This document discusses cyber security from past, present, and future perspectives. It notes that cyber security has evolved from an immature field to one that will become more scientific and technology-centric over time. The document outlines key cyber threats such as botnets, targeted attacks, and the underground economy that supports them. It also summarizes India's cyber security strategy, noting the importance of legal frameworks, incident response, capacity building, research and development, and international collaboration to enhance cyber security.

1. 1
Cyber Security General Perspective
1
Towards a Secure Digital Future
Zimbabwe , June 2015
Dr. Whisper Rukanda
wr@mornipac.co.za
This report is solely for the use at CSZ presentation. No part of it may be circulated, quoted, or reproduced for distribution outside the client
organization without prior written approval from MorniPac Consultants This material was used by MorniPac Consultants during an oral presentation; it
is not a complete record of the discussion.
Computer Society of Zimbabwe
Business School

2. PAST, PRESENT
Cyber security is a young and immature field
The attackers are more innovative than defenders
Defenders are mired in FUD (fear, uncertainty and doubt) and
fairy tales
Attack back is illegal or classified
FUTURE
Cyber security will become a scientific discipline
Cyber security will be application and technology centric
Cyber security will never be “solved” but will be “managed”
Attack back will be a integral part of cyber security

3. Cyber Security Objectives
CONFIDENTIALITY
disclosure
3
CONFIDENTIALITY
disclosure
USAGE
purpose
CONFIDENTIALITY
disclosure
USAGE AVAILABILITY
access
INTEGRITY
authenticity
USAGE
purpose
Security Objectives:
Black-and-white to shades
of grey
Attackers:
Innovative beyond belief
Defenders:
Need new doctrine
Major Innovations
 Botnets,
 Robust underground economy and supply chain
 Targeted attacks , Stealthy attacks
Some Examples
 Drive by downloads
 Scareware, Doctored online statements
 Long-lived stealth attacks
Status
 Attackers have sizable inventory of known
 but unused or rarely used tricks
 Innovation will continue

4. Web Sites (WWW)
1993 Web Invented and implemented
130 Nos. web sites
1994 2738 Nos.
1995 23500 Nos.
2007 550 Million Nos.
2008 850 Million Nos.
Web Evolution

5. 55
Internet Infrastructure in INDIA

6. Innovation fostering the Growth of NGNs
• Smart devices
– Television
– Computers
– PDA
– Mobile Phone
(Single device to provide an end-to-end, seamlessly secure access)
• Application Simplicity
– Preference of single, simple and secure interface to access
applications or content
– Ubiquitous interface - web browser
• Flexible Infrastructure
Because of these areas of evolution, today’s NGNs are defined
more by the services they support than by traditional demarcation
of Physical Infrastructure.

7. The Emergence of NGNs
• The communication network operating two years ago
are father’s telecommunication Network.
• NGNs are teenager’s Network.
• No longer consumer and business accept the
limitation of single-use device or network.
• Both individuals and Business want the ability to
communicate, work and be entertained over any
device, any time, anywhere.
• The demand of these services coupled with innovation
in technology is advancing traditional
telecommunication far outside its original purpose.

8. 8
The Complexity of Today’s Network
Changes Brought in IT
• Large network as backbone for
connectivity across the country
• Multiple Service providers for
providing links – BSNL, MTNL,
Reliance, TATA, Rail Tel
• Multiple Technologies to support
network infrastructure CDMA, VSAT,
DSL
• Multiple Applications
Router
Internet
Intranet
`
Unmanaged
Device
New PC
Internet
Perimeter
Network
Branch
Offices
Remote Workers
Home Users
Unmanaged
Devices
Router
RouterRouter
Router
` ` `
` ` `
Branch
Offices
Desktops
Laptops
Servers
Extranet Servers
Router
Network
Infrastructure
Unmanaged
Devices
Perimeter Network
Servers
Trends shaping the
future
• Ubiquitous computing, networking
and mobility
• Embedded Computing
• Security
• IPv6
• VoIP

9. Challenges for Network Operator
• Business challenges include new Pricing
Structure, new relationship and new competitors.
• Technical challenges include migrating and
integrating with new advances in technologies
from fibre optics, installation of Wi-Fi support.
• Developing a comprehensive Security Policy and
architecture in support of NGN services.

10. To Reap Benefits
• To reap benefits of NGN, the operator must
address
– Technology
– Risk
– Security
– Efficiency

11. NGN Architecture
Identify Layer
Compromises of end users owned by a telecom or a
third-party service provider accessing services using
devices like PC, PDA or mobile phone, to connect to
the Internet
Service Layer
Hosts service applications and provides a
framework for the creation of customer-focused
services provided by either operator or a third-party
service provider
Network Layer
Performs service execution, service management,
network management and media control functions
Connects with the backbone network
InternetThird-Party
Application
Untrusted
Web Tier
Service Provider
Application
Service
Delivery
Platform
(Service
Provider )
Service Delivery Platform
Common Framework
Backbone Network
Partly
Trusted

12. 12
Growing Concern
• Computing Technology has turned against us
• Exponential growth in security incidents
– Pentagon, US in 2007
– Estonia in April 2007
– Computer System of German Chancellory and three Ministries
– Highly classified computer network in New Zealand &
Australia
• Complex and target oriented software
• Common computing technologies and systems
• Constant probing and mapping of network systems

13. Cyber Threat Evolution
Virus
Breaking
Web Sites
Malicious
Code
(Melissa)
Advanced Worm /
Trojan (I LOVE
YOU)
Identity Theft
(Phishing)
Organised Crime
Data Theft, DoS /
DDoS
1995 2000 2003-04 2005-06 2007-081977

14. Cyber attacks being observed
• Web defacement
• Spam
• Spoofing
• Proxy Scan
• Denial of Service
• Distributed Denial of Service
• Malicious Codes
– Virus
– Bots
• Data Theft and Data Manipulation
– Identity Theft
– Financial Frauds
• Social engineering Scams

15. 15
Security Incidents reported during 2008

16. Trends of Incidents
• Sophisticated attacks
– Attackers are refining their methods and consolidating assets to
create global networks that support coordinated criminal
activity
• Rise of Cyber Spying and Targeted attacks
– Mapping of network, probing for weakness/vulnerabilities
• Malware propagation through Website intrusion
– Large scale SQL Injection attacks like Asprox Botnet
• Malware propagation through Spam on the rise
– Storm worm, which is one of the most notorious malware
programs seen during 2007-08, circulates through spam

17. Trends of Incidents
• Phishing
– Increase in cases of fast-flux phishing and rock-phish
– Domain name phishing and Registrar impersonation
• Crimeware
– Targeting personal information for financial frauds
• Information Stealing through social networking sites
• Rise in Attack toolkits
– Toolkits like Mpack and Neospolit can launch exploits for
browser and client-side vulnerabilities against users who
visit a malicious or compromised sites

18. Global Attack Trend
Source: Websense

19. 19
Top originating countries – Malicious code

20. 20
Three faces of cyber crime
• Organised Crime
• Terrorist Groups
• Nation States

21. Security of Information Assets
• Security of information & information assets is becoming a
major area of concern
• With every new application, newer vulnerabilities crop up,
posing immense challenges to those who are mandated to
protect the IT assets
• Coupled with this host of legal requirements and
international business compliance requirements on data
protection and privacy place a huge demand on
IT/ITES/BPO service organizations
• We need to generate ‘Trust & Confidence’

22. Challenges before the Industry

23. Model Followed Internationally
• Internationally, the general approach has been to
have legal drivers supported by suitable
verification mechanism.
• For example, in USA Legal drivers have been
– SOX
– HIPPA
– GLBA
– FISMA etc.
• In Europe, the legal driver has been the “Data
Protection Act” supported by ISO27001 ISMS.

24. 24
Confidentiality
INFORMATION SECURITY
Integrity Availability Authenticity
Security Policy
People
Process
Technology
Regulatory Compliance
Access Control
Security Audit
User Awareness Program
Incident Response
Firewall, IPS/IDS
Encryption, PKI
Antivirus
Information Security Management

25. Cyber Security Strategy – India
• Security Policy, Compliance and Assurance – Legal Framework
– IT Act, 2000
– IT (Amendment) Bill, 2006 – Data Protection & Computer crimes
– Best Practice ISO 27001
– Security Assurance Framework- IT/ITES/BPO Companies
• Security Incident – Early Warning & Response
– CERT-In National Cyber Alert System
– Information Exchange with international CERTs
• Capacity building
– Skill & Competence development
– Training of law enforcement agencies and judicial officials in the collection and analysis of digital
evidence
– Training in the area of implementing information security in collaboration with Specialised
Organisations in US
• Setting up Digital Forensics Centres
– Domain Specific training – Cyber Forensics
• Research and Development
– Network Monitoring
– Biometric Authentication
– Network Security
• International Collaboration

26. Status of security and quality compliance
in India
• Quality and Security
– Large number of companies in India have aligned their
internal process and practices to international standards
such as
• ISO 9000
• CMM
• Six Sigma
• Total Quality Management
– Some Indian companies have won special recognition for
excellence in quality out of 18 Deming Prize winners for
Total Quality Management in the last five years, six are
Indian companies.

27. ISO 27001/BS7799 Information Security
Management
• Government has mandated implementation of
ISO27001 ISMS by all critical sectors
• ISMS 27001 has mainly three components
– Technology
– Process
– Incident reporting and monitoring
• 296 certificates issued in India out of 7735
certificates issued worldwide
• Majority of certificates issued in India belong to
IT/ITES/BPO sector

29. CERT-In Work Process
Department of
Information
Technology
Detection Analysis Dissemination & Support
Analysis
Recovery
Detect
Dissemination
ISP Hot Liners
Press & TV /
Radio
Home Users
Private Sectors
Major ISPs
Foreign Ptns

30. Distributed Honeypot Deployment

31. PC & End User Security: Auto Security Patch Update
Windows Security Patch Auto Update
`
`
`
No. of Download ActiveX: 18 Million
Internet
Microsoft Download Ctr.
ActiveX DL Server
Sec. Patch ActiveX Site

32. Incident Response Help Desk
PC & End User Security
Internet
PSTN
• Make a call using 1800 – 11 - 4949
• Send fax using 1800 – 11 - 6969
• Communicate through email at incident@cert-in.org.in
• Number of security incidents handled during 2008 (till Oct): 1425
• Vulnerability Assessment Service

33. Int’l Co-op: Cyber Security Drill
Joint International Incident Handling Coordination Drill
• Participated APCERT International Incident
Handling Drill 2006
• Participants: 13 APCERT Members and New
Zealand, Vietnam including 5 major Korean
ISPs
• Scenario: Countermeasure against Malicious
Code and relevant infringement as DDoS attack
• Participated APCERT International Incident
Handling Drill 2007
• Participants: 13 APCERT Members + Korean
ISPs
• Scenario: DDoS and Malicious Code Injection
• To be Model: World Wide Cyber Security
Incidents Drill among security agencies