This case involves patents for methods of detecting credit card fraud over the Internet. The district court granted summary judgment of invalidity, finding the claims recited unpatentable subject matter under 35 USC 101. The appellate court affirmed, finding that (1) the claims failed the machine-or-transformation test as they did not tie the methods to particular machines or transform any articles; and (2) the claims essentially recited abstract ideas of collecting and analyzing data, which could be performed mentally or with pen and paper. Merely implementing the methods via a computer or claiming a computer readable medium was not enough to render the abstract ideas patent-eligible.
Design and Development of Secure Electronic Voting System Using Radio Frequen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The purpose of this master‘s project is to develop an Online E-Voting prototype system
utilizing the Paillier Threshold Cryptosystem (PTC) web services and applying MESE processes
to it in an attempt to find possible solutions to further improve existing PTC web services.
Online voting (e-voting) would be more convenient, relatively secure and utilize fewer
resources. To be able to access e-voting system from a personal, business or even a public library
computer may be more convenient for many people needing to vote. This could potentially be a
solution for the low voter turnout at the polls. However, it is still questionable whether elections
can be conducted online or over the internet due to the high level of concern over security.
Design and Development of Secure Electronic Voting System Using Radio Frequen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The purpose of this master‘s project is to develop an Online E-Voting prototype system
utilizing the Paillier Threshold Cryptosystem (PTC) web services and applying MESE processes
to it in an attempt to find possible solutions to further improve existing PTC web services.
Online voting (e-voting) would be more convenient, relatively secure and utilize fewer
resources. To be able to access e-voting system from a personal, business or even a public library
computer may be more convenient for many people needing to vote. This could potentially be a
solution for the low voter turnout at the polls. However, it is still questionable whether elections
can be conducted online or over the internet due to the high level of concern over security.
Electronic or Digital evidence in India Courts
ip address as evidence
cdr address as evidence
electronic evidence under indian evidence act
electronic record in india
Partners Mauricio Uribe, Vlad Teplitskiy and Damien Howard gave an informative presentation on strategic considerations for claim drafting software inventions. The partners provided insights related to effective and efficient patent prosecution for software-related inventions.
National workshop on handling cybercrime ,1st feb 2014 it act,2000Karnika Seth
Cyber law expert Karnika Seth delivered a lecdture on rising Cybercrimes and the Information Technology Act,2000 applicable in India to combat Cybercrime. It discusses thye latest trends in Cyberlaw in India, case studies, IT Act,2000 and strategies to combat cybercrimes.
Cyber Law and Information Technology Act 2000 with case studiesSneha J Chouhan
This presentation breifs about the Information Technology Act and Cyber Law in India 2000. The various acts involved in it, case studies and some recent amendments are also mentioned.
P.S: Refer the slides for educational purpose only.
This presentation by the South African Delegation was made during Break-out session 1: Unannounced Inspections in the Digital Age, of the discussion on “Investigative Powers in Practice” held at the 17th meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/invpw.
Electronic or Digital evidence in India Courts
ip address as evidence
cdr address as evidence
electronic evidence under indian evidence act
electronic record in india
Partners Mauricio Uribe, Vlad Teplitskiy and Damien Howard gave an informative presentation on strategic considerations for claim drafting software inventions. The partners provided insights related to effective and efficient patent prosecution for software-related inventions.
National workshop on handling cybercrime ,1st feb 2014 it act,2000Karnika Seth
Cyber law expert Karnika Seth delivered a lecdture on rising Cybercrimes and the Information Technology Act,2000 applicable in India to combat Cybercrime. It discusses thye latest trends in Cyberlaw in India, case studies, IT Act,2000 and strategies to combat cybercrimes.
Cyber Law and Information Technology Act 2000 with case studiesSneha J Chouhan
This presentation breifs about the Information Technology Act and Cyber Law in India 2000. The various acts involved in it, case studies and some recent amendments are also mentioned.
P.S: Refer the slides for educational purpose only.
This presentation by the South African Delegation was made during Break-out session 1: Unannounced Inspections in the Digital Age, of the discussion on “Investigative Powers in Practice” held at the 17th meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/invpw.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. WHO SHOULD READ THIS CASE?
You should read this case if you face issues
concerning:
Patented methods that are implemented
via the Internet.
Patented methods that are implemented
using a computer.
This is MoFo 2
3. CLAIM 3
A method for verifying the validity of a credit card
transaction over the Internet comprising the steps of:
a) obtaining information about other transactions that have
utilized an Internet address that is identified with the credit
card transaction;
b) constructing a map of credit card numbers based upon
the other transactions and;
c) utilizing the map of credit card numbers to determine if
the credit card transaction is valid.
This is MoFo 3
4. CLAIM 2
2. A computer readable medium containing program instructions for detecting fraud in
a credit card transaction between a consumer and a merchant over the Internet,
wherein execution of the program instructions by one or more processors of a
computer system causes the one or more processors to carry out the steps of:
a) obtaining credit card information relating to the transactions from the consumer; and
b) verifying the credit card information based upon values of plurality of parameters, in
combination with information that identifies the consumer, and that may provide an
indication whether the credit card transaction is fraudulent,
wherein each value among the plurality of parameters is weighted in the verifying step
according to an importance, as determined by the merchant, of that value to the credit
card transaction, so as to provide the merchant with a quantifiable indication of
whether the credit card transaction is fraudulent,
wherein execution of the program instructions by one or more processors of a
computer system causes that one or more processors to carry out the further steps
of;
[a] obtaining information about other transactions that have utilized an Internet address
that is identified with the credit card transaction;
[b] constructing a map of credit card numbers based upon the other transactions; and
[c] utilizing the map of credit card numbers to determine if the credit card transaction is
valid.
This is MoFo 4
5. LITIGATION
•patentee sues alleged infringer
•alleged infringer moves for SJ of invalidity under 35 USC
§101:
“Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful
process, machine, manufacture, or composition of
matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof,
may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions
and requirements of this title.”
•district court grants SJ of invalidity
•patentee appeals to CAFC
This is MoFo 5
6. §101 VALIDITY TESTS
•a process is patent-eligible under §101 if:
•(1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus, or
•(2) it transforms a particular article into a different
state or thing
•to satisfy machine prong, machine must impose
meaningful limits on claim scope
•M-or-T test is not exclusive test for patentability of a
process
•laws of nature, physical phenomena and abstract ideas
are not patentable
This is MoFo 6
7. CLAIM 3
A method for verifying the validity of a credit card transaction over the
Internet comprising the steps of:
a) obtaining information about other transactions that have utilized an
Internet address that is identified with the credit card transaction;
[“Internet address” may include IP address or e-mail address]
b) constructing a map of credit card numbers based upon the other
transactions and;
[“map” may include list of credit card numbers]
c) utilizing the map of credit card numbers to determine if the credit
card transaction is valid.
[“utilizing” may include any fraud detection formula or mathematical
algorithm]
This is MoFo 7
8. CLAIM 3 FAILS M-or-T TEST
•transformation prong
•mere collection and organization of data regarding
credit card numbers and Internet addresses is
insufficient
•machine prong
•no machine is defined or required for performing
method
•Internet does not perform steps of claimed method
•Internet is merely a data source
This is MoFo 8
9. CLAIM 3 RECITES ABSTRACT IDEA
•failure to satisfy M-or-T test is not dispositive of
§101 inquiry
•claim 3 scope is not limited to a particular algorithm
•each step can be performed in human mind alone, or
by human using pen and paper
•method which can be performed mentally, or by pen
and paper, is a mental process - a subcategory of
unpatentable abstract idea
•even if mental process has a practical application
This is MoFo 9
10. “BEAUREGARD” CLAIM 2
•a computer readable medium (e.g., disk, hard drive, data storage,
etc.) containing program instructions for a computer to perform a
particular process
•regardless of statutory category recited in claim (process, machine,
manufacture, composition of matter), look to “underlying” invention to
determine §101 patent-eligibility
•invention “underlying” both claims 2 and 3 is a method for detecting
credit card fraud, not a medium for storing computer-readable
information
•claim 2 recites nothing more than a medium containing program
instructions for executing method of claim 3
•despite Beauregard format, claim 2 is treated as a process claim for
patent-eligibility purposes
This is MoFo 10
11. CLAIM 2 FAILS
TRANSFORMATION PRONG
•claimed process manipulates data to
organize it in a logical way such that
additional fraud tests may be performed
•mere manipulation or reorganization of
data does not satisfy transformation prong
This is MoFo 11
12. CLAIM 2 FAILS MACHINE PRONG
•claim 2 recites “computer readable medium” containing
software instructions requiring execution by “processors
of a computer system”
•to pass machine prong, use of machine must impose
meaningful limits on claim scope
•use of computer to perform mental process of claim 3
does not impose sufficiently meaningful limit on claim
scope
•merely claiming software implementation of a purely
mental process that could be performed without a
computer does not satisfy machine prong
•claim 2 limitations do not make unpatentable method
patent-eligible under §101
This is MoFo 12
13. CLAIM 2 RECITES ABSTRACT IDEA
•method can be performed entirely in human mind, without a machine
•merely coupling unpatentable mental process with a manufacture or
machine does not render mental process patent-eligible
•method claims invalid under §101 for being drawn to abstract ideas
cannot avoid invalidity under §101 by
•merely requiring a computer to perform the method, or
•merely reciting a computer readable medium containing program
instructions for performing the method
•result may be different where, as a practical matter, a computer is
required to perform the claimed method
•claims 2 and 3 are invalid under §101 as a matter of law
This is MoFo 13
14. PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS
•merely converting a non-patent eligible method
claim to Beauregard format will not be sufficient
to
•avoid M-or-T test, or
•pass M-or-T test
•risk of §101 invalidity can be reduced by
•reciting a specific algorithm
•recite steps that cannot be performed mentally
or by pen and paper
This is MoFo 14