The document outlines key concepts of data management, focusing on databases and the Structured Query Language (SQL). It defines what a database is, discusses various types of database management systems (DBMS), and introduces relational database concepts such as keys and data types. SQL commands are categorized into Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and Data Query Language (DQL), with examples of how to create and manage databases using MySQL.

1. UNIT-3
DATA MANAGEMENT
Database concepts and the
Structured Query Language

2. WHAT IS A DATABASE
 A database is a collection of related data.
Examples:
 student marks data(Ex:- cbse exam data),
 rail/flight/bus ticket reservation data,
 bank account data,
 library books data,
 social media data,
 e-commerce(amazon ,flipkart) products data

3. DBMS
 A database management system (DBMS) is a
collection of programs(SOFTWARE) that enables
users to create and maintain a database.
 Some examples of open source and commercial DBMS
include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Teradata,
Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, MongoDB.

4. POPULAR DBMS

5. Relational Database
 It uses the concept of a mathematical relation—which
looks somewhat like a table of values—as its basic building
block

6. Relational Database
 Attributes : the columns of a relation are the attributes which are also
referred as fields
 Tuple:Each row of data in a relation (table) is called a tuple. The tuples
within a relation must be distinct.
 Degree of a table: The Number of Attributes in a table is called it’s
degree
 Cardinality of a table: The Number of Tuples in a table is called it’s
cardinality
 DOMAIN: It is a set of values from which an attribute can take a value in
each row. Usually, a data type is used to specify domain for an attribute.
For example, in STUDENT relation, the attribute RollNo takes integer
values and hence its domain is a set of integer values. Similarly, the set of
character strings constitutes the domain of the attribute Name.

7. RDBMS
 RDBMS : Relational database management
system
 Used to create and maintain relational databases
 Examples: MySQL,Oracle,Teradata

8. STUDENT & GUARDIAN TABLES
RollN
o Name
Admn
No AadharNo SUB1 SUB2 SUB3
Guardian
ID
101 A 13122 981010100701 80 76 76 901
102 B 13456 981220093381 70 90 90 901
103 C 12231 781010100623 76 90 90 902
104 D 10781 682237451706 70 90 90 902
105 A 11133 766611112222 70 95 95 902
GuardianID GuardianName Occupation Address PhoneNo
901 X Banker NAD 8889991110
902 Y
Software
Engineer
DWARAKA
NAGAR 8887772222

9. KEYS
 KEY: A KEY is an attribute or set of an attribute which helps you to
identify a row(tuple) in a relation(table).
 CANDIDATE KEY : A relation can have one or more keys. Each key is
called a CANDIDATE KEY
 PRIMARY KEY: Out of one or more candidatekeys in a relation, one
key is selected as PRIMARY KEY. A primary KEY should be unique and
not null in a given table.
 ALTERNATE KEYS: All the other candidate keys which are not
selected as primary key are called ALTERNATE KEYS
 FOREIGN KEY:
 A foreign key is used to represent the relationship between two
relations. A foreign key is an attribute whose value is derived from the
primary key of another relation.

10. SQL
 SQL stands for structured query language.
 It is a standard language for creating,accessing and
manipulating databases.

11. TYPES OF SQL COMMANDS
DDL
DML
DQL

12. DDL
 DDL stands for Data Definition Language.
 It is a language used for defining and modifying the
data and its structure.
 CREATE, ALTER , DROP

13. DML
 DML stands for Data Manipulation Language.
 It is a language used for inserting, deleting and
updating data in a database.
 It is used to manipulate(change) data in a relational
database.
 DML commands are as follows,
1. INSERT
2. UPDATE
3. DELETE

14. DQL
 DQL stands for Data Query Language.
 It is a language used for selecting data in a database.
 DQL Command:
SELECT

15. MYSQL
 My is the daughter’s name of the MySQL’s
co-founder, Monty Widenius.
 The name of MySQL is the combination of My and
SQL, MySQL.
 MySQL is a database management system that allows
you to manage relational databases.
 It is free and open source software backed by Oracle.
 Free- means you can use MySQL without paying any
money.
 Open source means you can change its source code to
suit your needs.

16. DATA TYPES
 CHAR
 VARCHAR
 DATE
 INTEGER
 FLAOTING POINT(REAL)
 NUMERIC OR DECIMAL

17. CHARACTER DATA TYPES
 CHAR
 VARCHAR

18. CHAR(n)
 Specifies character type data of length n where n could
be any value from 0 to 255.
 CHAR is of fixed length, means, declaring CHAR (10)
implies to reserve spaces for 10 characters.
 If data does not have 10 characters (for example, ‘city’
has four characters), MySQL fills the remaining 6
characters with spaces padded on the right.

19. VARCHAR(n)
 Specifies character type data of length ‘n’ where n
could be any value from 0 to 65535.
 But unlike CHAR, VARCHAR is a variable-length data
type.
 That is, declaring VARCHAR (30) means a maximum
of 30 characters can be stored but the actual allocated
bytes will depend on the length of entered string.
 So ‘city’ in VARCHAR (30) will occupy the space
needed to store 4 characters only.

20. DATE
 The DATE type is used for dates in 'YYYY-MM-DD'
format.
 YYYY is the 4 digit year, MM is the 2 digit month and
DD is the 2 digit date.
 The supported range is '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'.
 Example: 04 Aug 2021 represented as
‘2021-08-04’

21. NUMERIC DATATYPES
 INTEGER
 REAL OR FLOATING POINT (APPROXIMATE)
 DECIMAL OR NUMERIC (ACCURATE)

22. INTEGER
Type Length
in
Bytes
Minimum Value
(Signed)
Maximum
Value
(Signed)
Minimum
Value
(Unsigned)
Maximum
Value
(Unsigned)
TINYINT 1 -128 127 0 255
SMALLINT 2 -32768 32767 0 65535
MEDIUMINT 3 -8388608 8388607 to 0 16777215
INT 4 -2147483648 2147483647 0 4294967295
BIGINT 8 -
92233720368547
75808
92233720368
54775807
0 184467440737
09551615

23. FLOATING POINT
 The FLOAT and DOUBLE types represent approximate
numeric data.
 MySQL allows a nonstandard syntax:
 FLOAT(M,D)
REAL(M,D)
DOUBLE PRECISION(M,D)
 M- TOTAL NO.OF DIGITS
 D- NO.OF DIGITS AFTER DECIMAL POINT

24. FLOATING POINT
 A column defined as FLOAT(8,5) will look like -
999.99999.
 MySQL performs rounding when storing values, so if
you insert 999.000009 into a FLOAT(8,5) column, the
approximate result is 999.00001
Type Length in Bytes
FLOAT 4
DOUBLE 8

25. NUMERIC(P,S) OR DECIMAL(P,S)
 Used for storing values where acuracy is required like
bank account or financial or scientific purposes.

26. NUMERIC VS DECIMAL
 NUMERIC determines the exact precision and
scale.
 DECIMAL specifies only the exact scale; the
precision is equal or greater than what is specified
by the coder.
 DECIMAL columns can have a larger-than-
specified precision if this is more convenient or
efficient for the database system.

27. CONSTRAINTS
 Constraints are certain types of restrictions on the data
values that an attribute can have.
 They are used to ensure the accuracy and reliability of
data.
 However, it is not mandatory to define constraint for
each attribute of a table.

28. CONSTRAINTS
Constraint Description
NOT NULL Ensures that a column cannot have NULL values where
NULL means missing/ unknown/not applicable value.
UNIQUE Ensures that all the values in a column are distinct/unique.
PRIMARY KEY The column which can uniquely identify each row or record
in a table.
FOREIGN KEY The column which refers to value of an attribute defined as
primary key in another table.
DEFAULT A default value specified for the column if no value is
provided.

29. SQL COMMANDS
 SQL COMMANDS ARE NOT CASE SENSITIVE.(i.e.
both CAPITAL & small Letters are same in sql
commands)
 Comments in SQL:
-- SINGLE LINECOMMENT GOES HERE
/* MULTIPLE LINE
COMMENT GOES HERE
*/

30. Database creation:
 To create a database we have to use below command:
CREATE DATABASE DATABASE_NAME;
Ex:-mysql> CREATE DATABASE Student;
 SHOW DATABASES ; --USED TO LIST ALL DATABASES IN MYSQL
 DROP DATABASE DATABASE_NAME ;-- USED TO TO DROP A DATABASE
 USE student;

 mysql> show databases;
 mysql> use student;
 Database changed
 mysql> create table student(rollno INT,name varchar(50),admno int,aadhar bigint,per float,gid int);
 mysql> show tables;