The document discusses the key aspects of cyber security, including concepts, legal acts, and the impact of cyber crimes across various sectors such as finance, healthcare, and government. It identifies major issues related to hacking, fake news, and identity theft, outlining their consequences and challenges in information integrity. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of cyber awareness and provides tips for individuals to protect themselves from cyber threats.

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5.3 : Cyber
Security Issue
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2. 5.3 : Cyber Security Issue
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5.3.1 Describe the concept and legal act of cyber security
5.3.2 Identify the effect of cyber crimes on a particular sector
5.3.3 Identify issues in hacking, fake news and identifying theft

3. 5.3.1 Describe the
concept and legal act of
cyber security
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4. What is Cyber Security ?
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Cyber Security is the technology
and process that is designed to
protect computer system, networks
and devices from attack, damage,
or unauthorized access.

5. Why Cyber Security ?
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Confidentiality, Integrity,
Availability have served as the
industry standard Computer
Security since the time of first
main frame.

6. Key components of the legal act of
cybersecurity include:
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1. Data Protection Laws: These laws regulate the collection, use, and
storage of personal data, imposing obligations on organizations to
protect the privacy and confidentiality of individuals' information.
2. Cybersecurity Regulations: Governments may enact specific
regulations that mandate cybersecurity standards and practices for
organizations operating within their jurisdiction. These regulations
often require entities to implement measures such as risk
assessments, incident response plans, and security controls to
mitigate cyber threats.

7. Key components of the legal act of
cybersecurity include:
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3. Cybercrime Legislation: Laws addressing cybercrime define
criminal offenses related to computer systems and networks,
such as hacking, malware distribution, identity theft, and cyber
fraud. They establish penalties for offenders and outline
procedures for investigating and prosecuting
4. National Security Measures: Governments may implement
national security measures to protect critical infrastructure,
sensitive information, and government systems from cyber
threats. These measures may involve collaboration between
government agencies, intelligence services, and private sector
entities to detect and respond to cyber attacks.

8. Key components of the legal act of
cybersecurity include:
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5. International Cooperation: Cybersecurity efforts often require
cooperation between nations to address cross-border cyber threats
effectively. International agreements, treaties, and frameworks
facilitate information sharing, collaboration on cyber defense
strategies, and the extradition of cybercriminals.
6. Regulatory Compliance: Organizations may be subject to industry-
specific cybersecurity regulations and compliance requirements
imposed by regulatory bodies or industry standards organizations.
Compliance with these regulations typically involves implementing
security controls, conducting audits, and reporting on cybersecurity
practices.

9. 5.3.2 Identify the
effect of cyber crimes
on a particular sector
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Cybercrimes can have significant and varied effects on different
sectors, depending on the nature of the attacks and the specific
vulnerabilities of each sector. Here are some examples of how
cybercrimes can impact a particular sector:
1. Financial Sector: Cybercrimes targeting the financial sector can lead
to financial losses, fraud, and reputational damage for banks,
investment firms, and other financial institutions. Attacks such as
phishing, malware, and ransomware can compromise customer
accounts, disrupt financial transactions, and undermine trust in the
banking system.

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2. Healthcare Sector: In the healthcare sector, cybercrimes can
jeopardize patient safety, compromise sensitive medical
records, and disrupt healthcare services. Ransomware attacks
targeting hospitals and healthcare providers can result in the
encryption of patient data, leading to operational disruptions
and delays in patient care.
3. Government Sector: Cybercrimes targeting government
agencies can compromise national security, undermine public
trust, and disrupt government operations. Attacks such as data
breaches and espionage can result in the theft of classified
information, intellectual property, and sensitive government
documents.

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4. Critical Infrastructure: Cybercrimes targeting critical infrastructure,
such as energy, transportation, and water systems, can have far-
reaching consequences for public safety and national security.
Attacks on infrastructure networks can disrupt essential services,
cause physical damage to infrastructure components, and result in
widespread economic disruption.
5. Retail Sector: Cybercrimes targeting the retail sector can lead to
data breaches, financial fraud, and reputational damage for
retailers and e-commerce platforms. Breaches involving payment
card data can result in financial losses for both businesses and
customers, as well as damage to brand reputation.

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6. Manufacturing Sector: Cybercrimes targeting the manufacturing
sector can disrupt production processes, compromise intellectual
property, and undermine supply chain security. Attacks such as
industrial espionage and sabotage can result in the theft of trade
secrets, the disruption of manufacturing operations, and the loss of
competitive advantage.
7. Education Sector: Cybercrimes targeting the education sector can
compromise student data, disrupt academic activities, and
undermine the integrity of educational institutions. Attacks such as
ransomware, data breaches, and phishing can result in the loss of
sensitive student information, financial losses, and reputational
damage for schools and universities.

14. 5.3.3 Identify issues in
hacking, fake news and
identifying theft
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Hacking, fake news, and identity theft pose significant
challenges in the realm of cybersecurity and information
integrity. Here are some key issues associated with each:

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Hacking:
1. Data Breaches: Hacking often leads to data breaches where
sensitive information such as personal data, financial records, or
intellectual property is stolen or exposed. This can result in financial
losses, reputational damage, and regulatory penalties for affected
organizations.
2. Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Hacking exploits vulnerabilities in
computer systems, networks, and software applications. As
technology advances, hackers continually discover new ways to
bypass security measures, making it challenging for organizations to
defend against cyber attacks.

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Hacking:
3. Cyber Espionage: Hacking is frequently used for cyber espionage
purposes, where attackers infiltrate systems to steal sensitive
information, intellectual property, or classified data. This poses a
threat to national security, economic competitiveness, and
corporate secrets.
4. Ransomware: Hacking techniques such as ransomware encrypt data
or block access to computer systems until a ransom is paid.
Ransomware attacks can disrupt business operations, cause
financial losses, and result in data loss if backups are unavailable or
compromised.

18. Ransomware
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Email
attachments
Website
downloads
Email links
Website links
Type of malware that encrypts data specifically
asking for payment in order to restore access.
How?
Regular backups
Updates
Verify emails
Protect Yourself
Don’t PAY!

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Fake News:
1. Misinformation Spread: Fake news disseminates false or
misleading information through online platforms, social media,
and news websites. This can manipulate public opinion, influence
elections, and incite social unrest, undermining trust in the media
and democratic institutions.
2. Algorithmic Amplification: Social media algorithms often prioritize
sensational or controversial content, making fake news more
likely to reach a wider audience. This amplification effect can lead
to the rapid spread of misinformation and make it challenging to
distinguish between credible and false information.

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Fake News:
3. Social Engineering: Fake news can be used as a tool for social
engineering, where attackers manipulate individuals' beliefs or
behaviors to gain access to sensitive information or perpetrate
cybercrimes. This can involve phishing scams, scam websites, or fake
social media profiles designed to deceive users.

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Identity Theft:
1. Data Breaches: Identity theft often occurs in conjunction with
data breaches, where cybercriminals steal personal information
such as Social Security numbers, credit card numbers, or login
credentials. This stolen data is then used to impersonate
individuals or commit financial fraud.
2. Financial Fraud: Identity theft can lead to various forms of
financial fraud, including credit card fraud, identity fraud, and tax
fraud. Cybercriminals may use stolen identities to open fraudulent
accounts, make unauthorized purchases, or file fraudulent tax
returns, causing financial losses for victims.

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Identity Theft:
3. Privacy Violations: Identity theft violates individuals' privacy rights
by exposing their personal information to unauthorized parties.
This can lead to feelings of insecurity, loss of trust in online
services, and long-term consequences for victims' financial and
personal well-being.

23. Why is Cyber awareness so important?
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• Everything is CONNECTED!
• Personal documents
• Identity
• Finances
• Digital footprint

24. How can I protect
myself?

25. • Long and strong. Passphrases
• Enable 2FA where possible
• Change default passwords
• Don’t reuse passwords across accounts
• Use a Password manager (LastPass is FREE)
Passwords

26. • Ensure all devices are on their latest updates.
• Turn on AUTOMATIC UPDATES
• Make time for updates
• Spring clean your apps regularly
Updates

27. 1. Phishing - email
2. Vishing – phone call
3. Smishing – text messages
Look out for:
4. Urgency
5. Asking for personal/financial information
6. Unsolicited
7. Contain links and downloadable files
8. Bad grammar
9. Too good to be true
Be aware of Scams

28. • Privacy controls
• Be mindful of what you share
• Review app privacy collection
Search Yourself (Digital
Footprint)

29. • Are my devices secure?
• Using VPN to access University systems?
• Beware of using FREE Wi-Fi
• Do I have anti virus installed?
• Am I backing up my important files? Cloud & Local
• Are my devices up to date?
• Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) where possible
• STOP. THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK.
Creating a Cyber secure home checklist

30. How can you help?
• Report suspicious emails : spam-report@unimelb.edu.au
• Got a question? Service Now ticket
• Yammer & Slack
• Sign up for free cyber alerts (Australian Cyber Security
Centre)
• GET IN TOUCH!

31. • Scamwatch
• Stay Smart Online
• SANS Security Awareness Blog
Helpful Websites

32. Thank you!