The document discusses various encoding methods for converting digital data into signals, including B8ZS and HDB3 for managing sequences of zeros in digital signals. It also touches on signal types, such as analog and digital signals, and mentions techniques like QAM and PCM for specific data transmission scenarios. Overall, it provides insights into the relationship between digital data and analog signals in telecommunications.

1. Data and Signal

2. Analog signal and Digital Signal

3. Data Vs Signal

4. Encoders

6. Digital data and digital signal

7. Digital data
digital signal

8. B8ZS : Bipolar 8 zeroes substitution
• If an octet of all zeros occurs and the last voltage pulse preceding this octet
was positive, then the eight zeros of the octet are encoded as 000 + - 0 - + .
• If an octet of all zeros occurs and the last voltage pulse preceding this octet
was negative, then the eight zeros of the octet are encoded as 000 - + 0 + - .

10. HDB3 : high-density bipolar-3 zeros

11. HDB3

12. Digital Data and Analog Signal

13. QAM

14. Analog data and Digital Signal
PCM : Pulse Code Modulation

15. Analog data and Digital Signal
Delta Modulation