Data
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Data consists of facts and figures that are collected and converted into a binary format for computers to process into useful information. There are different types of data including string, numeric, picture, and sound data. String data can contain letters, numbers, and symbols. Numeric data is in number form and can be used for calculations, divided into integers and floating points. Picture data includes images, maps, and diagrams entered through scanners, cameras, or design software. Sound data contains audio entered through microphones or other audio devices like songs or speech.
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Data refers to known facts that can be recorded and have implicit meaning. There are two main types of data: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data includes nominal, which provides no quantitative value, and ordinal, which assigns a relative position. Quantitative data can be statistically manipulated and represented numerically, including discrete values that are countable and continuous values that can be divided into smaller levels.
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An information system takes in raw data (input), processes it, and outputs meaningful information. It requires devices for inputting data, processing it, storing data and information, and outputting the results of processing. Computerized information systems have advantages over manual ones like greater flexibility and speed.
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Saifullah introduces himself as a student of BS Information Technology at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sanghar campus. He then summarizes some fundamental concepts of computers including:
- What a computer is and examples of hardware and software
- Examples of input, output, storage, and processing
- The different types of computers including analog, digital, and hybrid
- Classifications of computers from micro to mini computers
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A computer system consists of four main components: input devices, output devices, a processor, and storage devices. It requires hardware, software, and a user to fully function. The processor controls all activities within the system by processing input data. Processed data is then sent to output devices or stored in storage for future use. Computer storage helps users save programs and data to be accessed later.
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Data is an individual unit that contains raw materials which do not carry any specific meaning. Information is a group of data that collectively carries a logical meaning. Data doesn't depend on information. Information depends on data. Raw data alone is insufficient for decision making.
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The document discusses data mining and the data preprocessing steps involved. It defines data mining as the process of sorting through large datasets to identify patterns and relationships. It states that data mining techniques enable enterprises to predict trends and make informed decisions. The document then discusses the different steps in data preprocessing like data cleaning, integration, transformation, and normalization. It explains how these steps prepare the raw data for analysis by handling issues like missing values, noise, inconsistencies, and attribute scaling.
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Data
- 1. Data
- 2. • It is raw facts, which we give to computer, computer manipulate and process it to convert into useful information. • Collection of facts and figures is called data.Collection of facts and figures is called data. • It can consist of letters, numbers sounds or images. Computer converts all type of data into (binary) numbers form for processing.
- 3. Types of Data We can divide it in many types but following are most common. String data Numeric Data Picture data Sound data
- 4. String data • This data can include alphabets, numbers and special characters. So cannot be used in calculation. • If it contains only alphabets then it is called alphabetic data. Example is name of person or thing like ”ALI”, “CHAIR” etc. • If it contains alphabets, numbers and special characters it is called alphanumeric. Example is Car number, address like “CD-70”, “B-122 Latifabad”.
- 5. Numeric Data • If data is in number form it is called numeric data. • It can be used in calculations. • It contains digits from 0 to 9, mathematic signs and symbols. • In computers it can be further divided in to Integer, which has no point value. For example 5,66, -67,0 and floating point or real which have decimal point values. For example 4.56, -77.5444
- 6. Picture or video data This data include pictures, maps, figures, graphs, diagrams, movie etc. Usually scanner is used to get this data but some designing software help to enter this data by other devices like mouse or keyboard. Digital camera or web cam also used for this data input.
- 7. Sound data This data include sound, which can be entered through microphones or through other audio devices. Example is songs or speech.