or with a distaff and spindle until
James Hargreaves invented the Spinning
Jenny in the 1760s; Power technology
was shifted from traditional or organic
sources (e.g., Wood and charcoal, wind,
water) to coal, with the invention of the
steam engine by Thomas Newcomen in
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the early 1700s and its improvement by
James Watt in the 1760s.
⢠Demographic revolution - A demographic
revolution accompanied the technological
changes.
The population of Great Britain was
constant at about 6.5 million between
1650and 1750 after which it started to
grow, reaching 10.5 million in 1800;
20.8in 1850; 37 in 1900; and 50 million in
1950. Since then, the rate of natural
increase has been very low. The
relationship between population growth
and economic variables like
industrialization, incomes, urbanization,
and education has been the subject of
research and debate since Thomas
Malthus âseminal Essay on the Principle of
Population (1798). Malthus theorized
that populations grew in geometric
progression, and that food production
increases in arithmetic progression. With
the conclusion that populations will grow
faster than the supply of food, and this
exponential population growth will lead
to a shortage of food.
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⢠An urban revolution also occurred, but it started
before the Industrial Revolution.
In 1500 only 7 per cent of the English
population lived in towns and cities of
5,000 people or more. By 1750 that
fraction increased to23 per centâand it
kept growing as the population
expanded, reaching 50per cent in 1850;
and 75 per cent in 1910. London grew
from small beginnings to become the
largest city in Europe. The capitalâs
population increased from 50,000 in
1500 to 200,000 in 1600; to 500,000 in
1700; and, finally, to one million in 1800.
⢠An agricultural revolution was needed to feed
the rapidly growing cities, and this began in the
17th century as grain yields rose, cows and
sheep gave more milk and wool, and animals
were reared to greater weights. The
improvements were due to better seed
selection, improved soil preparation (in part due
to better equipment), selective breeding, and
new crop rotations including fodder crops like
turnips and clover. At the same time as, farming
practice was getting better, the common fields
and pastures were being enclosed and small
family farms were being combined into large
âcapitalâ farms operated with hired labour. A
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long-standing view was that the enclosures and
large farms were responsible for the
improvements in practice and productivity, but
that claim has been repeatedly called into
question. Farm output continued to expand
during the Industrial Revolution, but Britain
became more and more dependent on imported
food, as rising demand outstripped domestic
supply.
⢠Commercial Revolution - Exports and imports
became increasingly important relative to
national income.
In the 17th century, England exported
increasing volumes of wool textiles, iron
goods, and other manufactured items,
while it imported ever more spices,
sugar, tobacco, and tropical produce.
⢠Transportation revolutions underpinned the
growth in trade.
In the 17th and18th centuries, better
sailing vessels cut ocean freight rates. In
the 18thcentury, inland shipping costs fell
as a canal system was built and roads
were improved. Travel times were cut as
vehicles went faster. After 1830, the
railway further reduced overland
transport costs, and steam ships
eventually did the same for the seas. A
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world economy arose, and globalization
promoted the industrialization of Britain,
as it deindustrialized the Third World.
⢠Financial revolution - Economic growth required
the construction of cities, factories, and
transportation facilities, and the growth in
commerce required an expansion of trade credit.
And these needs were met through a financial
revolution.
In the late 17th century, legal changes
created the modern mortgage, so that
land could be used as security to raise
long term loans. English agricultural
estates were mortgaged, and the
proceeds paid for the construction of
cities. The public finances were
reordered in the 1690s with the
establishment of the Bank of England and
the refunding of the national debt.
Private banks developed in London that
mainly financed international trade. The
manufacturing firms of the Industrial
Revolution started as small partnerships,
and their factories were financed with
the funds of the proprietors. As
businesses came to outlive their owners,
the corporate form of organization was
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permitted in manufacturing in the middle
of the 19thcentury.
Stages of Industrial Revolution
1st Industrial revolution
The First Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century
through the use of steam power and mechanization of
production. What before produced threads on spinning
wheels, the mechanized version achieved eight times
the volume at the same time. Steam power was already
known, and the use of it for industrial purposes was the
greatest breakthrough for increasing human
productivity. Instead of weaving looms powered by
muscle, steam engines could be used for power.
Development such as the steam-powered locomotion
brought about further massive changes because
humans and goods could move great distance in fewer
hours.
2nd Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution began in the 19th
century through the discovery of electricity and
assembly line production. Henry Ford (1863-1974) took
the idea of mass production from a slaughterhouse in
Chicago â the pigs hung from conveyor belts and each
butcher performed only a part of the task butchering
the animal. He carried over these principles into
automobile production and drastically altered it in the
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process. Before one station assembled an entire
automobile, now the vehicles were produced in partial
steps on the conveyor belt significantly faster and at
lower cost.
3rd Industrial Revolution
The Third Industrial Revolution began in the 20th
century, in the 1970s through partial automation using
memory-programmable controls and computers. Since
the introduction of these technologies, we are now able
to automate an entire production process without
human assistance. Known examples of these are robots
that perform programmed sequences without human
intervention.
4th Industrial Revolution
The Fourth Industrial Revolution began in the 21st
Century and is characterized by application of
information and communication technologies to
industries. It builds on the developments of the 3rd
Industrial Revolution â production systems that already
have computer technology are expanded by a network
connection and have a digital twin on the internet so to
speak. These allow communication with other facilities
and the output of information about themselves. This is
the next step in production automation. The
networking of all systems leads to âcyber-physical
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production systems and therefore smart factories in
which productions systems, components and people
communicate via a network and production is nearly
autonomous.
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Understanding Technological Revolution
â Expanding on 4IR
Technological Revolution is a period in which one or
more technologies is replaced by another technology in
a short amount of time. It is an era of accelerated
technological progress characterized by new
innovations whose rapid application and diffusion cause
an abrupt change in society.
The Spinning Jenny and Spinning Mule greatly
increased the productivity of thread
manufacturing compared to the spinning wheel.
The steam engine, fueled primarily by coal,
propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great
Britain and the world.
IBM Personal computer XT in 1988 was an
invention that dramatically changed not only
professional life but personal life as well.
A technological revolution increases productivity and
efficiency. It may involve material or ideological changes
caused by the introduction of a device or system. And it
can play a role of a trigger of a chain of various and
unpredictable changes. Some of its potential impacts
are business management, and social interactions.
The consequences of a technological revolution are not
necessarily positive. For example, innovations such as
the use of coal as an energy source has a negative
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environmental impact â hence the current agenda of
green energy.
The economy of the Industrial Revolution was unstable.
As the machines were invented, they outcompeted the
handicraft sector whose large size had been responsible
for the high wages that made labour-saving machines
profitable in the first place. The adoption of machinery
led to massive technological unemployment in one
handicraft trade after another. The growth of the
handicraft sector in the 17th and 18th centuries, thus,
contained the seeds of its own destruction. The genius
of capitalism consists as much in destroying the old
production systems as it does in creating the new. The
process is one that an Economist, Joseph Schumpeter,
(1883 -1950) described as a âperennial gale of creative
destructionâ, that is, to replace in whole or in part
inferior innovations across markets and industries,
simultaneously creating new products including new
business models. The gale blew strongly in the Industrial
Revolution producing poverty at the same time as it
brought progress.
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Key takeaways
⢠The prime aim of industrial revolution is to bring
about technological progress to increase
productivity and efficiency.
⢠The technological revolution will always contain
the seeds of destruction.
⢠Capitalism (read as quest to gain competitive
advantage) plays a role in initiating an industrial
revolution.
Breaking down the buzzword â 4th Industrial
Revolution
The phrase, Fourth Industrial Revolution was first
introduced by Professor Klaus Schwab, executive
chairman of the World Economic Forum, in a 2015
article in Foreign Affairs. âMastering the Fourth
Industrial Revolutionâ was the theme of the WEF Annual
Meeting in 2016 Davos.
Previous industrial revolutions liberated humankind
from animal power, made mass production possible and
brought digital capabilities to billions of people. The 4th
Industrial Revolution is, however, fundamentally
different. It is characterized by a range of new
technologies that are fusing the physical, biological, and
digital worlds, impacting all disciplines, economies, and
industries.
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Benefits and challenges
The shifts and disruptions that come as a result of the
4th Industrial Revolution ignite both progress and pain.
The world has the potential to connect an individual to
billions of people through digital networks, dramatically
improve organizational efficiency and even manage
assets in ways that can help regenerate the natural
environment potentially undoing the damage of
previous industrial revolutions.
Conversely, the organizations might be unable to adapt,
government may fail to employ and regulate new
technologies to capture their benefits, inequalities may
grow, security concerns may arise.
The consumer is gaining the most âthe fourth industrial
revolution has made possible new products and services
that increase, at virtually no cost, the efficiency of our
personal lives as consumers.
Ordering a cab, finding a flight, buying a product,
making a payment, listening to music, or
watching a film â any of these tasks can now be
done remotely. The benefits of technology for all
of us who consume are incontrovertible. The
internet, the smart phone and the thousands of
apps are making our lives easier, and â on the
whole â more productive. A simple device such
as a tablet, which we use for reading, browsing,
and communicating, possesses the equivalent
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processing power of 5,000 desktop computers
from 30 years ago.
The challenges created by the fourth industrial
revolution appear to be mostly on the supply side â in
the world of work and production.
The great beneficiaries of the fourth industrial
revolution are the providers of intellectual or
physical capital â the innovators, the investors,
and the shareholders, which explains the rising
gap in wealth between those who depend on
their labour and those who own capital.
Shifts to expect
⢠In business; Emergence of new business models,
the reshaping of production, consumption,
transportation, and delivery systems.
⢠On the societal front, change in how we work,
communicate, express, inform and entertain
ourselves.
⢠Governments and institutions; the reshaping of
education, healthcare, and transportation etc
systems.
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Factors characterizing 4IR
⢠Velocity: Evolution happens at an exponential
rather than linear pace. This is the result of the
multifaceted, deeply interconnected world we
live in and the fact that new technology begets
newer and ever more capable technology.
⢠Breadth and depth: It build on the digital
revolution and combines multiple technologies
that are leading to unprecedented paradigm
shifts in the economy, business, society, and
individually. It is not only changing the âwhatâ
and the âhowâ of doing things but also âwhoâ we
are.
⢠Systems Impact: It involves the transformation
of entire systems, across (and within) countries,
companies, industries, and society as a whole.
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The Elephant in the room â Impact of 4IR
on jobs and employment
Despite the potential positive impact of technology on
economic growth, itis nonetheless essential to address
its possible negative impact, at least in the short term,
on the labour market. Fears about the impact of
technology on jobs are not new.
In 1931, the economist John Maynard Keynes
famously warned about widespread
technological unemployment âdue to our
discovery of means of economising the use of
labour outrunning the pace at which we can find
new uses for labourâ. (Keynes, 1933, p. 3).
Over the past few years, the debate has been reignited
by evidence of computers substituting for a number of
jobs, most notably bookkeepers, cashiers and telephone
operators.
As a result of the driving factors of 4IR - speed
(everything happening at a much faster pace than ever
before), breadth and depth (so many radical changes
occurring simultaneously), and the complete
transformation of entire systems, new technologies are
dramatically changing the nature of work across all
industries and occupations. The fundamental
uncertainty has been about the extent to which
automation will substitute labour.
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Two competing effects that technology exercises on
employment:
Destruction effect as technology-fuelled
disruption and automation substitute capital for
labour, forcing workers to become unemployed
or to reallocate their skills elsewhere.
Capitalization effect in which the demand for
new goods and services increases and leads to
the creation of new occupations, businesses and
even industries.
There are roughly two opposing camps when it comes
to the impact of emerging technologies on the labour
market: those who believe in a happy ending â in which
workers displaced by technology will find new jobs, and
where technology will unleash a new era of prosperity;
and those who believe it will lead to a progressive social
and political Armageddon by creating technological
unemployment on a massive scale.
Question to ponder on: What should we do to foster
more positive outcomes and help those caught in the
transition?
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Labour substitution
Many different categories of work, particularly those
that involve mechanically repetitive and precise manual
labour, have already been automated. Many others will
follow, as computing power continues to grow
exponentially. Sooner than most anticipate, the work of
professions as different as lawyers, financial analysts,
doctors, journalists, accountants, or librarians may be
partly or completely automated.
The fourth industrial revolution seems to be creating
fewer jobs in new industries than previous revolutions.
A recent US Economic Census shed some
interesting light on the relationship between
technology and unemployment. It showed that
innovations in information and other disruptive
technologies tend to raise productivity by
replacing existing workers, rather than creating
new products needing more labour to produce
them.
Two researchers from the Oxford Martin School,
economist Carl Benedikt Frey and machine learning
expert Michael Osborne, have quantified the potential
effect of technological innovation on unemployment by
ranking 702different professions according to their
probability of being automated, from the least
susceptible to the risk of automation (â0â corresponding
to no risk at all) to those that are the most susceptible
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to the risk (â1â corresponding toa certain risk of the job
being replaced by a computer of some sort).
Their research concludes that about 47% of total
employment in the US is at risk, perhaps over the next
decade or two, characterized by a much broader scope
of job destruction at a much faster pace than labour
market shifts experienced in previous industrial
revolutions. In addition, the trend is towards greater
polarization in the labour market. Employment will grow
in high-income cognitive and creative jobs and low-
income manual occupations, but it will greatly diminish
for middle-income routine and repetitive jobs.
Examples of professions most and least prone to
automation.
Most Prone to automation
Probability Occupation
0.99 Telemarketers
0.99 Tax preparers
0.98 Insurance appraisers, auto
damage
0.98 Referees, other sports
officials
0.98 Legal secretaries
0.97 Hosts, hostesses,
0.97 Real estate brokers
0.97 Farm labour contractors
0.96 Secretaries, administrative
assistants
0.94 Couriers and messengers
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Least Prone to automation
0.0031 Mental Health and
Substance Abuse Social
Workers
0.0040 Choreographers
0.0042 Physicians and Surgeons
0.0043 Psychologists
0.0055 Human Resource Managers
0.0065 Computer System Analysts
0.0077 Anthropologists and
archaeologists
0.0100 Marine Engineers and Naval
Architects
0.0130 Sales Managers
0.0150 Chief Executives
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Source: Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne,
University of Oxford, 2013
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Whatâs driving the substitution
An increased abilities of algorithms and robots to
simplify jobs. Companies are interested in simplifying
jobs. This job simplification means that algorithms are
better able to replace humans.
Discrete, well-defined tasks lead to better
monitoring and more high-quality data around
the task, thereby creating a better base from
which algorithms can be designed to do the
work.
It is not a man-versus-machine dilemma.
The fusion of digital, physical, and biological
technologies driving the current changes [can] serve to
enhance human labour and cognition. Leaders need to
prepare workforces and develop education models to
work with, and alongside, increasingly capable,
connected, and intelligent machines.
Impact on skills
Complex problem solving, social and systems skills will
be far more in demand compared to physical abilities or
content skills.
Evolving nature of work â on-demand economy
Employers are using the âhuman cloudâ to get things
done. Professional activities are dissected into precise
assignments and discrete projects and then thrown into
a virtual cloud of aspiring workers located anywhere in
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the world. This is the new on-demand economy, where
providers of labour are no longer employees in the
traditional sense but rather independent workers who
perform specific tasks.
As human cloud platforms classify workers asself-
employed, employers become free of the requirement
to pay minimum wages, employer taxes and social
benefits. For the people who are in the cloud, the main
advantages reside in the freedom (to work or not) and
the unrivalled mobility that they enjoy by belonging to a
global virtual network. Some independent workers see
this as offering the ideal combination of a lot of
freedom, less stress and greater job satisfaction.
Downsides: Human cloud platforms accelerate
automation of jobs [thus increasing unemployment],
and exempt âemployeesâ from job security, labour rights
etc. This in turn can create a potent source for political
instability and social unrest.
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4IR in a Developing Country â South
Africa
South African solutions for South African problems
How 4IR unfolds in South Africa will depend on whether
we make conscious choices or act with recklessness
toward the growing economic, environmental, and
social challenges. If we are to leverage on this wave of
revolution â socioeconomically â SA needs to ignore the
milestones of other countries. Instead of worrying about
(and wanting to âcatch upâ with) China rolling out 6G,
we should focus on ensuring that 4G is rolled out fully
and connectivity in the country is âbalancedâ - equality.
And with the knowledge gap that still exists, people still
trying to grasp the benefits of prior industrial
revolutions, we shouldnât be in a rush to keep up with
other countries as that will make the transition rather
difficult.
Poor education, low levels of R&D and the lack of
commercialized new technology together lessen
developing regionsâ ability to steer the direction of
development.
The first step towards the right direction (that is,
reaping the fruits of this revolution) is by charting the
pressing issues facing South Africa and then analysing
the technologies that come with 4IR to unearth how
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they can help in solving the [real] problems we are
faced with.
A âsmart cityâ in a country with energy crisis and
expensive data doesnât make sense to me.
Perhaps if we dealt with the energy crisis first
and access to technologies and data, we could
talk about âsmart citiesâ- going fancy? Thatâs if
we are trying to create a democratized field of
opportunities.
Where SA can start in leveraging 4IR
⢠Education â Customized curricula linked to what
lies ahead. Equip the citizens with skills and
knowledge that is practical and can be used to
solve socio-economic problems we are faced
with. If we are adding robotics as a subject,
there has to be a quantifiable measure â reason
â why it is relevant.
⢠Health Care â Lives are lost, and citizens are
crying because of weak service delivery (read as
customer service). Perhaps using 4IR
technologies to develop efficient [in the context
of time] service management system in public
health system could end this?
⢠Law Enforcement â The citizens are losing trust
in the justice system, and this led to crimes going
unreported â citizens are dying in silence not
because they donât want to speak up. Accessible
digital forensic services and a human free system
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Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
of reporting âspecial crimesâ â domestic
violence, rape, femicide etc. perhaps?
⢠Agile governance - regulatory and legislative
ecosystem that can produce more resilient
frameworks. Productive deliberation and
brainstorming â foresight, practical, context.
Rise in inequality
Today people are much more aware of and sensitive to
social injustices and the discrepancies in living
conditions between different regions/provinces. Unless
public and private sector leaders assure citizens that
they are executing credible strategies to improve
peoplesâ lives, social unrest, mass migration, and violent
extremism could intensify, thus creating risks for
countryâs development at all stages.
It is crucial that people are secure in the belief that they
can engage in meaningful work to support themselves
and their families, but what happens if there is
insufficient demand for labour, or if the skills available
no longer match the demand?
Fairness should be ensured in the distribution of the
benefits and positive externalities of the 4IR. The
experience of past political revolutions teaches us that
disparity has consequences. The failure of many
democratic systems to address disparities in wealth or
opportunity stemming from prevailing economic models
has led to entrenched social and economic imbalances
that are both divisive and destabilizing (think of land
37. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
issues, access to education and gender inequalities (in
the context of wages) in SA). We must seek to share the
benefits of this technological age among all citizens
regardless of age, income, race, gender and sexual
orientation, or beliefs.
38. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
Riding with the wave of 4IR to adapt and
win
To benefit from the 4th Industrial Revolution, leverage of
IT and digital technologies - All new developments and
technologies have one key feature in common: they
leverage the pervasive power of digitization and
information technology to: Reform the physical world
(e.g., Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Advanced
Materials; Additive Manufacturing and
Multidimensional Printing). Alter the human being (e.g.,
Biotechnologies, Neurotechnology, Virtual and
Augmented Realities)
As a student or business or government, the following
are some of the areas you should be investing in.
[Student â studying. Business â entrepreneurial
ventures and innovation. Government â SMME
development policies and investments]
⢠3D manufacturing/printing
⢠Advanced robotics
⢠New materials
⢠Autonomous vehicles/Drone technology
⢠Internet of Things [Smaller, Smarter, and
cheaper Sensors connecting things in the
physical world to virtual networks; Blockchain;
Bitcoin; Platform economy.]
⢠Genetic Editing and Sequencing â With advances
in computing power, scientists no longer go by
trial and error; rather, they test the way in which
39. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
specific genetic variations generate particular
traits and diseases.
⢠Biofuel production
40. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
About the Author
Kgadi Mmanakana is a Professional Consultant, Scholar
and Speaker on Entrepreneurship and Strategy
reconciling the concepts of Design Thinking,
Competitive Strategy and Business Model Innovation
with Economic Theories to help businesses gain
Competitive Advantage in ever changing market
environments.
www.kgadimmanakana.co.za
How can I further help you?
For Businesses
⢠Leverage on 4IR to innovate on your business
model?
⢠Brainstorm business idea(s) that will ride on the
4IR wave?
⢠Practical change management strategies on
quest to adapt to 4IR?
For Individuals (Students and Employees):
⢠Career coaching â Connect your passionate
interests, education level and Ideal profession
with 4IR and the reality of the future of work?
41. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
For Government
⢠Get practical and contextual strategies on how
to keep the public education competitive for the
ruthless competitive future of work â in the era
of automation?
⢠Get practical and contextual strategies on how
to leverage on 4IR to invest in your
local/provincial/national government, optimize
service delivery, and achieve development
goals?
⢠Get perspective and intel on how to configure
SMME development policies and
entrepreneurship development ecosystem
(whether at local, provincial, or national level) to
enable you to invest in SMMEs that are not
flavours of the month but are sustainable,
contribute directly to your specific
local/provincial/national sustainable
development goals, and leverage on relevant 4IR
technologies to keep them relevant?
42. Decoding X Industrial Revolution Kgadi Mmanakana
Jogging the memory to create clarity and ease on 4IR
Engage me
Letâs discuss the content â the ideologies and realities
youâve discovered, Feedback on the book.
kgadi@bravingcorp.com | www.kgadimmanakana.co.za
www.facebook.com/kgadimmanakana
www.linkedin.com/in/kgadimmanakana