This document discusses research ethics and outlines key concepts. It describes two types of ethical reasoning - deductive/principle-based and inductive/case-based. The Belmont Report established three core ethical principles for research involving human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. It also discusses past ethical issues in research like lack of informed consent and the establishment of Institutional Review Boards to protect research participants according to federal regulations. The role of the IRB is to ensure research adheres to ethical standards and sound scientific principles.
This document discusses research ethics and provides an overview of key concepts. It describes two types of ethics - descriptive ethics which examines what a society believes is morally correct, and prescriptive ethics which focuses on how researchers should behave. The document outlines two approaches to ethical decision making - deductive reasoning which uses ethical theories and principles, and case-based reasoning which examines prior decisions. It also summarizes the Belmont Report which established core ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The document concludes with case studies of proposed research and potential ethical issues.
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions .docxhelzerpatrina
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions in no less than 500 words.
1. What questions do you still have after reading chapter five of the textbook?
2. What does gender mean to you? How do you experience gender? What are the differences among gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles?
3. What do you think the Genderbread Person and/or the Gender Unicorn leaves out, in terms of how we experience our sexual identity? Are the separate labels it presents (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation) really all that separate? How are labels helpful and unhelpful in presenting who we are and in understanding other people’s experiences of their sexual identities? Think about the "transcension" piece with regards to these questions as well.
4. Was there anything new and surprising (or not) that you read on the Cisgender Privilege list?
5. What stories stood out to you from The T Word documentary?
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2
*
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research
Ethical - behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group
Matter of agreement among professionals
Need to be aware of general agreements of ethical behavior among CJ “community”
Some research designs may be impractical because of ethical issues
No Harm to Participants
Weighing potential benefits against possibility of harm is an ethical dilemma in research
Possible harms of criminal justice research include:
Physical harm
Psychological harm
Embarrassment
Groups at risk include:
Research subjects
Researcher
Third parties
No Harm to ParticipantsAll research involves risksResearcher cannot completely guard against all possible harm Researcher should have firm scientific grounds for conducting research which could potentially present harmHarm to subjects is only justified if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms
Voluntary Participation
CJ research often intrudes into subjects’ lives
Participation must be voluntary
This threatens generalizability
Results only represent those who participated
Often not possible with field observations
E.g., observe people without them being aware they are being observed
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Anonymity – when researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person
Confidentiality – a researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly
Research must make it clear to the responded whether the survey is anonymous or confidential
Deceiving Subjects
Generally considered unethical
Use of deception must be justified
Widom (1999) – child abuse and illegal drug use
Telling research subjects the purpose of the study would have biased the results
Inciardi (1993) – studying crack houses
Advises researchers not to “go undercover”
Analysis and Reporting
Researchers have ethical obligations to scientific community
Make shortcomings and/or negative findings known
Tell ...
This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines key terms like ethics, morals, and values. Ethics concerns determining right and wrong through rational consideration of moral values and principles. Morals are codes of conduct based on values. The document discusses how ethics relates to law and morality. It uses historical examples like the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment and Nazi human experiments to illustrate why bioethics is important. The document outlines basic ethical principles and approaches to solving ethical problems, noting they require open debate and consideration of multiple viewpoints.
This document provides an overview of medical ethics. It begins with definitions of ethics and discusses how ethics became important in medicine due to crimes against humanity in the 20th century. It then outlines the major developments in medical ethics codes and guidelines over time, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and U.S. regulations. The document also covers ethical principles of beneficence, justice and respect for persons. It discusses types of ethics like professional, medical, bio and clinical ethics. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of ethical norms and codes in promoting responsible research and protecting subjects.
This document discusses research ethics and highlights several important topics:
1. The five basic ethical principles of research are respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and fidelity.
2. Unethical research studies from the past like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience study demonstrated the need for research ethics guidelines.
3. In response to unethical research, guidelines like the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report were created to protect research participants and uphold ethical standards.
This document discusses ethical issues in nursing research. It outlines the objectives of summarizing the development of ethical codes and guidelines, describing the role of institutional review boards, citing examples of informed consent elements, discussing how integrity in research is promoted, and analyzing issues that threaten integrity among nurse researchers. It also explains the role of nurse researchers as patient advocates.
Both the basics and the practical aspects of ethical review and IRB submissions for graduate students are covered. Viewers will be better prepared to ace the application the first time.
This document discusses research ethics and provides an overview of key concepts. It describes two types of ethics - descriptive ethics which examines what a society believes is morally correct, and prescriptive ethics which focuses on how researchers should behave. The document outlines two approaches to ethical decision making - deductive reasoning which uses ethical theories and principles, and case-based reasoning which examines prior decisions. It also summarizes the Belmont Report which established core ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The document concludes with case studies of proposed research and potential ethical issues.
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions .docxhelzerpatrina
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions in no less than 500 words.
1. What questions do you still have after reading chapter five of the textbook?
2. What does gender mean to you? How do you experience gender? What are the differences among gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles?
3. What do you think the Genderbread Person and/or the Gender Unicorn leaves out, in terms of how we experience our sexual identity? Are the separate labels it presents (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation) really all that separate? How are labels helpful and unhelpful in presenting who we are and in understanding other people’s experiences of their sexual identities? Think about the "transcension" piece with regards to these questions as well.
4. Was there anything new and surprising (or not) that you read on the Cisgender Privilege list?
5. What stories stood out to you from The T Word documentary?
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2
*
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research
Ethical - behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group
Matter of agreement among professionals
Need to be aware of general agreements of ethical behavior among CJ “community”
Some research designs may be impractical because of ethical issues
No Harm to Participants
Weighing potential benefits against possibility of harm is an ethical dilemma in research
Possible harms of criminal justice research include:
Physical harm
Psychological harm
Embarrassment
Groups at risk include:
Research subjects
Researcher
Third parties
No Harm to ParticipantsAll research involves risksResearcher cannot completely guard against all possible harm Researcher should have firm scientific grounds for conducting research which could potentially present harmHarm to subjects is only justified if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms
Voluntary Participation
CJ research often intrudes into subjects’ lives
Participation must be voluntary
This threatens generalizability
Results only represent those who participated
Often not possible with field observations
E.g., observe people without them being aware they are being observed
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Anonymity – when researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person
Confidentiality – a researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly
Research must make it clear to the responded whether the survey is anonymous or confidential
Deceiving Subjects
Generally considered unethical
Use of deception must be justified
Widom (1999) – child abuse and illegal drug use
Telling research subjects the purpose of the study would have biased the results
Inciardi (1993) – studying crack houses
Advises researchers not to “go undercover”
Analysis and Reporting
Researchers have ethical obligations to scientific community
Make shortcomings and/or negative findings known
Tell ...
This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines key terms like ethics, morals, and values. Ethics concerns determining right and wrong through rational consideration of moral values and principles. Morals are codes of conduct based on values. The document discusses how ethics relates to law and morality. It uses historical examples like the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment and Nazi human experiments to illustrate why bioethics is important. The document outlines basic ethical principles and approaches to solving ethical problems, noting they require open debate and consideration of multiple viewpoints.
This document provides an overview of medical ethics. It begins with definitions of ethics and discusses how ethics became important in medicine due to crimes against humanity in the 20th century. It then outlines the major developments in medical ethics codes and guidelines over time, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and U.S. regulations. The document also covers ethical principles of beneficence, justice and respect for persons. It discusses types of ethics like professional, medical, bio and clinical ethics. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of ethical norms and codes in promoting responsible research and protecting subjects.
This document discusses research ethics and highlights several important topics:
1. The five basic ethical principles of research are respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and fidelity.
2. Unethical research studies from the past like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience study demonstrated the need for research ethics guidelines.
3. In response to unethical research, guidelines like the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report were created to protect research participants and uphold ethical standards.
This document discusses ethical issues in nursing research. It outlines the objectives of summarizing the development of ethical codes and guidelines, describing the role of institutional review boards, citing examples of informed consent elements, discussing how integrity in research is promoted, and analyzing issues that threaten integrity among nurse researchers. It also explains the role of nurse researchers as patient advocates.
Both the basics and the practical aspects of ethical review and IRB submissions for graduate students are covered. Viewers will be better prepared to ace the application the first time.
The document discusses several key principles of ethical research:
1) Researchers must protect study participants from harm and obtain voluntary informed consent from participants.
2) Researchers should collect data anonymously or keep information confidential to protect participants' privacy.
3) Research proposals should undergo review by an Institutional Review Board to evaluate ethics.
4) Accurate reporting of research findings is important to maintain integrity.
You should address the following questions in writing your Op-Ed.docxjeffevans62972
This document provides background information and instructions for writing an op-ed on research ethics regulations. It discusses the historical development of regulations from the Belmont Report to the Common Rule. It also summarizes 5 key cases that raise ethical issues: the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the Guatemala Syphilis Experiment, research on Huron-Wendat remains, debates around IRB oversight of fieldwork and social sciences, and genetic research with the Yanomami people. Students are asked to outline regulations for research involving human subjects, how much freedom researchers should have, and how to prevent abuse and ensure societal benefits.
The document discusses key concepts in research ethics including informed consent, minimizing harm, protecting privacy, and avoiding deception. It provides definitions and examples of ethical issues and frameworks for analyzing ethical dilemmas. The Stanford Prison Experiment is discussed as a case study that raised scientific and ethical challenges around informed consent, potential harm to participants, lack of controls, and examiner bias.
This document discusses ethics in research and provides guidelines for ethical research practices. It outlines key ethical principles like respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. It describes past unethical research studies and the responses that established standards like the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The Belmont Report identifies basic ethical principles and how they should be applied. It also discusses the role of institutional review boards in ensuring research follows ethical standards by minimizing risks and requiring informed consent.
This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines key terms like ethics, morals, and values, and discusses how they are related. It gives examples of historical medical experiments and issues that revealed ethics are important in life sciences research and medicine, like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The document outlines principles of bioethics like beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice. It discusses how to approach ethical dilemmas through open debate and considering all stakeholders. The goal of bioethics is to provide frameworks to guide ethical decision making.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. Major documents that outline ethical principles are also summarized, including the Belmont Report, which established the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The document traces the evolution of international guidelines to protect human subjects in research.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. It also outlines several international guidelines and regulations established over time to protect human subjects, including the Common Rule in the US and ICH guidelines requiring ethics review and informed consent. The document stresses that while guidelines are important, ethical conduct in research also requires vigilance and no place is immune from violations.
This presentation was created for the Philippine Science High School when I was a speaker and trainer via Zoom during the PSHS System Capability Building of Values Education Teachers Conference on January 27, 2023. My invitation to conduct a seminar and service workshop on current issues in science followed my latest service as a Peace Corps Virtual Service Pilot Volunteer assisting Philippine Science High School teachers with their ongoing STEM Curriculum Revision Project, a PC Volunteer assignment lasting 23 weeks. Please visit my blog, "Anderson's Ethnographic Notes: Reflections From the Realm of Anthropology," to learn about other topics of interest to those from all disciplinary walks of life.
STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL DECISIONDECISION--.docxwhitneyleman54422
STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL
DECISIONDECISION--MAKING PROCESSMAKING PROCESS
EESE Faculty Development Workshop
Douglas R. May, Professor and Co-Director
International Center for Ethics in Business
SUMMARY OF THE STEPS OF THE
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
1.
Gather the facts
2.
Define the ethical issues
3.
Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4.
Identify the consequences
5.
Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
6.
Consider your character and integrity
7.
Think creatively about potential actions
8.
Check your gut
9.
Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to
deal with opposing arguments.
1 -
GATHER THE FACTS
Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how, and
why.
However, facts may be difficult to find because of the
uncertainty often found around ethical issues
Some facts are not available
Assemble as many facts as possible before proceeding
Clarify what assumptions
you are making!
2 –
DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
Don’t jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical
issue(s)
in the situation.
Define the ethical basis for the issue you want to focus on.
There may be multiple
ethical issues –
focus on one
major
one at a time.
3 –
IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
Identify all of the stakeholders
Who are the primary
or direct stakeholders?
Who are the secondary
or indirect stakeholders?
Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
Perspective-taking
--
Try to see things through the eyes
of those individuals affected
4 –
IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
Think about potential positive
and negative
consequences for affected
parties by the decision (Focus on primary stakeholders to simplify
analysis until you become comfortable with the process).
What are the magnitude
of the consequences and the probability
that
the consequences will happen.
Short term vs. Long term consequences –
will decision be valid over
time.
Broader systemic
consequences –
tied to symbolic
and secrecy
Symbolic
consequences –
Each decision sends a message.
Secrecy
consequences –
What are the consequences if the decision
or action becomes public?
Did you consider relevant cognitive barriers/biases?
Consider what your decision
would be based only on consequences
–
then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.
5 –
IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved
A) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles
you might use in the situation?
Examples: Do no harm; Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the
given context.
B) What obligations are created becaus.
1) Animals are used in scientific research for various purposes like studying basic life processes, educational processes, experimental work on animal breeding and nutrition, diagnostic testing, and developing commercial products.
2) The welfare of research animals can be affected by some experiments that involve surgery or inducing painful conditions, as well as inadequate housing and husbandry. Researchers must seek to replace animal models, reduce animal usage to a minimum, and refine experiments to minimize pain and distress.
3) Standards for computer ethics and research ethics aim to prevent harm, ensure informed consent and privacy, and avoid conflicts of interest and other problems like plagiarism, fabrication, and exploitation of vulnerable groups. Upholding ethical guidelines is important for responsible conduct of
This document discusses ethical principles in social research. It covers historical examples where ethics were not followed, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and research done by Nazi Germany. Key principles discussed include obtaining informed consent, protecting participants from harm, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality, and being honest in reporting results. The document also addresses ethical dilemmas that can arise during and after data collection regarding issues like who owns the data. Researchers must consider all stakeholders and try to maximize benefits and minimize risks of any study.
David Resnik - MedicReS World Congress 2012MedicReS
Ethical Dilemmas in Scientific Research
David B. Resnik, JD, PhD, NIEHS/NIH
This research is supported by the NIEHS/NIH. It does not represent the views of the NIEHS, NIH, or US government.
The document outlines a course on information ethics and clinical decision making, beginning with an introduction to ethics, bioethics, and historical cases that shaped principles of research ethics like informed consent and protecting vulnerable groups. It then discusses challenges around reconciling laws, professional codes, and ethics, as well as core ethical principles like respect for persons, beneficence, and justice established in the Belmont Report. The course aims to help students apply these ethical frameworks to issues in health informatics and clinical decision making.
David Resnik - MedicReS World Congress 2012MedicReS
Ethical Challenges of clinical and translational research: codes and policies David B. Resnik, JD, PhD, NIEHS/NIH
* This research is supported by the NIEHS/NIH. It does not represent the views of the NIEHS, NIH, or US government.
EMPHNET Public Health Ethics (PHE): Introduction to public health ethics (phe)Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) course that was held in Amman in June 2014.
It is a revised introduction to public health ethics.
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. ...Md. Sajjat Hossain
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. Why researcher should be ethical. Discuss General Ethical Theories and Ethical Principles. What are the Specific Ethical Problems? Describe Ethics and Online Research.
Ethics are the moral principles that a person must follow, irrespective of the place or time. Behaving ethically involves doing the right thing at the right time. Research ethics focus on the moral principles that researchers must follow in their respective fields of research.
This document provides an outline and slides for a course on information ethics and clinical decision making. The course introduction discusses the topics to be covered, including information ethics, privacy, security, and case studies. An introduction to ethics and bioethics defines key terms and discusses the relationships between law, professional codes, and ethics. The document then reviews several important historical cases in bioethics that shaped modern ethical principles, such as the Nuremberg Code, Beecher's research ethics violations, and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. It introduces models of clinical decision making and describes how clinical decision support systems can integrate into decision making processes.
The document provides an overview of scientific research ethics. It discusses the importance of obtaining informed consent when using human subjects in research and obtaining appropriate oversight from institutional review boards. The document reviews some historical cases that lacked ethics, leading to the greater regulation of human subject research today. It also discusses the ethics of animal research and emphasizes replacing, reducing, and refining animal studies. The document outlines the responsibilities of researchers and students to conduct ethical work and avoid plagiarism.
This document provides guidance on proper telephone etiquette and techniques. It discusses topics like answering the phone promptly, identifying yourself clearly, speaking with a pleasant tone, closing calls effectively, transferring calls smoothly, and managing difficult callers. The document offers best practices for various telephone tasks as well as tips for making a good first impression and leaving a positive lasting impression on callers through professional telephone skills.
The document discusses quality control charts and the distinction between common cause and special cause variation. It explains that quality control charts are designed to avoid false signals from common cause variation and reliably detect special cause variation. The charts have limits set so that there is about a 1% chance of falsely detecting special cause variation from common causes alone. Similarly to hypothesis testing, this 1% threshold is used to determine if a process has more variation than just common causes. Range and X-bar charts are used to monitor only common cause variation within subgroups and detect any shifts from special causes between subgroups, respectively.
More Related Content
Similar to Dahl-presentation - ethics and research.ppt
The document discusses several key principles of ethical research:
1) Researchers must protect study participants from harm and obtain voluntary informed consent from participants.
2) Researchers should collect data anonymously or keep information confidential to protect participants' privacy.
3) Research proposals should undergo review by an Institutional Review Board to evaluate ethics.
4) Accurate reporting of research findings is important to maintain integrity.
You should address the following questions in writing your Op-Ed.docxjeffevans62972
This document provides background information and instructions for writing an op-ed on research ethics regulations. It discusses the historical development of regulations from the Belmont Report to the Common Rule. It also summarizes 5 key cases that raise ethical issues: the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the Guatemala Syphilis Experiment, research on Huron-Wendat remains, debates around IRB oversight of fieldwork and social sciences, and genetic research with the Yanomami people. Students are asked to outline regulations for research involving human subjects, how much freedom researchers should have, and how to prevent abuse and ensure societal benefits.
The document discusses key concepts in research ethics including informed consent, minimizing harm, protecting privacy, and avoiding deception. It provides definitions and examples of ethical issues and frameworks for analyzing ethical dilemmas. The Stanford Prison Experiment is discussed as a case study that raised scientific and ethical challenges around informed consent, potential harm to participants, lack of controls, and examiner bias.
This document discusses ethics in research and provides guidelines for ethical research practices. It outlines key ethical principles like respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. It describes past unethical research studies and the responses that established standards like the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The Belmont Report identifies basic ethical principles and how they should be applied. It also discusses the role of institutional review boards in ensuring research follows ethical standards by minimizing risks and requiring informed consent.
This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines key terms like ethics, morals, and values, and discusses how they are related. It gives examples of historical medical experiments and issues that revealed ethics are important in life sciences research and medicine, like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The document outlines principles of bioethics like beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice. It discusses how to approach ethical dilemmas through open debate and considering all stakeholders. The goal of bioethics is to provide frameworks to guide ethical decision making.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. Major documents that outline ethical principles are also summarized, including the Belmont Report, which established the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The document traces the evolution of international guidelines to protect human subjects in research.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. It also outlines several international guidelines and regulations established over time to protect human subjects, including the Common Rule in the US and ICH guidelines requiring ethics review and informed consent. The document stresses that while guidelines are important, ethical conduct in research also requires vigilance and no place is immune from violations.
This presentation was created for the Philippine Science High School when I was a speaker and trainer via Zoom during the PSHS System Capability Building of Values Education Teachers Conference on January 27, 2023. My invitation to conduct a seminar and service workshop on current issues in science followed my latest service as a Peace Corps Virtual Service Pilot Volunteer assisting Philippine Science High School teachers with their ongoing STEM Curriculum Revision Project, a PC Volunteer assignment lasting 23 weeks. Please visit my blog, "Anderson's Ethnographic Notes: Reflections From the Realm of Anthropology," to learn about other topics of interest to those from all disciplinary walks of life.
STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL DECISIONDECISION--.docxwhitneyleman54422
STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL
DECISIONDECISION--MAKING PROCESSMAKING PROCESS
EESE Faculty Development Workshop
Douglas R. May, Professor and Co-Director
International Center for Ethics in Business
SUMMARY OF THE STEPS OF THE
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
1.
Gather the facts
2.
Define the ethical issues
3.
Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4.
Identify the consequences
5.
Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
6.
Consider your character and integrity
7.
Think creatively about potential actions
8.
Check your gut
9.
Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to
deal with opposing arguments.
1 -
GATHER THE FACTS
Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how, and
why.
However, facts may be difficult to find because of the
uncertainty often found around ethical issues
Some facts are not available
Assemble as many facts as possible before proceeding
Clarify what assumptions
you are making!
2 –
DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
Don’t jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical
issue(s)
in the situation.
Define the ethical basis for the issue you want to focus on.
There may be multiple
ethical issues –
focus on one
major
one at a time.
3 –
IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
Identify all of the stakeholders
Who are the primary
or direct stakeholders?
Who are the secondary
or indirect stakeholders?
Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
Perspective-taking
--
Try to see things through the eyes
of those individuals affected
4 –
IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
Think about potential positive
and negative
consequences for affected
parties by the decision (Focus on primary stakeholders to simplify
analysis until you become comfortable with the process).
What are the magnitude
of the consequences and the probability
that
the consequences will happen.
Short term vs. Long term consequences –
will decision be valid over
time.
Broader systemic
consequences –
tied to symbolic
and secrecy
Symbolic
consequences –
Each decision sends a message.
Secrecy
consequences –
What are the consequences if the decision
or action becomes public?
Did you consider relevant cognitive barriers/biases?
Consider what your decision
would be based only on consequences
–
then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.
5 –
IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved
A) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles
you might use in the situation?
Examples: Do no harm; Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the
given context.
B) What obligations are created becaus.
1) Animals are used in scientific research for various purposes like studying basic life processes, educational processes, experimental work on animal breeding and nutrition, diagnostic testing, and developing commercial products.
2) The welfare of research animals can be affected by some experiments that involve surgery or inducing painful conditions, as well as inadequate housing and husbandry. Researchers must seek to replace animal models, reduce animal usage to a minimum, and refine experiments to minimize pain and distress.
3) Standards for computer ethics and research ethics aim to prevent harm, ensure informed consent and privacy, and avoid conflicts of interest and other problems like plagiarism, fabrication, and exploitation of vulnerable groups. Upholding ethical guidelines is important for responsible conduct of
This document discusses ethical principles in social research. It covers historical examples where ethics were not followed, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and research done by Nazi Germany. Key principles discussed include obtaining informed consent, protecting participants from harm, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality, and being honest in reporting results. The document also addresses ethical dilemmas that can arise during and after data collection regarding issues like who owns the data. Researchers must consider all stakeholders and try to maximize benefits and minimize risks of any study.
David Resnik - MedicReS World Congress 2012MedicReS
Ethical Dilemmas in Scientific Research
David B. Resnik, JD, PhD, NIEHS/NIH
This research is supported by the NIEHS/NIH. It does not represent the views of the NIEHS, NIH, or US government.
The document outlines a course on information ethics and clinical decision making, beginning with an introduction to ethics, bioethics, and historical cases that shaped principles of research ethics like informed consent and protecting vulnerable groups. It then discusses challenges around reconciling laws, professional codes, and ethics, as well as core ethical principles like respect for persons, beneficence, and justice established in the Belmont Report. The course aims to help students apply these ethical frameworks to issues in health informatics and clinical decision making.
David Resnik - MedicReS World Congress 2012MedicReS
Ethical Challenges of clinical and translational research: codes and policies David B. Resnik, JD, PhD, NIEHS/NIH
* This research is supported by the NIEHS/NIH. It does not represent the views of the NIEHS, NIH, or US government.
EMPHNET Public Health Ethics (PHE): Introduction to public health ethics (phe)Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) course that was held in Amman in June 2014.
It is a revised introduction to public health ethics.
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. ...Md. Sajjat Hossain
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. Why researcher should be ethical. Discuss General Ethical Theories and Ethical Principles. What are the Specific Ethical Problems? Describe Ethics and Online Research.
Ethics are the moral principles that a person must follow, irrespective of the place or time. Behaving ethically involves doing the right thing at the right time. Research ethics focus on the moral principles that researchers must follow in their respective fields of research.
This document provides an outline and slides for a course on information ethics and clinical decision making. The course introduction discusses the topics to be covered, including information ethics, privacy, security, and case studies. An introduction to ethics and bioethics defines key terms and discusses the relationships between law, professional codes, and ethics. The document then reviews several important historical cases in bioethics that shaped modern ethical principles, such as the Nuremberg Code, Beecher's research ethics violations, and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. It introduces models of clinical decision making and describes how clinical decision support systems can integrate into decision making processes.
The document provides an overview of scientific research ethics. It discusses the importance of obtaining informed consent when using human subjects in research and obtaining appropriate oversight from institutional review boards. The document reviews some historical cases that lacked ethics, leading to the greater regulation of human subject research today. It also discusses the ethics of animal research and emphasizes replacing, reducing, and refining animal studies. The document outlines the responsibilities of researchers and students to conduct ethical work and avoid plagiarism.
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1. Ethics and Research
Research Ethics
Overview & Case
Studies
Rebecca W. Dahl, PhD
Director – Human Subjects Protection
Program
2. Research Ethics
The following commentary by Nicholas von
Hoffman appeared in the Washington Post
“we are so preoccupied with defending our privacy
against insurance investigators, dope sleuths,
counter-espionage men, divorce detectives and
credit checkers that we overlook the social
scientists behind the hunting blinds who’re also
peeping into what we thought were our most
private and secret lives…”
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 7-8
3. Research Ethics
“Ethics is the disciplined study or
morality….and morality asks the
question…what should one’s
behavior be”.
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 1
4. Research Ethics
“Greek ethos ‘character’ is the
systematic study of value concepts—
good, bad, right, wrong and the
general principles that justify applying
these concepts”.
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 3
5. Research Ethics
Basically, there are two types of
ethics, Descriptive Ethics which
asks what does the culture or
society believe is morally
correct?
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 1
6. Research Ethics
The other type or Prescriptive
Ethics asks:
How should I behave as a
researcher?
What character traits should I
cultivate?
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 1
7. Research Ethics
Why is this so important?
You will have many questions to
answer and you will need a
framework from which to answer
those questions.
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 1
8. Research Ethics
Two types of ethical decision-
making
Deductive or principle based
reasoning
Inductive or case based
reasoning
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 1
9. Research Ethics
Deductive or principle based
reasoning
– Start with an ethical theory—
– Continue with a specific principle
– Develop rules
– Make judgments
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 1
12. Research Ethics
Case Based Reasoning
Decisions we have made – precedent
Look back at those decisions and combine
them in order to make a judgment
Judgments reflect back on rules
Rules reflect on our principles
Principles reflect back to the ethical theory
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 2
13. Research Ethics
Case Based Reasoning
Decisions we have made – avoid war and
move to Canada (U.S. declares war on
Canada)
Judgment – defend yourself
Rule – join Army (protect children
Principles – family important
Ethical theory
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision making, 2001, p. 2
15. Research Ethics
Conflict Between Decisions
When there is an argument
Go back to the original principles –
ask yourself “What were my original
principles?”
Original principles are in conflict or
“incoherent”
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 3
16. Research Ethics
Conflict Between Decisions
There will be conflict
You will use both types of ethical decision-
making to make decisions
When conflict arises…go back to the
original principles and try to create
coherence by dealing with the specific
principles
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Ethical Decision Making 2001, p. 3
18. Research Ethics
Ethics is about creating a mutually
respectful relationship with the
research population
Subjects are pleased to participate
Community regards the conclusions
as constructive
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 3
19. Research Ethics
An ethically insensitive researcher can
leave the research setting in
pandemonium
the researcher
the institution
the cause that he/she seeks to
promote
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 3
20. Research Ethics
Failure to treat subjects with respect
can result in data that is:
Misleading
Inconclusive
biased
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 4
21. Research Ethics
Scientists involved in the intense
and demanding enterprise of
research…often overlook the
interests and perspectives of the
research subject. Subjects may
respond with lies and subterfuge.
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 4
22. Research Ethics
The problems encountered in
behavioral research by the National
Commission included:
Lack of informed consent
No debriefing (restoration to an
emotional state equal to what was
experienced before the experiment)
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 7
23. Research Ethics
The problems encountered in
behavioral research by the National
Commission included:
Deception was a standard tool
Invasion of privacy
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 7
24. Research Ethics
The problems encountered in biomedical
research by the National Commission
included:
Lack of informed consent
Disregard for risks encountered by the
patient
Deception
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 7
25. Research Ethics
The problems encountered in biomedical
research by the National Commission
included:
Beecher - 1966 article was published in
New England Journal of Medicine
Tuskegee – untreated syphilis in black
males
26. Research Ethics
Beecher - 1966 article was published in
New England Journal of Medicine
Penicillin and rheumatic fever
Effect of high levels of blood CO2
Metastatic melanoma
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, History of Research Ethics, p. 4
27. Research Ethics
Scientists attempted to critically
examine questionable research
practices and to recommend
changes, but could not.
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 4
28. Research Ethics
So…the federal government brought
numerous violations and issues to the
forefront and in 1974 mandated the
establishment of Institutional Review
Boards (National Research Act)
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 4
29. Research Ethics
The role of the Institutional Review
Board (IRB) is to determine whether
the rights and welfare of the subjects
are adequately protected and
whether the study adheres to sound
ethical and scientific principles
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 4-5
30. Research Ethics
Federal regulations have been
established in order to provide the
standards for monitoring all
research activity related to people
who volunteer as subjects for
research. Abiding by these
standards ensures the ethical
conduct of research.
31. Research Ethics
The Act also created the National
Commission for the Protection of
Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research (wrote the
Belmont Report in 1979)
Cynthia Dunn & Gary Chadwick
Protecting Study Volunteers in Research, p. 16
32. Research Ethics
The National Commission for the
Protection of Human Subjects of
Biomedical and Behavioral Research
was commissioned to develop
guidelines to assure that human
research was conducted ethically.
Cynthia Dunn & Gary Chadwick
Protecting Study Volunteers in Research, p. 16
33. Research Ethics
They were told to look at literature, look
at arguments people made, review
what ethicists were saying about
research and ask…what are the
fundamental principles behind the
decisions people make or should
make about research
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Belmont Principles, p. 1
34. Research Ethics
Belmont Report – 1979
Respect – treat others as autonomous
agents, allow people choice
Beneficence – acts of kindness that go
beyond charity and duty…various
obligations (i.e., do no harm, promote
good)
Justice – treat people fairly
Jeff Cooper
Albany Medical Center, Belmont Principles, p. 1 & 2
35. Research Ethics
Applying the Principles of the Belmont Report
Principle Meaning Practice
Respect for
Persons
Each person
has individual
rights
Obtain informed
consent, protect
privacy, maintain
confidentiality
Beneficence Provide benefit,
protect from
harm, limit risk
Risk-benefit
assessment made
Standard
procedures used
Justice
Equitable
selection of
subjects
Includes all groups
that may benefit
but does not single
out one group
36. Practice of the IRB
OHRP
Primary duty is to
implement policies and
regulations that involve
humans (Before 2000
the office was OPRR)
FDA
Oversees the regulation
of drugs, biologics,
devices, foods and
veterinary medicines
Two entities within DHHS have authority to
oversee the conduct of clinical trials and IRBs
37. Practice of the IRB
OHRP
Relies on an
assurance of
compliance that is
negotiated with the
institution (the
Assurance document
sets forth the means
by which the institution
will comply with
regulations)
FDA
Uses a system of
inspections and audits
(Inspects the IRB on a
routine basis)
38. Practice of the IRB
OHRP
HHS regulations related
to IRB responsibilities
are codified at 45 CFR
46
FDA
FDA regulations related
to IRB responsibilities
are codified at 21 CFR
50, 56 and are similar
but not identical to HHS
(audits occur
approximately every 4
years)
39. Research Ethics
Six Norms of Scientific Research
Valid research design – takes into
account relevant theory, methods,
and prior findings
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 19
40. Research Ethics
Six Norms of Scientific Research
Competence of researcher – capable
to carry out the procedures
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 19
41. Research Ethics
Six Norms of Scientific Research
Identification of consequences –
assessment of risks and benefits
(maximizing benefit and minimizing
risk)
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 19
42. Research Ethics
Six Norms of Scientific Research
Selection of subjects – appropriate to
the purposes of the study,
representative of the population that
will benefit from the research and
appropriate in number
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 19
43. Research Ethics
Six Norms of Scientific Research
Voluntary informed consent –
obtained before study begins, without
undue threat or inducement, with
enough information, and agreement
to participate
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 19
44. Research Ethics
Six Norms of Scientific Research
Compensation for injury –
responsibility for what happens to the
subject (federal law requires that
subjects be informed about
compensation, but does not require
compensation)
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 19
45. Research Ethics
“The public’s perception of
research, its benefits and its risks
is shaped by the way research is
conducted”.
Dunn & Chadwick, 1999
46. Case Study #1
A researcher plans to study the effects of
competition on ability to solve math
problems. Half of the subjects will be told
that the researcher wants to see what
approach they take in solving math
problems. The other half will be told that
the researcher wants to see which
persons choose the best approach
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 21
47. Case Study #2
A researcher plans to compare the intellectual skills
of retired people to those of college volunteers to
receive an A in their psychology course, and for
nonvolunteers to have their grade lowered. To
recruit retired people, she plans to go to a
retirement community each evening, knock at
people’s doors, and ask them to work some
puzzles, not explaining details of the study
because most wouldn’t understand.
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 21
48. Case Study #3
A graduate student plans to compare drug use
among college freshman and seniors. Because
she may want to reinterview some subjects later,
she plans to write their names and phone
numbers on their data sheets. She plans to
promise confidentiality, so that subjects will trust
her, and to keep the data in her dorm room in a
locked file.
Joan E. Sieber
Planning Ethically Responsible Research, p. 21